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Seawater Desalination – A need for
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
and Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Global seawater desalination capacity
Lattemann and Höpner (2009), primary datafrom IDA (2007). Map includes all plants that presumed online or in construction and all sites and a capacity with am3/day. > 1,000 m3/day.
Lattemann & Höpner (2009), primary data from IDA (2007). Map includes all plants that are are presumed online or in construction with all sites > 1,000 capacity
Ashkelon (330,000 m3/day)
Projected growth
Australian SWRO projects


                     Gold Coast:
                     133,000 m3/d




                     Sydney:
                     250,000 m3/d
                     Extension:
                     250,000 m3/d?

      Perth
      144,000 m3/d
      Additional projects:
      144,000 m3/d (2011)?
      450,000 m3/d (2020)?
Résumé of the introduction
Energy demand
Energy use and CO2 emissions
Energy demand in perspective — Sydney
Is energy demand significant?
Desalination using renewable energy
 no large desalination plant directly driven by RE,
 only used as a compensation measure
 mostly small stand-alone systems directly driven by RE:
                  Solar energy                                           Wind / Tidal
 Solar
  still             Heat (collector)           Radiation (PV)          Mechanical (turbine)


 Non-concentrating               Concentrating
 - flat plate or tube design     - parabolic trough / dish
   for domestic purposes         - flat mirrors (Fresnel)
                                 - power tower

                                                                     Electricity

            MD                 MED          MSF                 ED             RO
                               TVC
Concentrating solar thermal collectors
                   Parabolic system
                   Trough       Dish




Linear receivers                       Point receivers

                    Planar mirrors
                   Fresnel    Tower
National Initiative for Solar Desalination
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh:

  Initial phase (3 years):
  • Energy: 10 MW produced by solar energy
  • Water: 30,000 m3/d in Al Khafji

  Second phase (3 years):
  • building a 300,000 m3/d solar-powered desalination plant

  Third phase (3 years):
  • implementation of solar desalination plants
    in several parts of the country
Spanish approach
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
Australian approach
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests
Whole effluent toxicity tests
SWRO Plant          Species              No. of species       Species protection
                   protection               used in              trigger value
                      level               WET tests           (safe dilution ratio)
Gold Coast           95% *                 6 species                 9:1
Perth                95% *                 5 species                12 : 1
Sydney               95% *                 5 species                30 : 1
Olympic Dam          99%**                15 species                45 : 1
     Ecosystems:   * slightly to moderately disturbed
                   ** high conservation value
                                                        0.7 psu above ambient in
                                                           300 m in 90% of time
                                                         1100 m in 99% of time
Desalination – a green technology?
Sustainable projects | green technologies



            UNEP Guidance on       internationally accepted
            EIA for desalination   BAT standards for desalination
            projects (2008)        plants are still missing

            www.unep.org.bh/       U.S. EPA announced new
            Publications/          rulemaking on drinking water
            Type7.asp              treatment effluents including
                                   “facilities that discharge […]
Extensive EIA and monitoring       desalination concentrates […]”
studies in progress for several
desalination projects worldwide
Conclusions
Resource-intensive process with significant impacts
   need for project- and site-specific EIA studies
   need for technology standards (BAT)
Mitigation measures exist for all significant impacts
  sustainable desalination is technically feasible,
  even with existing technologies
  three examples
Mitigating energy use & GHG emissions
Minimization:
 •   energy use minimized to reduce costs in most projects
     by using state of the art technology
Compensation:
of energy use if considered significant environmental impact
 •   most countries entered an international agreement
     to reduce GHGs (Kyoto Protocol)!
 •   Australia:
     all SWRO projects use indirect renewable energy
 •   Carlsbad project, Southern California:
     Climate Action Plan at an estimated
     US$ 76 million imposed on the project
Mitigating salinity impacts
Regulatory mixing zones:
•   define the spatial & temporal distribution limit
    of the concentrate plume
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests:
•   determine the safe dilution ratio of the concentrate
•   to be met at the edge of the regulatory mixing zone
Modeling studies:
•   determine the best diffuser location and design
    to achieve the safe dilution ratio
Field monitoring studies
•   to detect possible ecological impacts using a
    before-after, control-impact (BACI) approach
Mitigating chemical use
Treatment:
of all intermittent wastes
 • pretreatment backwash (media filters, UF/MF)

 • cleaning solutions (SWRO, UF/MF membranes)

Substitution:
of harmful chemicals where possible
•   Tampa Bay (Florida), London (UK), Jumeirah (UAE):
    chlorine replaced by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) due
    to elevated chlorination by product formation
•   2 plants in the Middle East:
    offline use of DBNPA (U.S. EPA approved biocide) to
    control regrowth of biofouling organisms
Conclusions
 Resource-intensive process with significant impacts
    need for project- and site-specific EIA studies
    need for technology standards (BAT)

 Mitigation measures exist for all significant impacts
   sustainable desalination is technically feasible,
   even with existing technologies

Compensation measures, advanced technology, and
extensive environmental studies increase water costs
BUT: sustainable desalination is still economically viable
Seawater desalination – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Best Available Techniques (BAT)

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Seawater desalination – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Best Available Techniques (BAT)

  • 1. Seawater Desalination – A need for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Best Available Techniques (BAT)
  • 3. Lattemann and Höpner (2009), primary datafrom IDA (2007). Map includes all plants that presumed online or in construction and all sites and a capacity with am3/day. > 1,000 m3/day. Lattemann & Höpner (2009), primary data from IDA (2007). Map includes all plants that are are presumed online or in construction with all sites > 1,000 capacity
  • 6. Australian SWRO projects Gold Coast: 133,000 m3/d Sydney: 250,000 m3/d Extension: 250,000 m3/d? Perth 144,000 m3/d Additional projects: 144,000 m3/d (2011)? 450,000 m3/d (2020)?
  • 7. Résumé of the introduction
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 11. Energy use and CO2 emissions
  • 12. Energy demand in perspective — Sydney
  • 13. Is energy demand significant?
  • 14. Desalination using renewable energy no large desalination plant directly driven by RE, only used as a compensation measure mostly small stand-alone systems directly driven by RE: Solar energy Wind / Tidal Solar still Heat (collector) Radiation (PV) Mechanical (turbine) Non-concentrating Concentrating - flat plate or tube design - parabolic trough / dish for domestic purposes - flat mirrors (Fresnel) - power tower Electricity MD MED MSF ED RO TVC
  • 15. Concentrating solar thermal collectors Parabolic system Trough Dish Linear receivers Point receivers Planar mirrors Fresnel Tower
  • 16. National Initiative for Solar Desalination King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh: Initial phase (3 years): • Energy: 10 MW produced by solar energy • Water: 30,000 m3/d in Al Khafji Second phase (3 years): • building a 300,000 m3/d solar-powered desalination plant Third phase (3 years): • implementation of solar desalination plants in several parts of the country
  • 17.
  • 19. Australian approach Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests
  • 20. Whole effluent toxicity tests SWRO Plant Species No. of species Species protection protection used in trigger value level WET tests (safe dilution ratio) Gold Coast 95% * 6 species 9:1 Perth 95% * 5 species 12 : 1 Sydney 95% * 5 species 30 : 1 Olympic Dam 99%** 15 species 45 : 1 Ecosystems: * slightly to moderately disturbed ** high conservation value 0.7 psu above ambient in 300 m in 90% of time 1100 m in 99% of time
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Desalination – a green technology?
  • 24. Sustainable projects | green technologies UNEP Guidance on internationally accepted EIA for desalination BAT standards for desalination projects (2008) plants are still missing www.unep.org.bh/ U.S. EPA announced new Publications/ rulemaking on drinking water Type7.asp treatment effluents including “facilities that discharge […] Extensive EIA and monitoring desalination concentrates […]” studies in progress for several desalination projects worldwide
  • 25. Conclusions Resource-intensive process with significant impacts need for project- and site-specific EIA studies need for technology standards (BAT) Mitigation measures exist for all significant impacts sustainable desalination is technically feasible, even with existing technologies three examples
  • 26. Mitigating energy use & GHG emissions Minimization: • energy use minimized to reduce costs in most projects by using state of the art technology Compensation: of energy use if considered significant environmental impact • most countries entered an international agreement to reduce GHGs (Kyoto Protocol)! • Australia: all SWRO projects use indirect renewable energy • Carlsbad project, Southern California: Climate Action Plan at an estimated US$ 76 million imposed on the project
  • 27. Mitigating salinity impacts Regulatory mixing zones: • define the spatial & temporal distribution limit of the concentrate plume Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests: • determine the safe dilution ratio of the concentrate • to be met at the edge of the regulatory mixing zone Modeling studies: • determine the best diffuser location and design to achieve the safe dilution ratio Field monitoring studies • to detect possible ecological impacts using a before-after, control-impact (BACI) approach
  • 28. Mitigating chemical use Treatment: of all intermittent wastes • pretreatment backwash (media filters, UF/MF) • cleaning solutions (SWRO, UF/MF membranes) Substitution: of harmful chemicals where possible • Tampa Bay (Florida), London (UK), Jumeirah (UAE): chlorine replaced by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) due to elevated chlorination by product formation • 2 plants in the Middle East: offline use of DBNPA (U.S. EPA approved biocide) to control regrowth of biofouling organisms
  • 29. Conclusions Resource-intensive process with significant impacts need for project- and site-specific EIA studies need for technology standards (BAT) Mitigation measures exist for all significant impacts sustainable desalination is technically feasible, even with existing technologies Compensation measures, advanced technology, and extensive environmental studies increase water costs BUT: sustainable desalination is still economically viable