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ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Q.1 Read pages 1-14 carefully (the content is related to ‘academic writing’ and various
types of ‘essays’) and briefly answer the following questions (in your own words).
a) Write an academic essay (of about 250 words) on ‘Illiteracy in Pakistan’.
The current literacy rate in Pakistan is 62.3 per cent which means that around 90
million people in the country cannot read and write. It goes without saying that
illiteracy is a major cause of unemployment and poverty in the country.
Unfortunately, ‘education for all’ has been rendered a mere slogan as the successive
governments have failed to focus on this important sector. As a result, the number
of out-of-school children in the country is rising and rising, currently standing at
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around 22.8 million, according to Unicef. The need for family support is the main
reason behind a majority of the children opting out of school at a very tender age.
Children can be seen working at factories, hotels, cafeterias, auto workshops and as
domestic servants. A good number of them can be seen offering their services as car
washers. Begging is one profession — yes it a profession, and quite lucrative at that
— too many children are stuffed into. Under the circumstances, the government
needs to focus on improving public sector schools across the country so as to provide
free-of-cost education to all. At the same time, the government must also take steps
to nip the evil of child labour in the bud.
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b) Define Cause and Effect essay. How it is different than other types of essays?
Provide one brief example of a Cause and Effect’ essay.
A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened. An effect essay
discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstance. The cause-and-effect
essay is a form of argumentative essay that details the effect relationships between two
subjects. In standard cause-and-effect essay writing and academic papers, the author
shows how one person, thing, idea, or event directly influences another person, thing,
idea, or event.
In a school environment, teachers assign cause-and-effect essays to teach critical
thinking, logic, and persuasive writing. In the world of academic writing or a
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professional setting, this type of essay can take the form of a lab report abstract, a
scientific case study, or a scholarly research paper. In all of these formats, an author
describes a phenomenon and tries to identify its main causes.
The cause-and-effect writing process requires critical thinking and an orderly
cause-and-effect essay outline. Follow these six steps to write a cause-and-effect
paper.
1. Brainstorm Essay Topics.
Coming up with a good cause-and-effect topic involves observing the world and
speculating about possible causes for what you see. Consider natural phenomena,
social and cultural movements, or the development of ideas. Or perhaps you'll write
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interconnectedness of characters, settings, and events.
2. Establish a Thesis.
Your thesis statement can highlight a single cause-and-effect relationship, or it can
also show how one event causes multiple effects. You can also explore how a
phenomenon has multiple causes.
3. Arrange Your Main Points Into Body Paragraphs.
Each of your body paragraphs should provide a specific illustration of why your
thesis is true. Outline your entire essay to ensure that every paragraph explores a
different facet of the relationship between your subject and its causes.
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a cause-and-effect essay about a work of
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literature, highlighting the

4. Write a First Draft.
Using your thesis statement and your body paragraph ideas, craft the first draft of
your essay. You should be making a specific argument about how one person,
thing, idea, or event affects another one. Use clear topic sentences and transition
words to keep each body paragraph anchored to your thesis.
5. Review Your Work for Clarity and Logic.
Ask yourself the following questions: Do I present a clear point of view? Do my
examples show how one event caused another? Are my transitions and topic
sentences clear and informative? Have I convincingly argued my point?
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6. Write a Final Draft.
After giving your work an honest self-assessment, re-draft your essay with an eye toward
a final product. If you haven't already written a conclusion, now is the time to do so.
Remember that a cause-and-effect essay depends on your critical thinking and your
ability to express your logic in writing. If you've done those things well, you probably
have a very convincing essay on your hands.
Q.2 Read pages 31-34 carefully (the content is about formal and informal styles of
writing) and decide what type of writing style (formal/informal) is used in the following
text and how?
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Formal writing style is suitable for school, college and university essays, scientific papers,
research papers, conference presentations, legal documents, and business proposals.
Informal writing is fine for personal writing, letters or emails to friends.
There are many features of formal academic writing and we'll explore just a few of them
here. Writing conventions are different from speaking conventions. When we speak, we
may use informal, every day, or conversational language, whereas, in more formal
academic essays formal language is required when we have to follow language and
grammatical rules, etc.
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These are just some of the differences between formal and informal writing. The main
point to remember is that both are correct, it is just a matter of tone and setting. Formal
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English is used mainly in academic setting and professional or business communications,
whereas Informal English is casual and is appropriate when communicating with friends
and people you are close to. Choose the style of writing keeping in mind what you are
writing and to whom. But whichever style you write in formal or informal be sure to keep
it consistent, do not mix the two.
Q.3Carefully read the text titled as ‘Chronology of the Mughal Kings’ on pages 51-52
carefully.
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It is often said that literature is an index, indeed
the principal index, of the soul of an age, and that
to understand the spirit of any historical period,
we should look first of all the books that were
being read by the people of the time. It is,
however, much too easy to suppose that the
hooks we today value and associate with a
particular period were valued in an equal degree
by the writer’s contemporaries. In point of fact,
literary repute of the kind which ultimately
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establishes a work as a classic is very often of slow
growth. John Keats’ Poems remained almost
unknown to his own generation. It was only
among the second generation after his death that
his genius became widely recognized. It is
important to remember that a great part of the
reading done in any age is of the rather books of a
rather older generation.
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Now WRITE down a narrative essay about the last Mughal King ‘Bahadur Shah Zafar’ by
using appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS. You are required to use at least FIFTEEN
sequence markers in you answer.
Bahadur Shah II, better known as Bahadur Shah Zafar in history was the last Mughal
Emperor who remained at helm from 1837 to 1857. He was born on October 24, 1775
and was the son of Akbar shah II. He was over sixty when he ascended to the throne of
Delhi. He was a very good poet and a calligrapher as well as a Sufi. After the war of
independence of 1857, he was exiled to Rangoon in 1858 where he died in 1862 at the
age of 87. Bahadur Shah was not the favorite son of his father who was also opposed to
his succession as the emperor. Akbar Shah was very much under the influence of his wife
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Mumtaz Begum who pressed him to make Mirza Jahangir as his heir successor. But
fortunately, things happened in such a way that road was prepared for the succession of
Zafar. Prince Jahangir was exiled by the company as he attacked the English resident at
the Red Fort. This paved the way for the emperorship of Bahadur Shah Zafar. But it was
not the easy times because the authority of the emperor had been confined to the Red
Fort only. The British were the predominant military and the political force. They used to
provide pension to the Emperor that was the only source of his livelihood. The company
had even overtaken the right to issue coins and there was a mere illusion of the Mughal
rule over India and nothing else. Bahadur Shah himself was quite uninterested in the
statecraft. He had no imperial interest. His only interest was poetry. He himself was a
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great poet who wrote four diwans. Zafar was his poetic surname. His court was the home
of large number of great Urdu poets of the time. In fact, the Urdu poetry flourished during
this period because the patronization it received from the emperor himself. The story of
Bahadur Shah Zafar remains incomplete without the description of his wife Zeenat Mahal.
He married Zeenat Mahal in 1840 who gave birth to his favorite son Mir Jawan Bakht. She
had great influence upon the emperor who handed over all his powers to his beloved
wife. She became the de facto ruler of India. Her greatest desire was to make his son the
next emperor of India but the English law of primogeniture was the main hurdle in this
regard. Even during the war of independence, she prevented his son to come into contact
with the rebels knowing the fact that the uprising would be suppressed easily and after
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that she would make her son the ruler. But the British wanted to end monarchy.
Therefore, she was also exiled to Rangoon along with her son where she died in 1886.
Q.4Read the text titled as ‘A Day in the Life of a Nurse’ on pages 56-57 carefully. Also
read Exercise-9 given on page 58. Now write down a PARAGRAPH of about 150 words
on ‘A Day in the Life of a Bank Manager’. Follow the use of SEQUENCE MARKERS in your
answer.
There was time when the job of a bank manager was a much-coveted job. The bank
manager enjoyed a high social status and the designation of a “Bank manager” was a
status symbol. Today things have changed, and a Bank manager is a much-harassed
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individual. He fulfills his high responsibilities with practically no power and authority.
Every day of his life is full of difficulties and the evening finds him tired, exhausted,
wretched and miserable. The bank manager is invariably the first to arrive at the bank. He
comes a few minutes even before ten o’clock, while the rest of the staff hardly turns up
even by 10:30. The bank manager himself opens the shutters and enters the bank
premises. The sweeper is then called to sweep the floor and also to dust the chair and
tables, and keep the ledger etc. on the tables. During the time the bank is being swiped
and cleaned, the manager opens the cash-room and if the head-cashier has arrived by the
time, the cash is counted and taken out. It is entrusted to the head-cashier.by this time;
the members of the staff begin to arrive. But they are in no hurry to commence work. The
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poor manager then enters his office. Soon the people arrive to carry out their
transactions. Everybody is in a hurry, but members of the staff are not in their respective
seats. The public is annoyed. Hot discussions follow. Then there is a rush of complaints to
the manager. He fails to concentrate on his work. He has to listen to the complaints of the
people. He finds that the most of the complaints are genuine, but he is helpless. He has
no power and authority to take action against any member of his staff. Besides the staff
unions are all powerful. At the slightest cause, and sometimes without any cause, there
is a strike and slogan, “Manager Moradabad “, is shouted repeatedly. The poor manager
has to bear this humiliation, practically every day of his life.
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Q.5Read the text titled as ‘The Evolution of Computers’ given on Pages 64-65 carefully.
Now write down a paragraph (of about 200 words) on ‘the History of Printing’ in your
OWN word and using appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS.
In 1377, the first metallic movable-type press was used in Korea to create a book called
the Jikji. Around 1440, the printing press was introduced to the West by Johannes
Gutenberg. Gutenberg was a goldsmith who figured out how to create a hand mold that
would produce movable metal type. Thus, the printing press was born in the West.
Gutenberg’s press could produce an impressive 3,600 pages per day, compared to the
2,000 pages produced by the movable-block press in Korea. Within a few decades,
Gutenberg’s press had spread to over two hundred European cities. By 1500, printing
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presses in Europe had produced more than twenty million volumes. The newfound high
production rate of books meant that books and pamphlets were easier to purchase or
distribute. With the availability of reading material, literacy in Europe increased and ideas
and opinions were easier to share. By the Victorian era, the old, hand-operated
Gutenberg press had been replaced by a more modern steam-powered rotary press. For
the first time, printed material could be produced on an industrial scale. This was when
newspapers and advertising began to gather traction. By the 18th century, newspapers
were publishing articles and essays about topical issues. The middle class became a strong
readership as they started to participate in the exchange of ideas and news. Readership
of newspapers and gazettes were high, and the demand was insatiable. This led to many
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companies using newspapers as prime real estate for marketing. As the press began to
change, grow, and evolve, so did advertising. Many advertisers experimented with
different styles of type and design in order to capture audience’s attention. Advertising
became somewhat of an art form, with heavy experimentation and innovations. Today,
that innovation in printing continues to thrive. There are three types of rotary presses
that exist today: the offset, rotogravure, and flexo press. With the advent of computers,
the printing press is more varied and dynamic than it ever has been. The digital printing
revolution has lead to more options and freedom for the printed word. Printing presses
today offer a wide variety of services, from industrial printing to book binding to text
formatting.
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Q.6 Classification is a writing style (which you studied in Unit 3). Read the text given on
pages 73-88 carefully and WRITE a classification essay on ‘Types of Books’ starting with
an introduction, then going through main body and ending with proper conclusion.
Introduction
A book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images,
typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum,
or paper) bound together and protected by a cover. The technical term for this
physical arrangement is codex (plural, codices). In the history of hand-held physical
supports for extended written compositions or records, the codex replaces its
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predecessor, the scroll. A single sheet in a codex is a leaf and each side of a leaf is
a page.
As an intellectual object, a book is prototypically a composition of such great length
that it takes a considerable investment of time to compose and still considered as an
investment of time to read. In a restricted sense, a book is a self-sufficient section
or part of a longer composition, a usage reflecting that, in antiquity, long works had
to be written on several scrolls and each scroll had to be identified by the book it
contained. Each part of Aristotle's Physics is called a book. In an unrestricted sense,
a book is the compositional whole of which such sections, whether called books
or chapters or parts, are parts.
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Main Body
The intellectual content in a physical book need not be a composition, nor even be
called a book. Books can consist only of drawings, engravings or photographs,
crossword puzzles or cut-out dolls. In a physical book, the pages can be left blank
or can feature an abstract set of lines to support entries, such as in an account book,
an appointment book, an autograph book, a notebook, a diary or a sketchbook. Some
physical books are made with pages thick and sturdy enough to support other
physical objects, like a scrapbook or photograph album. Books may be distributed
in electronic form as ebooks and other formats.
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Although in ordinary academic parlance a monograph is understood to be a
specialist academic work, rather than a reference work on a scholarly subject,
in library and information science monograph denotes more broadly any non-serial
publication complete in one volume (book) or a finite number of volumes (even a
novel like Proust's seven-volume In Search of Lost Time), in contrast to serial
publications like a magazine, journal or newspaper. An avid reader or collector of
books is a bibliophile or colloquially, "bookworm". A place where books are
traded is a bookshop or bookstore. Books are also sold elsewhere and can be
borrowed from libraries. Google has estimated that by 2010, approximately
130,000,000 titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, the sale of printed
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books has decreased because of the increased usage of ebooks. Although in most
countries printed books continue to outsell their digital counterparts due to many
people still preferring to read in a traditional way.
The scriptorium of the monastery was usually located over the chapter house.
Artificial light was forbidden for fear it may damage the manuscripts. There were
five types of scribes:
 Calligraphers, who dealt in fine book production
 Copyists, who dealt with basic production and correspondence
 Correctors, who collated and compared a finished book with the manuscript from
which it had been produced
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 Illuminators, who painted illustrations
 Rubricators, who painted in the red letters
The size of a modern book is based on the printing area of a common flatbed press.
The pages of type were arranged and clamped in a frame, so that when printed on a
sheet of paper the full size of the press, the pages would be right side up and in order
when the sheet was folded, and the folded edges trimmed.
The most common book sizes are:
 Quarto (4to): the sheet of paper is folded twice, forming four leaves (eight pages)
approximately 11–13 inches (c. 30 cm) tall
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 Octavo (8vo): the most common size for current hardcover books. The sheet is folded
three times into eight leaves (16 pages) up to 9+3⁄4 inches (c. 23 cm) tall.
 DuoDecimo (12mo): a size between 8vo and 16mo, up to 7+3⁄4 inches (c. 18 cm) tall
 Sextodecimo (16mo): the sheet is folded four times, forming 16 leaves (32 pages) up
to 6+3⁄4 inches (c. 15 cm) tall
Sizes smaller than 16mo are:
 24mo: up to 5+3⁄4 inches (c. 13 cm) tall.
 32mo: up to 5 inches (c. 12 cm) tall.
 48mo: up to 4 inches (c. 10 cm) tall.
 64mo: up to 3 inches (c. 8 cm) tall.
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Small books can be called booklets.
Sizes larger than quarto are:
 Folio: up to 15 inches (c. 38 cm) tall.
 Elephant Folio: up to 23 inches (c. 58 cm) tall.
 Atlas Folio: up to 25 inches (c. 63 cm) tall.
 Double Elephant Folio: up to 50 inches (c. 127 cm) tall.
Conclusion
Paper made from wood pulp became popular in the early 20th century, because it
was cheaper than linen or abaca cloth-based papers. Pulp-based paper made books
less expensive to the general public. This paved the way for huge leaps in the rate
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of literacy in industrialised nations, and enabled the spread of information during
the Second Industrial Revolution.
Pulp paper, however, contains acid which eventually destroys the paper from within.
Earlier techniques for making paper used limestone rollers, which neutralized the
acid in the pulp. Books printed between 1850 and 1950 are primarily at risk; more
recent books are often printed on acid-free or alkaline paper. Libraries today have
to consider mass deacidification of their older collections in order to prevent decay.
Stability of the climate is critical to the long-term preservation of paper and book
material. Good air circulation is important to keep fluctuation in climate stable.
The HVAC system should be up to date and functioning efficiently. Light is
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detrimental to collections. Therefore, care should be given to the collections by
implementing light control. General housekeeping issues can be addressed,
including pest control. In addition to these helpful solutions, a library must also
make an effort to be prepared if a disaster occurs, one that they cannot control. Time
and effort should be given to create a concise and effective disaster plan to
counteract any damage incurred through "acts of God", therefore an emergency
management plan should be in place.
Q.7Read EXERCISE 9 given on page 96 (which is about the classification of teachers into
five types). Now WRITE a descriptive paragraph about student you have seen in your
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life (during your own school/college life) classifying them into various types and
categories.
1. Overactive
He always has a question to ask and comment to make. He joined a book, science,
math, chess, debate, or glee club. Overactive personalitie can be found just about
everywhere, and they can become irritating, since other students in the class have
no chance to make a name for themselves.
2. Teacher’s Pet
These students take front seats in the class and laugh loudly at teachers’ jokes. They
haunt teachers in school halls or torture them after class is over. They bombard
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educators with endless questions. The thing is, aside from annoying the other
students, they immensely annoy teachers as well.
3. Hard Worker
These students are highly motivated. They know what they want and how to achieve
their goal. Even though they are not always the smartest in the class, they still try
hard and really get what they want. No song, no supper, right?
4. Star
School celebrities can be famous/notorious for a huge number of reasons: They play
sports, they are A-students, and more. They are just fabulous, no matter what they
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actually do. They have groups of both fans and haters, and this kind of student
touches practically everyone’s feelings.
5. Intellectual Outsider
This outcast usually takes the back seat. He got used to the fact everyone in the class
ignores him. He seems to be quite odd and misanthropic. Nevertheless, when talking
to the Intellectual Outsider, you can be favorably impressed that this student is very
smart!
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6. Clown
Sometimes their jokes are funny. Sometimes they are not. However, Clowns are
doing their best to carry their entertaining mission. Everybody must laugh:
classmates, educators, and coaches.
7. Clueless
Clueless students have no idea what they’re doing over here. Educators also have
no idea what clueless students are doing here. Clueless personalities hardly
understand what’s going on around them and try to make everything clear. They ask
questions. Billions of questions, many with already-discussed answers.
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8. Nerd
Nerds prefer books to social life. Books are clever. Books don’t bully you. Books
don’t ask stupid questions. What’s more, books fertilize your mind with superb
ideas and make you monstrously intelligent.
9. Artist
They have a kind of a separate world where creativity and inspiration rule. Artists
appear to be interested just in creative assignments and don’t stay motivated when
performing other tasks. It’s very hard to pique Artists’ interest.
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10. Drama Queen
This person wants to get some attention at any cost. And really loves dramas. You
don’t have to join a drama club to be a Drama Queen. For this, you just need to be
the center of attention when it comes to classmates and educators alike.
11. Bully
Bullys keep in awe Nerds and Intellectual Outsiders and other much weaker species.
Even several years after, when school or university is in the past, Bullies’ victims
recollect studying time with hatred. However, other students are of no interest for
the roughs, since they can stand up for themselves.
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12. Natural Leader
Natural Leaders have an inborn capacity to stand out like a sore thumb. They always
have good ideas and know how to attract people. They are great examples to follow.
That’s why students and teachers truly adore Natural Leaders. Or hate them.
Q.8 Read about Cause and Effect’ (as give on page 107-111) carefully and WRITE down
TWO possible causes for each of the following effects:
a. The doctors were on strike.
C1: Due to salary Issue.
C2: Due to time changing or lack of management.
b. There is water pollution in the city.
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C1: Lack of Municipality
C2: Someone breakage in Pipe.
c.His father didn’t pick him from school today.
C1: disturbance in Vehicle.
C2: busy in work.
d. They are not best friends any more.
C1: He not need Friend.
C2: May be introvert.
e. He was imprisoned for many years.
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C1: He committed crime.
C2: Due to misbehavior.
f. He opened the door later for them.
C1: maybe he is in washroom.
C2: maybe he is busy.
g.Asiyah came home early from work.
C1: Due to low work
C2: May be she is ill.
h. The laptop’s battery was dead.
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C1: Cannot charge on time.
C2: Battery dead.
i. He got late form his office
C1: Busy in work.
C2: problem in vehicle.
j. The ATM was out of service.
C1: No cash in ATM.
C2: Light Failure.
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
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Q.1 Read about ‘Compare and Contrast’ (as given on pages 147-149) carefully. Now
use the following compare and contrast words in your own sentences.
Both Each Neither Nor But
Whereas In
contrast
to
As
opposed
to
Likewise, Similarly,
Both (Swat and Abbottabad) are the district of KPK. Both are located in Pakistan. Each
have mountains and hilly areas and nor have minimum temperature 2.4 C neither 28.6 C
but both have lot of tourist’s places. Whereas Abbottabad lies in Hazara Division KPK
while Swat lies in Malakand Division KPK. In contrast, Abbottabad founded in 1863
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likewise Swat founded in Gandharan civilization. Abbottabad calling code is 0992 while
Swat have 0946. Similarly, Abbottabad is 4th largest city in KPK while Swat is 15th largest
city in KPK. Swat is famous for Hindu Kush and Swat River while Abbottabad is famous for
Nathiagali, Ayubia, Naran and Karakoram Highway.
Q.2 Read the text titled as ‘What’s Good for You’ (as given on pages 161-162) carefully
and complete the following tasks:
Write a paragraph comparing ‘almond’ and ‘peanuts’ as two kinds of dry fruit. Explain
how are they similar and on what basis they might be separated.
Both almonds and peanuts are storehouses of healthy vitamins and minerals and they
both contain equal quantities of micronutrients. One ounce serving of dry roasted
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almonds has 170 calories, 6 gm of protein, and 3 gm of fiber. The same amount of
peanuts contains 166 calories, about 7 gm of protein and 2 gm of fibre. But, it’s also
known that peanuts have more B vitamins, but almonds are a better choice for vitamin
E and minerals in general. Peanuts and almonds content equal amounts of fats -Almonds
have 15 gm and peanuts contain 14 gm of total fat in a one-ounce serving. This fat is
mostly the heart-healthy unsaturated fats that lower your risk of cardiovascular
disease by reducing cholesterol levels in your blood and fighting inflammation. Experts
suggest that you should have 20 - 35 percent of your daily calories from fats, with as
much as possible coming from unsaturated fat for a healthy heart.
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Q.3 Read the techniques for ‘Comparison and Contrast’ (as given on pages 147-149)
carefully. Now use the comparison and contrast features and compare Any two cities of
Pakistan. You must be familiar with the history and geography of you chosen cities so that
you can provide their similarities and differences.
Abbottabad lies in Hazara Division KPK while Swat lies in Malakand Division KPK.
Abbottabad founded in 1863 while Swat founded in Gandharan civilization. Abbottabad
calling code is 0992 while Swat have 0946. Abbottabad is 4th largest city in KPK while Swat
is 15th largest city in KPK. Swat is famous for Hindu Kush and Swat River while Abbottabad
is famous for Nathiagali, Ayubia, Naran and Karakoram Highway. Both are the district of
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KPK. Both are located in Pakistan. Both have mountains and hilly areas. Both have
minimum temperature 2.4 C and maximum 28.6 C. Both have lot of tourist’s places.
Q.4 Read about ‘Academic Reading’ on Pages 183-185. Now carefully READ the
following text and infer the meaning of the highlighted (underlined) words by guessing
from the context. Also use these words in your own sentences:
It is often said that literature is an index, indeed
the principal index, of the soul of an age, and that
to understand the spirit of any historical period,
we should look first of all the books that were
being read by the people of the time. It is,
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however, much too easy to suppose that the
hooks we today value and associate with a
particular period were valued in an equal degree
by the writer’s contemporaries. In point of fact,
literary repute of the kind which ultimately
establishes a work as a classic is very often of slow
growth. John Keats’ Poems remained almost
unknown to his own generation. It was only
among the second generation after his death that
his genius became widely recognized. It is
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important to remember that a great part of the
reading done in any age is of the rather books of
a rather older generation.
It is believed that people's reading habits reflect the values and beliefs of the society in
which they live. However, it is much too simple to suppose that the hooks that we today
value and associate with a particular time period were valued to the same degree by the
writer's contemporaries as we do today. This is a mistaken assumption that can lead to
serious consequences. Literary renown of the kind that will one day establish a piece of
writing as a classic is very frequently the result of a long and winding road to recognition.
The poems of John Keats were virtually unknown to his own generation during his
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lifetime. It wasn't until the second generation after he passed away that his genius was
acknowledged by the majority of people. It is essential to keep in mind that a significant
portion of the reading done at any age is comprised of the works written by authors of a
significantly older generation.
Q.5 In Unit 7 you have read about ‘Implied Meaning and Making Inferences’. Now read
about the essay titled as ‘Life in the Indus Valley’ given on Pages 238-243 carefully.
When you are done, complete the following exercise:
Based on your reading about the features of the Indus Valley civilization and on the
basis of your inference of the information given in the story, complete the following
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table by putting the relevant terms (words) below each category of information. You
should add at least TEN words for each category.
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Category of
Informatio
n
Kitchen Agricultur
e
War-
related
Houses Jewellery
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Words  Lentils
 pulses
 peas
 chickpeas
 green
gram
 black
gram
 wheat
 barley
 Wheat
 Barely
 Peas
 Lentils
 Linseed
 Mustard
Seeds
 Millet
 Sesame
 Rice
 Short
words
 dagger
s
 axes
 burnt bricks
 baked brick
houses
 elaborate
drainage
systems
 water supply
systems
 clusters of
large
 Gold
 Silver
 Copper
 Ivory
 Preciou
s Stone
 Semi-
preciou
s
 Stones
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 broomcor
n millet
 rice
 nonresidentia
l buildings.
 Bones
 Shells
 Bangles
 Rings
Q.6 Read about ‘Denotation and Connotation’ given on Pages 249-260. Now carefully:
a) READ the following words and guess about their positive, negative and neutral
connotations.
b) USE them in your own sentences so that the meanings become clear:
Words Connotations Sentence
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1. Uprising
2.Riot
Demonstration
3. Protest
4. Soldier
5. Terrorist
6. Revolutionary
7.Freedom
Fighter
8. Guerrilla
1.Positive
2.Negative
3.Negative
4.Neutral
5.Negative
6.Positive
7.Positive
8.Negative
9.Neutral
10. Negative
1. Following a determined
resistance in the east,
there was eventually a
popular uprising in the
capital.
2.Twelve inmates have
been killed during a riot
at the prison.
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9. Mercenary
10. Stare
11. Watch
12. Ogle
13. Eccentric
14. Unusual
15. Obese
16. Weird
17. Odd
18. Activist
11. Neutral
12. Negative
13. Negative
14. Neutral
15. Negative
16. Negative
17. Negative
18. Positive
19. Positive
20. Positive
3. Groups of women took
to the streets to protest
against the arrests.
4.Soldiers were patrolling
the streets.
5.He is bitter in his
condemnation of
terrorism.
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19. Leader
20. Dashing
6. They went for what has
become something of a
revolutionary move.
7.Our brother, Robert
Mugabe is a great
freedom fighter.
8.They were protected by
armed guerrillas and
camouflaged beneath
tropical leaves.
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9. What we don't want is a
foreign mercenary.
10.Tamara stared at
him in disbelief, shaking
her head.
11.I watched television
yesterday.
12.He sat at the bar,
ogling several women.
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13. He is an eccentric
character who likes
wearing a beret and dark
glasses.
14.It's not unusual for
him to stay late at work.
15.She was not just
overweight; she was
clinically obese.
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16. This is a weird and
wonderful time to be
walking.
17.She had an odd look
on her face.
18.The political activist
spent hours trying to
convince us to vote for
Ted.
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19. He was a team
leader and a standout
player.
20.She married a
dashing young lawyer
from the city.
Q.7 Select the last Sunday Edition of your favorite English newspaper and carefully
read it. Collect the information related to ‘educational institutions of the country’ given
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(related to these educational
While commenting you can add the following points:
a) Do you like those particular news items about the educational institutions? Why
or why not?
b) Would you apply for your higher education to these institutions? Why or why not?
I select Dawn Sunday magazine. According to its article
1. The 2023 World University Rankings were published recently by the Times
Higher Education (THE). Quaid-e-Azam University was ranked in the 401-500
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institutions) of your choice.
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any FIVE News items
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bracket, among the top 500 universities of the world, a highly cherished goal for
developing countries.
2. Pakistan made an excellent beginning to reform the higher education sector
with the establishment of the Higher Education Commission in October 2002.
The programmes initiated by the HEC in those early years were visionary and
path breaking, so much so that within five years of the establishment of the HEC
several Pakistani universities became ranked among the top 500 of the world in
THE-QS World University Rankings with National University of Science and
Technology, Islamabad, leading the way, being ranked at No 470 in the year
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2007, No 376 in the year 2008 and at No 350 in the year 2009 in general
university rankings.
3.USAID undertook a comprehensive study of the programmes of the HEC
undertaken during 2003-2008 and published a 151-page detailed report of their
findings in 2009.
4.The study involved physical site visits of Pakistan education experts to
eighteen universities and institutes in Islamabad, Peshawar, Rawalpindi,
Faisalabad, Lahore, Karachi and other cities of Pakistan to determine the actual
state of affairs. They interviewed hundreds of teachers, students, vice-
chancellors, deans, departmental chairs, principal investigators and technical
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staff of science research projects as well as officials of the HEC, Ministry of
Education and others over a 12-month period.
5. The three main thrust areas identified by the HEC in the MTDF were: quality
of higher education, access of students to higher education and the relevance of
higher education to national needs. The report concluded that the HEC had made
very significant progress in each of these areas within a short span of six years.
a)I liked these news items because our institutions are empowering day by day that
would be great for our generation to get quality study.
b)These accomplishments of Institutions motivate younger generation to enroll for their
higher education in these situations.
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