This document discusses the meaning and origins of philosophy. It begins by explaining that philosophy provides tools for thinking and frameworks for understanding moral actions and attaining the good life. The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "philo" meaning love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. It was first used by the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras to refer to the pursuit of wisdom. While philosophy values rational arguments and reason as exemplified by Socrates, not everything can be grasped through reason alone. There is a role for nonrational knowledge obtained through intuition. The document concludes by stating that philosophical issues are basic and affect our daily lives, whether realized or not.

1. THE MEANING OF
PHILOSOPHY
LESSON 1

2. PHILOSOPHY GIVES US SOME BASIC THINKING
TOOLS AND FRAMEWORK OF IDEAS INTO
WHICH WE CAN
• Philosophy is a vast knowledge
• Philosophy provides solid and well-considered concepts
against which we can match our moral action and worth.
• Philosophy can help us understand and attain the “good”
of life

3. THE WORD ITSELF

4. PHILOSOPHY
•Greek Words
•Philo-meaning “Loving”
•Sophia- Meaning “Wisdom”

5. • First utilized by the
Greek Thinker
• A pre-Socratic
philosopher who
compared philosophers
– pursuers of wisdom
PYTHAGORAS
(C. 600 BCE)

6. SUCCESSIONS
OF
PHILOSOPHER
S
• When some one to
compare for prize and
others went with wares
to sell, but the best
spectator, for similarity,
in life, some grow up
with servile natures
greedy for fame and
gain, but philosophers
seeks the truth.”
(Laertius 1925, 2)

7. • ARE ORDINARY WORDS
BUT THEY IMMEDIATELY
LOSE THEIR ORDINANCES
AS SOON AS WE ARE
ASKED TO EXPLAIN
WORDS, BUT THEY
IMMEDIATELY LOSE THEIR
ORDINARINESS AS SOON
WE ARE ASKED TO
EXPLAIN WHAT THEY
MEAN.
LOVE OF
WISDOM

8. A SENSE
OF
WONDER

9. •Philosophy should interest everyone of us since it
springs from our sense of wonder about the universe
and our place in it.

10. PHILOSOPHY BEGINS
WITH WONDER.

11. WHAT DO WE
WONDER
ABOUT?

13. RATIONAL IS IMPORTANT

14. RATIONAL
ARGUMEN
T
• RATIONAL ARGUMENT- ONE THAT MAKE SENSE
COHERENT AND WELL- STRUCTURED

15. RATIONALIST
• A PERSON WHO BASES HIS/
HER ACTION OR IDEAS ON
PRACTICAL REASONS OR
KNOWLEDGE RATHER THAN
ON EMOTIONS OR
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS.

16. RATIONALISM
•Is the “theory upholding the
hegemony of reason in the
human person” (Montemayor
1995, 26-27)

17. SOCRATES (C. 470-399 BCE)
•HAS BEEN VIEWED AS SORT OF
“IMAGE” OF PHILOSOPHICAL
MOVEMENT, PARTICULARLY ITS
RATIONAL AND CRITICAL
NATURE.

18. •WAS CONTINUALLY STRAINING HIMSELF
AND OTHER HIMSELF AND OTHER
PEOPLE FOR CLARITY AND ANSWERS.

19. • HIS TECHNIQUE WAS TO ENGAGE WITH
SOMEBODY OVER THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME
TERM OR THOUGHT, NORMALLY AN ETHICAL
IDEA, AFTER WHICH HE CROSS-EXAMINED HIS
ADVERSARY BRUTALLY UNTIL SOME CLARITY
WAS ACCOMPLISHED.

20. •AS WITH SOCRATES, THE ACCENT IN
ALL PHILOSOPHY CLEARLY FALLS ON
REASON AND CRITICISM.

21. CAN EVERYTHING
BE REASONED?

24. MANY PHILOSOPHERS
DO IN FACT
RECOGNIZE THAT
REALITY AND OUR
EXPERIENCE OF IT ARE
AFTER ALL BIGGER
THAN PHILOSOPHY.

25. NOT EVERYTHING CAN BE GRASPED
INTELLECTUALLY
NOT EVERYTHING CAN BE REDUCED TO AN
ARGUMENT
NOT EVERYTHING CAN BE EXPRESSED IN
LANGUAGE

26. BUT IT IS IMPORTANT HERE THAT WE DO NOT
CONFUSE
NONRATIONAL
• NONRATIONAL - NOT BASED ON REASON;
"THERE IS A GREAT DEAL THAT
IS NONRATIONAL IN MODERN CULTURE"
IRRATIONAL - NOT CONSISTENT WITH OR
USING REASON; "IRRATIONAL FEARS";
"IRRATIONAL ANIMALS" 2. NONRATIONAL -
OBTAINED THROUGH INTUITION RATHER THAN
FROM REASONING OR OBSERVATION.
INTUITIVE, VISCERAL.
•
IRRATIONAL
not logical or reasonable.
"irrational feelings of hostility"
• : NOT RATIONAL: SUCH AS
• A(1) : NOT ENDOWED WITH REASON OR
UNDERSTANDING
• (2) : LACKING USUAL OR NORMAL MENTAL
CLARITY OR COHERENCE
• B : NOT GOVERNED BY OR ACCORDING TO
REASONIRRATIONAL FEARS
• C GREEK & LATIN PROSODY
• (1) OF A SYLLABLE : HAVING A QUANTITY OTHER
THAN THAT REQUIRED BY THE METER
• (2) OF A FOOT : CONTAINING SUCH A SYLLABLE
• D(1) : BEING AN IRRATIONAL
NUMBERAN IRRATIONAL ROOT OF AN EQUATION
• (2) : HAVING A NUMERICAL VALUE THAT IS AN
IRRATIONAL NUMBERA LENGTH THAT
IS IRRATIONAL

27. IF WE DO NOT BELIEVE IN
NONRATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE, WHAT FORMS
MIGHT TAKE?

28. DO YOU
AGREE OR
DISAGREE
?
•“FOUNDATIONALISM,”
WHOSE MOST COMMON
DEFENSE IS THE CLAIM
THAT FROM A PURELY
LOGICAL STANDPOINT
NOT EVERYTHING CAN
BE ARGUED LEST THERE
NEVER BE AN END TO
THE ARGUING.

29. ARISTOTLE POINTS OUT THAT…
•EVERY ARGUMENT FINALLY REST ON
SOMETHING THAT CANNOT BE
PROVED…AND THAT IS THE MARK OF
UNEDUCATED PERSON NOT TO REALIZE
THAT.

30. SOCRATES’ PRONOUNCEMENT
“THE UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING”

31. •ON THE OTHER HAND, IT MUST BE
ADMITTED THAT REASON HAS ITS LIMITS,
AND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE
NONRATIONAL IS ITSELF A GOOD
PHILIOSPHICAL QUESTION.

32. EVERYONE IS MORE OR LESS ENGAGED IN THE
PHILOSOPHICAL ENTERPRISE, AND THOUGH
PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES MAY SEEM AT TIMES
RATHER THAN REMOTE, A MOMENT’S REFELCTION
WILL REVEAL THAT THEY REALLY ARE BASIC AND,
WHETHER ONE REALIZES IT OR NOT, THEY DEEPLY
AFFECT OUR DAILY LIVES.

34. INSTRUCT THE STUDENTS TO ANSWER INDIVIDUALLY
THE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS.
A. HOW DOES PHILOSOPHY DIFFER FROM OTHER
DISCIPLINE? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
B. HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY HELP US UNDERSTAND THE
WORLD AND OUR LIVES BETTER?
GIVE CONCRETE EXAMPLES.
C. WHY IS SOCRATES REGARDED AS A SYMBOL OF
PHILOSOPHIZING?
ASSESSMENT