This presentation is related to the Stereotyping, Muslim Stereotyping and Islamophobia Factors which are specifically designed for Muslims in the Western Media by the great help of American Right wing Politicians and Think Tanks as well...

1. Abid Zafar
Spring 2015
Critical and Cultural Studies of Mass Communication
International Islamic University Islamabad

2.  In Social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be
adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of
doing things. These may or may not reflect the reality
 A stereotype is “...a fixed, over generalized belief about a
particular group or class of people.” (Cardwell, 1996)

4.  Whenever we are in a mall or in a classroom or simply in a
place full of people, we can’t deny the fact that every once in a
while we look randomly at people, and mentally start
assuming them as either being bad, good, stupid, poor or rich.
When in fact, we don’t personally know their character to put
labels on them, regardless, we still do it. This is what we call
stereotyping. Random House Webster’s Dictionary defines
Stereotype or stereotyping as a simplified image of a person,
group, race, etc. (Random House Webster, 2009).

5.  Why it is so easy for us to assume the entirety of the person by
just a mere look at him?

6.  It is because of these two main reasons: Past Information and
Generalization.
 Past information allows us to make assumptions because of
the past experiences and prior knowledge that we possess
 Generalization is the manner of applying that assumption to
the entire being, forgetting the fact that he might be different
from our assumptions

9.  Positive or Negative views about someone
 Develops superiority or inferiority in the person or group
 Ignores the uniqueness of individuals by painting all members
of a group in with the same brush.

10.  Parents and family
 The media
 Friends
 Education (School, University)
 Travel
 Laziness
 Fear
 Envy
 A sensé of superiority
 Lack of experience of people, etc.

11.  Stereotypes have existed since the beginning of time in our
everyday life through Religion, Politics and the Media
 Stereotypes play an important role in today's society and
particularly in Propaganda
 Negative and positive aspects achieved
 Propaganda is a force which can influence and affect
everyone; bringing changes in behavior, attitudes and ones
beliefs

12.  Cultivation process cumulative, gradual changes in believes,
attitudes and behavior
 A person “cultivated” into the television view of social
reality

13.  Examines the long-term effects of television
 "The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the
more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the
more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on
television

17. Stereotyping can be described as a double-edged sword because
it has both good and bad effects
Good Effects
 We are given a general idea on how a specific person may
think and act.
 We are more aware on what that person might find interesting
or offensive
 Helping us in the creating a much effective interaction

18. Bad Effects
 Prejudice (an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group
because of race, sex, religion etc.)
 Stigma (a set of unfair beliefs that a society or group of people
have about something)
 Discrimination (unfairly treating of a person or group of
people from other people or group of people)
 Racism (poor treatment or violence against people because of
their race)
 Conflicts

19.  Ageism
Old people are said to be very forgetful

20.  Viewing people according to their race
 Native Americans in cowboy films are seen as bloodthirsty
savages(not under human control)
 It is a popular belief that all African Americans are good in
sports because most of them are good in basketball and
American football

21.  Women are bad drivers
 Men are viewed to be the leaders of the world—the strong
ones, or the smarter ones. On the other hand, women are
believed to be the weaker ones—only responsible for the
household, or regarded as the “less smart ones.” (Kanazawa,
2009)

22. Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan says that women and men
can’t be treated equally "because it is against human nature.
(AFP, November 24, 2014)

23. Males are always Females are always
 The policeman
 The fireman
 The boss
 The doctor
 The nurses
 The librarian
 The secretary
 The teacher

24. Catholics families have a lot of children

25. All lawyers are greedy

26.  As quoted from Lauren Hinds (2010) in which she says
that “Beauty can be found in the most hideous places; if
you remove the stereotypes of what beauty is, you will
find that true beauty dwells in everything”
 we should think twice before stereotyping any person and
shutting him out. Let’s remember that Stereotyping is not
a measure of a person’s worth, for it is only through
knowing and understanding the person one could truly
see his value

28.  Over the past two decades, the Western & American media
have produced a significant amount of news coverage on
Islam, the Middle East and Muslim related cases
 Events such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks, “Global War on
Terror”, the Islamic scarf controversy, The
Muhammad(PBUH) cartoons crisis in Denmark and Paris,
ISIS and violent episodes in the Middle East have intensified
the media’s spotlight on Muslims

29.  Many of these media stories present the Western/American
news audiences with a variety of Muslim stereotypes
 The mass media is an influential factor when it comes to
determine how the average Americans/Westerns view Muslims

32.  Media coverage of Islam-related issues has changed
dramatically since the beginning of the new millennium, both
in quantity and quality. The events of September 11, 2001,
thrust Islam into the global media forefront: not only did
coverage of Islam drastically increase, particularly in news
and entertainment media, but the way in which Islam was
framed by the media changed as well.

33.  Muslims never have sex, despite the fact that most
 Muslim families have at least 3 or 4 kids and those are
considered small families
 All Muslims are terrorists that hate America
 All Muslims hate Jews
 Women are subservient to men and men are more valued in
Islam
 Men are allowed to beat & rape their wives
 Men force women to cover, because they can not resist
themselves
 Muslims starve themselves for 30 days for Ramadan
 All Muslims are Arab

36.  One of the most widely discussed issues in the Muslim
community is the negative image of Islam in the
American/Western Media
 American Muslims often ask why a small group of extremists,
whose terrorist actions violate the central principles of Islam,
should determine the public image of the entire Muslim
community

37.  Newspaper headlines regularly print the words “Islam” and
“Muslim” next to words like “fanatic,” “fundamentalist,”
“militant,” “terrorist” and “violence.”

38.  Uses the term “jihad” in television programs and films are also
illustrative
 As a pamphlet for the media published by the American
Muslim Council explains, the word jihad “is more accurately
translated as ‘exertion of effort’ and peaceful ideological
struggle, not 'holy war.' The Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) said
that the highest form of jihad is the personal struggle to make
oneself a better Muslim.”

39.  Edward Said, author of Covering Islam, noted, prejudice
against Muslims is “the last sanctioned racism”
 Discrimination in housing and employment, harassment and
attacks from strangers on the streets and destruction of
mosques and Islamic centers

40. Increase in Clash of Civilization between the West and the Arab

41.  Another Islamic media stereotype involves portrayals of
Muslim women. Media sometimes criticize Islam for
marginalizing women and for providing a disproportionate
amount of power to men. Acceptance of Islam is equated with
women giving up equality and women’s rights are represented
as being incompatible with freedom of religion.
 As a result of these portrayals, the most common words used
to describe Muslim women by journalists and politicians are
‘segregated’, ‘beaten’, ‘insults’, ‘veil’, ‘freedom’, ‘religion’,
‘hatred’, ‘human rights’ and ‘extremism’

42.  Even before 9/11, the effects of stereotyping against
Muslims were apparent

44. Many organizations like Rabbis for Human Rights as well as
Christian groups such as Sojourners and the United Methodist
Women responded in support of Muslims, placing counter ads in
support of Muslims

45.  The American Muslim communities have mobilized to fight
against these dangerous stereotypes and their damaging
effects.
 A growing number of Muslim organizations are offering
resources to educate the media and the general public about
Islam, and to encourage Muslims in their local communities to
speak out against discrimination.

46.  Many Muslim individuals and communities in America
are finding ways to be innovative and transparent in their
efforts to dispel some of the stereotypes that are
perpetuated about Islam. Mosques across the country
hold open houses and invite non-Muslims to lectures
about Islam or to attend Friday prayers.

47.  While there are many strong voices, Muslim and non-Muslim
alike, that denounce militant jihad and Islamic
fundamentalism. As Muslim communities and their allies
continue to find ways to counter these negative stereotypes.
 There may yet be a day when “Islamophobia” is an idea of the
past and no longer a living reality

50.  Dislike of or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, especially as
a political force. (Oxford Dictionary)
 A term used to describe the prejudice against, hatred towards,
or fear of Islamic doctrine, Muslims or of ethnic group
perceives to be Muslim

51.  The term "Islamophobia" was first introduced as a concept in a
1991 Runnymede Trust Report and defined as “Unfounded
hostility towards Muslims, and therefore fear or dislike of all
or most Muslims.“
 The term entered into common English usage in 1997 with the
publication of a report by the Runnymede Trust condemning
negative emotions such as fear, hatred, and dread directed at
Islam or Muslims

52. The report pointed to prevailing attitudes that incorporate the
following beliefs:
 Islam is monolithic and cannot adapt to new realities
 Islam does not share common values with other major faiths
 Islam as a religion is inferior to the West. It is barbaric, and
irrational.
 Islam is a religion of violence and supports terrorism.
 Islam is a violent political ideology.

54.  The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are still
debated. Some scholars have defined it as a type of racism
 Some commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia
resulting from the September 11 attacks while others have
associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in secular
nations

55.  A 2011 report entitled “Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the
Islamophobia Network in America,” published by the Center
for American Progress, traces the voices and sources of
funding of the anti-Islamic rhetoric that has stimulated a fear
of Muslims.
 These include organizations like Jihad Watch, American
Freedom Defense Initiative (AFDI), and Stop Islamization of
America (SIOA).
 SIOA was identified by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a
hate group in 2011

56.  The Center for Security Policy (CSP) was identified by the
“Fear, Inc.” report as being at the hub of the anti-Islam
movement, as it is highly influential with right-wing
politicians, and a “central hub of the anti-Muslim network and
an active promoter of anti-Sharia messaging and anti-Muslim
rhetoric.”
 In 2012, the American Freedom Defense Initiative sponsored
advertisements on public transportation in the New York area
that declared: “It’s not Islamophobia, it’s Islamorealism.”

57.  Bulgaria- The assimilation campaign against Bulgarian
Muslims which forced 310,000 Turks to leave Bulgaria in
1989
 Bosnia- The Srebrenica Massacre of Bosnian Muslims
 China- The killing of Uyghur Muslims
 Burma- Violence against Muslim minorities
 France- Hijab Banning & Charlie Hebdo Magazine
 Denmark- Danish Cartoon Controversy
 Germany- Bosporus serial murder
 U.k- Muslims are called as isolationist
 Italy- Western civilization is superior to Islam

58. 

69. …criminals?
…terrorists?

72.  http://europeisnotdead.com/video/images-of-europe/european-stereotypes/
 http://www.simplypsychology.org/katz-braly.html
 http://www.slideshare.net/dawnhoang/cultivation-theory-8787973
 http://www.ciadvertising.org/sa/spring_03/382j/kimberly/page2.html
 https://katrinamarier.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/a-definition-essay-defying-the-stereotype/
 https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB
4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fzajac.cmswiki.wikispaces.net%2Ffile%2Fview%2Fstereotypes.ppt&ei=cz
dLVd_kEqvXyQO77IHABw&usg=AFQjCNHRbU7ctGddlqcKo7GRi5gJEYseQQ&sig2=HbIqvhC-
YgUCpv7b33QBGA&bvm=bv.92765956,d.bGQ
 http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/24987/dont-blame-the-men-at-home-when-national-leaders-put-women-
in-boxes/
 http://crg.berkeley.edu/content/islamophobia/defining-islamophobia
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia
 http://www.slideshare.net/echizen94/islamophobia-46656575
 http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest126020-1327326-islamophobia/