Ethics & juresprudence by Dr. Abhishek gaur (8741095005)

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5. Introduction
Meaning of Ethics
Importance of Ethics
Meaning of Profession
Meaning of Professionalism
Guidelines for dental ethical profession
Professional & Personal Ethics
Decisions & Decision Making
Dental Ethics : Primary Goals
Compromising Qualities 5

6. Ethic Committee
 Goals
 Additional Goals
 Members
Jurisprudence
Dental Jurisprudence
Dental Neglect
Malpractice
Responsibilities Of Dentist
Responsibilities Of Patient
Conclusion
References
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8.  Ethics is a central component of any Happy, Healthy and mature Life.
 There are several reasons to study ethics. All of use ethics on a daily Basis.
 Ethics are the moral principles or virtues that govern the character & conduct of an individual or a
group.
 Ethics is a branch of both Philosophy & Theology, is the systemic study of what is right and good
with respect to character and conduct. Ethics seeks to answer two fundamental questions :
1. What should we do ?
2. Why should we do it ?
 The object of ethics is to emphasizes spirit rather than Law. Dental ethics applies moral principles
and virtues to the practice of dentistry.
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9. The term ethics comes from the Greek word which means
Ethics may be divided into four major areas of study :
1. Meta-ethics (how the moral true values may be determined)
2. Normative-ethics (about the practical means of determining a
moral course of action)
3. Applied-ethics (about how moral outcomes can be achieved in
Specific Situations)
4. Descriptive-ethics also known as comparative ethics
(Study of people’s beliefs about morality)
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10. Ethics affect virtually every decision made in a Dental Office, encompassing activities of
both judging & choosing.
As a dentist, you have to make numerous decisions. Some decisions are straightforward &
easy; others can be very difficult.
Ethics are inextricably linked with these decisions and with the day-to-day activities of
your office.
When ethics are ignored, you risk making unethical or less ethical decisions. Unethical
decisions can lead to unethical conduct. At a minimum, unethical conduct seriously
compromises your service to patients & undermines your ability to function as a
professional.
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11. A profession has been defined as an occupation involving
relatively long and specialized preparation on the level of higher
education and governed by a special code of ethics.
Aim Of a Profession :
The constructive aim of a profession is the public good.
Dentistry is recognized as a ‘profession’.
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12. relates to the behaviour expected of one in a
learned profession.
Professionalism embodies positive habits of conduct, judgment
and perception on the part of both individual professionals and
professional organizations.
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14. As a dental professional, you are responsible for doing the following.
1. Putting patients’ interests first and acting to protect them.
2. Respecting patients’ dignity and choices.
3. Protecting the confidentiality of patients’ information.
4. Co-operating with other members of the dental team and other
healthcare colleagues in the interests of patients.
5. Maintaining your professional knowledge and competence.
6. Being trustworthy
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15. 1. Put patients’ interests before your own or those of any colleague, organisation or
business.
2. Work within your knowledge, professional competence and physical abilities.
3. Refer patients for a second opinion and for further advice when it is necessary, or if
the patient asks.
4. Refer patients for further treatment when it is necessary to do so.
5. Make and keep accurate and complete patient records, including a medical history,
at the time you treat them.
6. Make sure that patients have easy access to their records.
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16. 1. Treat patients politely and with respect, in recognition of their dignity and rights as
individuals.
2. Recognise and promote patients’ responsibility for making decisions about their bodies,
their priorities and their care, making sure you do not take any steps without patients’
consent (permission).
3. Maintain appropriate boundaries in the relationships you have with patients. Do not abuse
those relationships.
4. Listen to patients and give them the information they need, in a way they can use, so that
they can make decisions.
5. This will include:
 communicating effectively with patients
 explaining options (including risks and benefits)
 giving full information on proposed treatment and possible costs.
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17. 1. Treat information about patients as confidential and only use it for the
purposes for which it is given.
2. Prevent information from being accidentally revealed and prevent
unauthorised access by keeping information secure at all times.
3. In exceptional circumstances, You should get appropriate advice before
revealing information on this basis.
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18. 1. Co-operate with other team members and colleagues and respect their
role in caring for patients.
2. Treat all team members and other colleagues fairly and in line with the
law.
3. Do not discriminate against them.
4. Communicate effectively and share your knowledge and skills with
other team members and colleagues as necessary in the interests of
patients
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19. 1. Recognise that your qualification for registration was the first stage in your professional
education.
2. Develop and update your knowledge and skills throughout your working life.
1. Justify the trust that your patients, the public and your colleagues have in you by always
acting honestly and fairly.
2. Maintain appropriate standards of personal behaviour in all walks of life so that patients
have confidence in you and the public have confidence in the dental profession.
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20. • The Primary responsibilities is to treat the
dentist(s), staff members and all patients with
dignity & respect.
• The Philosophy of individual worth is belief that
‘Everyone regardless of personal circumstances or
personal qualities, has worth & is entitled to respect
as a human being.’
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21. • Everyone entering into the
profession is expected to
adhere to these professional
standards.
• It serves as a method of self-
policing & enforcement of the
code is handled within the
professional organizations.
• Standards which individuals, sets
for themselves are Personal ethics.
• These standards are reflected in the
way we act, the decision we make,
and the values we Hold.
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• DECISION :
– The act of reaching a conclusion or making up one's mind.
– A conclusion or judgment reached or pronounced.
• DECISION MAKING :
– Decision making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in
the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios.
– Every decision making process produces a final choice.
– The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.

23. – It results an illegal actions.
– It brings Harms to others.
– A Person is exploited & used as an
inhuman Object.
– If Human potential is damaged or
Ignored.
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– It enhances integrity & self-respect.
– Does not bring Harm to others.
– Build understandings & dissolve
unreal barriers between people.
– It builds a core of genuine
confidence in self & others.

24. • Good risk management is not necessarily good ethics.
• Risk management processes & decisions that do not include the perspective of the patient may
be unethical
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25. • There are times when dentist may Face the decision to compromise quality.
• This may be because of limited financial resources of the patient, reimbursement
restrictions imposed by dental insurance plans, patient values or preferences, or other
factors.
• These limitations or restrictions may divert the direction of the overall case from
“Ideal”, but they should never affect the quality of the separate components
compromising the final treatment plan.
• The goal should be ‘to perform each treatment step to its highest standards’.
• The dentist is also obligated to collaborate with the patient during the decision-
making process.
• It is unethical to knowingly provide substandard care.
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26. • Most hospitals are now required to have an ethics committee.
• Historically, ethics committees involve individuals from diverse
backgrounds who support health care institutions with three major
functions:
• Ethics committees or select members often help resolve ethical conflicts
and answer ethical questions through the provision of consultations.
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27. • to promote the rights of patients;
• to promote shared decision making between patients (or their
surrogates if decisional incapacitated) and their clinicians;
• to promote fair policies and procedures that maximize the
likelihood of achieving good, patient-centered outcomes; and
• to enhance the ethical environment for health care professionals
in health care institutions.
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28. More recently, some ethics committees,
particularly those affiliated with
academic institutions and large health
care systems, have expanded their
traditional functions to become more
comprehensive ethics programs.
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29. • Integrating ethics throughout the health care institution from the bedside to
the boardroom,
• Ensuring that systems and processes contribute to/do not interfere with
ethical practices, and
• Promoting ethical leadership behaviours, such as explaining the values that
underlie decisions, stressing the importance of ethics, and promoting
transparency in decision making.
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30. Committee members include :
A. Clinicians (physicians and nurses) from :
1. Medicine
2. Surgery
3. Psychiatry
4. Social workers
5. Chaplains
6. Community
B. A quality improvement manager.
C. An individual responsible for the education program at the facility.
D. A lawyer.
E. At least one individual with advanced training in ethics.
All members of the ethics committee take responsibility for learning techniques of ethical analysis and the
arguments surrounding most of the ethically charged issues in clinical practice.
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31. • Some ethics committees allow Guests.
• Here, Guests can include :
1. health sciences students
2. Philosophy graduate students
3. Physician trainees
4. Facilitators
5. Patient representatives
• Guests need to maintain the confidentiality of the information
discussed at the meetings, often signing oaths to that effect.
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32. When two conditions are met :
1. You perceive that there is an ethical problem in the care of patients.
2. Health care providers have not been able to establish a resolution that is agreed upon by
the patient/surrogate and the clinicians caring for the patient.
While a communication breakdown is often a factor in ethics
consultation, an ethical dilemma (a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between
two or more alternatives, especially ones that are equally undesirable) occurs when two courses of
action may both be ethically defensible.
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33. • Check with your hospital to identify the pager number to
reach the ethics consultant.
• There should be an individual at each hospital that carries
a pager for responding to ethics consultations.
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-ETHICS IN MEDICINE (University of Washington School of Medicine)

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36. ‘Juris prudencia’ = the knowledge, wisdom of Law
 Comes from Ancient Rome.
 Exclusive Power of Judgement on Facts.
 Jurisprudence is the study/the explanation of the nature of Law
and the manner of its Working.
 It is ‘Aimed’ at a wise, pertinent & just solution of problems.
 It is also the science which protects the rights.
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37. It is the science of systemic study which deals with all the laws, rules & regulations as well as
legal principles and doctrines governing & regulating the practice of dentistry.
OR
The application of the principles of Law to the practice of Dentistry and of Dental Hygiene and
the relations of Dentists & Dental Hygienists to patients, to study and to each Other.
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39. • The purposeful denial of the minimum amount of Oral health or
maintenance required to sustain functioning periodontium & teeth.
• The caretaker may exhibit a disregard for the patient’s health may
focus primarily on Pain relief for the Patient.
• It is considered a “Warning Sign” of possible ‘Child or Elder Abuse’.
• The dentist must be cautious when drawing conclusions or making
accusations, as an error in judgement may cause irreparable harm to
the reputation & quality of the life of those involved.
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41. Professional misconduct or branch of Duty that
results in injury or Damage to an individual.
• Some of the Malpractice problems are rare, but most of the
periodontal missteps occur repeatedly. Recognizing these
common problems will help to avoid them.
• When practicing periodontics, it is best for dentists to stay within
their reasonable level of competency.
• The most common Periodontal malpractice issue is :
1. Failure to Diagnose
2. Treat, or refer periodontal disease process.
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42. • The other main cause of malpractice actions usually
involves
• Although Periodontal Surgical Procedures are
taught in Dental schools; it is important for dentists
to be able to discriminate between surgical
procedures they ‘are’ qualified to perform & those
they are ‘not’ qualified to perform.
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43. • Done by Duty Licenced
Professionals.
• Plaintiff (Culprit) who seeks to
recover Damages.
• Burden of proof in showing
negligence of defendant.
• Committed by a person who
practices the profession without
the professional License issued by
proper authorities.
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44. 1. Dentist must be properly Licenced.
2. Must exercise reasonable skill, care & Judgement.
3. Must do only those things consented to the patient.
4. Must refer unusual cases to a specialist.
5. Must use standard drugs, materials & Techniques.
6. Must complete agreed upon Treatment within a reasonable Time.
7. Must hold inviolate instructions to the Patient.
8. Must give adequate instructions to the Patient.
9. Must make a reasonable charge for the treatment services rendered.
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45. 1. Must follow instructions during & after treatment.
2. Must Pay a reasonable fee or a fee agreed upon between The
Dentist & The Patient.
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46. 1. Say Nothing
2. Be supportive
3. Be cooperative
4. Ask before acting

47. • A dental assistant who is guilty of negligence is responsible for
his or her own actions, and the injured party may sue both the
dentist and the assistant.
• The dentist’s liability insurance will not cover the auxiliary if
they are sued for negligence!!

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 Ethics need to be more fully integrated across the dental school
curriculum, including carryover into the clinical years, and
assessing and ensuring competence also is needed, the
researchers concluded.
 Individuals who practice ethical behavior also
practice self-honesty.
 The dental profession holds a special position of
trust within society.

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• Untoward or Unsatisfactory outcomes can occur when
treating dental or periodontal patients.
• Dental practioners must be aware of the legal
elements of malpractice, and they must strive to
prevent their treatment from falling beneath the
standard of care.
• The Legal Processes are difficult and distressing
is navigate, so it’s best to avoid them when
Possible.

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1. Clinical Periodontology; Carranza (10th edition)
2. Journal of Education and Ethics in Dentistry; January-June 2011 • Vol. 1
• Issue 1
3. CDA code of ethics. Adopted by the California Dental Association Journal
2006;34:60
4. Dentist (Code of Ethics) Regulations. Gaz. India 1976;2:2223-7.
5. ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN
PARTICIPANTS (INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH NEW
DELHI-2006)
6. Ethics and Jurisprudence for Dentists BY EDMUND NOYE St D. D. S.
7. Human Dignity And Fundamental Rights by Dr Paulina Taboada

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