This document provides guidance on how to draw fundus diagrams. It lists the requisites needed which include an examination table, indirect ophthalmoscope, 20D lens, scleral depressor, and colored pencils. It then provides detailed instructions on how to represent various retinal structures, abnormalities, tumors, detachments and other findings using different colors and markings. Remember that choroidal tumors are drawn in brown, retinoblastomas are outlined in blue and colored yellow, and retinoschisis involves outlining the inner layer in blue and cross hatching or coloring the open portions.

2. Requisites for Fundus drawing:
examination table
 indirect ophthalmoscope
20 D lens
a scleral depressor
coloured pencils (mainly red,
blue, green, yellow, black and
brown)

3. •Retinal arterioles
•Neovascularization
•Vascular
abnormalities
•Vortex veins
•Attached retina
•Haemorrhages (pre-
retinal and intra-
retinal)
Vascular
tumor
Vortex
vein
Pre retinal
h’ge
arteriole

4. •Open interior of
conventionalretinal
breaks (tears, holes)
•Open interior of
outer layer holes
in retinoschisis
•Normal macula is
drawn as a red dot
Schisis outer
layer hole
hole
HST
Pre retinal
h’ge
Retinal
h’ge
Vortex
vein
Vascular
tumor

5. •Open portion of GRT
or large dialyses
•Inner portion of thin
areas of retina
•Open portion of
retinal holes in inner
layer of retinoschisis
Schisis outer
layer hole
HST
hole
Vortex
vein
Pre retinal
h’ge
Retinal
h’ge
Vascular
tumor
Retinal
dialysis
Schisis inner
layer hole
Open
portion
of GRT

6. •Detached retina
•Retinal viens
•Outlines of retinal
breaks
•Outlines of ora serrata
•Meridional,radial,fixed
& circumferential
folds
Detached
retina
Retinal vein
Outline of ora

7. •VR traction tufts
•Retinal granular tags & tufts
•Outline of flat neo-
vascularization
•Outline of lattice degeneration
[inner ‘x’]
•Outline of thin areas of retina
•Intra-retinal cysts [with
overlying curvilinear stripes to
show configuration]
lattice Thin area
of retina
Flat
neovascularization
Detached
retina
Outline of ora
Retinal vein
Shifting fluid
of RD

8. •Inner layer of
retinoschisis
•White with or
without pressure
•Detached parsplana
epithelium anterior to
seperation of ora
serrata
Inner layer
retinoschisis
Detached
pars epi.
Rolled edge
of tear
Flat
neovascularization
Retinal vein
Detached
retina

9. IOL
membra
nes in
vitreous

10. Elevated
NVE
membra
nes in
vitreous
IOL

11. asteroid
Frosting or snowflakes
on schisis or lattice
membra
nes in
vitreous
Elevated
NVE
FVP
Weiss ring
Vitreous
substitute

12. •Uveal tissue
•Pars plana cysts
•Ciliary processess
•Striae ciliaris
•Pigment beneath
detached retina
Pars plana cyst
Pigment beneath detached retina

13. •Outline of CRA
beneath detached
retina
•Pigment Epithelial
Detachment
•Outline of
posterior
staphyloma
PED
Pigment beneath detached retina

14. •Malignant
choroidal
melanomas
•Edge of buckle
beneath detached
retina
•Choroidal
detachment
CD

15. •Intraretinal
oedema
•Intraretinal
subretinal hard
yellow exudate
•Deposits in the RPE
•Coloboma
hard
exudates

16. •MNF
•Disk pallor
•Post-PHC retinal
edema
•Fresh laser spots
•drusen
edema
Cilliary nerve
Fresh LASER
spot
Fresh LASER
spot

17. •Edge of buckle
beneath attached
retina
•Outline of CRA
•Hyperpigmentation as
a result of previous tt
with
CryoPHCDiathermy
hyperpigmentation
Sheathed
vessel

18. •Naevi
•Sheathed vessels
•Outline of Long &
Short Post Ciliary vein
& nerve
•Pigment in choroid, or
RPEhyperpigmentation
in attached retina
Sheathed
vessel
hyperpigmentation
Demarcation line

19. •Pigmented
demarcation lines at
attached margin of
detached retina or
within detached
retina
Edge of buckle
beneath
attached retina
Demarcation line
Sheathed
vessel
Outline
of CRA

20. •Remember:
•Choroidal tumours are drawn in brown colour and
retinoblastomas are outlined in blue and coloured
yellow.
•While documenting a retinoschisis, the inner layer is
generally outlined and cross lined in blue. While the
open retinal holes within inner layer is outlined in
blue with inner portion cross lined in red, the holes in
the outer layer are outlined in blue and inner layer is
coloured red.