2. Latin American Wars of Independence (1810-1824)
11776
1776
1810-1816
1817-1818
1810-1824
1810-1823
1811-1822
Spanish West
Indies
Spanish East
Indies
3. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)
•Americans were aware of Cuba’s
struggle for independence (1895-1898).
•The United States intervened when an
American battleship Maine stationed
in Cuba was blown up resulting to the
death of 246 Americans.
•Declaration of war: April 21, 1898.
4. Spanish-American War in the Philippines
Battle at Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)
• First major engagement of the Spanish-
American War.
• American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore
George Dewey engaged and destroyed the
Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral
Patricio Montojo y Pasarón.
5.
6. “ The first battle of the Spanish-American War
thrilled the American nation. The American
people believed we have driven Spain out of
the Philippines….. The American people did
not know whether the Philippines were
islands or something to eat”.
7.
8.
9. FILIPINOS
May 1898
• Aguinaldo returns to the
Philippines
June 1898
• June 12 declaration of
Independence and
creation of the First
Republic of the
Philippines as a
government.
AMERICANS
May 1898
• Battle at Manila Bay
July 1898
• Spanish – American
Secret Agreement
August 1898
• Mock Battle of Manila –
Spaniards’ surrender to
the Americans
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
• Ended the Spanish-American War.
• In accordance with the treaty:
− Spain gave up all rights to Cuba
− US exercise indefinite colonial authority over
Puerto Rico and the Spanish East Indies.
− Surrendered the Philippines to the United
States for a payment of 20 million dollars.
• Treaty was ratified Feb.6, 1899.
16.
17. Benevolent Assimilation (Dec.21, 1898)
• first American policy that expressly
indicated the intention of the US to stay in
the Philippines by exercising political
control over the Filipinos and its
government.
• The First Republic of the Philippines under
Pres. Aguinaldo saw this declaration as an
intrusion of the US to the sovereignty of the
Philippines.
18. “Troubles which may Follow an Imperial Policy”, New York Herald, July 3, 1898
19. • Political leaders in the
Philippines and
changing policies in
the United States
government resulted
to the end of the idea
of the Benevolent
Assimilation
• “little brown brothers”
– Americans’ term for
the Filipinos
20. (Some) FILIPINO
POLITICIANS/PERSONALITIES active
during the American Period
The ilustrados, educated and rich elite
• Manuel Quezon
• Sergio Osmeña
• Jose P. Laurel
• Manuel Roxas
• Elpidio Quirino
• Benigno Aquino Sr.
• Jose Abad Santos
• Carlos P. Romulo
21. Filipino-American War (1899-1902)
• Start : San Juan Bridge Incident (feb.4, 1899)
• Aguinaldo was considered as a rebel by the
Americans.
• Capital of the First Republic moved from Malolos to
San Isidro (Nueva Ecija) to Tarlac to Bayambang
(Pangasinan) Palanan (Isabela).
• Gregorio Del Pilar- the hero of Tirad Pass
• Aguinaldo was arrested March 23, 1901 in Isabela and
took the oath of allegiance on April 1.
• Last resistance of the Filipinos : 1902 led by Miguel
Malvar
22.
23.
24.
25. GOVERNMENTS UNDER THE AMERICANS
American Military Government(1898 – 1901)
• Military government led by the military governor
• 4 military governors : Merritt, Otis, Arthur MacArthur,
Chaffee
American Insular Government (1901 – 1935)
• Led by the governor general appointed by the US
president.
• The Philippines was an unincorporated territory (insular)
of the United States.
• Governor generals served the colony : 16
27. TOWARDS AUTONOMY
Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 or Jones Law
• Proposed for the independence of the Philippines as
soon as a stable government is established.
• It created a bicameral Philippine Legislature (Congress)
Wood-Forbes Mission (1921)
• Fact finding mission to look into the affairs and condition
of the Philippines
• Conclusion : Filipinos were not yet prepared for
independence and the educated Filipinos wished to
remain under the American tutelage.
28. Pres. William Howard Taft to Pres Woodrow Wilson
• Taft followed the 1898 policy of Benevolent Assimilation.
• After succeeding Taft, Pres. Wilson (1913 – 1921)
changed the policy regarding the Philippine colony
issue
− The United States in the Philippines is temporary and
process leading to Philippine independence should be
made.
• Policy of the United States to withdraw her sovereignty
as soon as a stable government is established, manned
and supported by Filipinos.
29.
30. Campaign for Independence
Commission of Independence sent missions to the US
Congress
• 1919 – First Parliamentary Mission to the US led by
Senate President Quezon and Sen. Rafael Palma
• 1922 – 2nd Parliamentary Mission led by Quezon and
Osmeña
• 1923
• 1924
• 1925
• 1931-1933 – Os-Rox Mission
− Led to the passage of the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
31. Hare- Hawes Cutting Act (1933, law 1934)
• First US law passed for the decolonization of the
Philippines
• Politically : Establishment of 10-year Commonwealth
period to serve as a transition government
• Military: reserved military and naval based for the US
• Economically : impose tariffs and quotas on
Philippine exports
32. Transition to Independence
Commonwealth
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
• Primarily, this act led to the creation of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
• Nov. 15, 1935 – Commonwealth inaugurated with
Manuel Quezon as president and Sergio Osmeña as
vice president
• Commonwealth Government ; 1935 – 1945
33. World War II in the Philippines
JAPANESE PERIOD
(1941 – 1945)
