Pwning mobile apps without root or jailbreak

Pwning Mobile Apps
Without Root or Jailbreak
> Abraham Aranguren
> abraham@7asecurity.com
> @7asecurity
> @7a_
+ 7asecurity.com
CureCon 2018, Berlin

Agenda
• Motivation
• Repackaging & Instrumentation examples
• Android
• iOS
• Q&A

• Director at 7ASecurity, check out our public reports, presentations, etc:
7asecurity.com/#publications
• Author of Practical Web Defense, a hands-on attack & defense course:
www.elearnsecurity.com/PWD
• Founder and leader of OWASP OWTF, an OWASP flagship project:
owtf.org
• Some presentations: www.slideshare.net/abrahamaranguren/presentations
• Some sec certs: CISSP, OSCP, GWEB, OSWP, CPTS, CEH, MCSE: Security,
MCSA: Security, Security+
• Some dev certs: ZCE PHP 5, ZCE PHP 4, Oracle PL/SQL Developer Certified
Associate, MySQL 5 CMDev, MCTS SQL Server 2005
Who am I

Motivation
● iOS jailbreaks are not always available:
○ The app requires iOS version X, without a public jailbreak available
● iOS/Android jailbreak/root detection might take too long to bypass
○ Example: root/jailbreak detection via obfuscated binary
● Test an app on a device you don’t want to root/jailbreak
● Avoid ptrace/debugging app checks due to tampered environment

Repackaging: Android - Problem: App filesystem access
Problem:
● When using the Android emulator/Genymotion you have a root shell
● BUT sometimes the app will only work on a real phone
● A non-rooted phone won’t give you a root shell
● A non-rooted phone won’t give you access to application files in
/data/data/…
● The app often has backups disabled too
Repackaging Solution:
● Modify the APK, enable backups

Repackaging: Android - Problem: Debugging
Problem:
● Some apps enable debugging features, such as Webview debugging or other
useful information in logcat, etc., when the app has debugging enabled
Repackaging Solution:
● Modify the APK, enable debugging

Step 1: Disassemble APK - apktool d some_app.apk -o some_app_disassembled
Step 2: Edit AndroidManifest.xml
Change: <application android:allowBackup="false"
To: <application android:allowBackup="true" android:debuggable="true"
Step 3: Repackage APK - apktool b some_app_disassembled -o
some_app_debug.apk
Step 4: Sign - jarsigner -verbose -sigalg SHA1withRSA -digestalg SHA1 -keystore
my-release-key.keystore some_app_debug.apk alias_name
Step 5: Install - adb install some_app_debug.apk
Example: Backups + Debugging

Example: Backups + Debugging
Now we have access to app files via adb backup:
Step 1: Backup app files
adb backup some.app.com
Step 2: Make the backup useful
( printf "x1fx8bx08x00x00x00x00x00" ; tail -c +25 backup.ab ) | tar xfvz -
Step 3: Review files :)

Repackaging: Android - Problem: Pinning
● Often a problem at the start of the test as you try to MitM :)
● We can modify the APK to skip certificate pinning checks

Repackaging: Android - Problem: Pinning Examp
Step 1: Disassemble - apktool d some_app.apk -o some_app_disassembled
Step 2: Find file to modify - grep -Ir checkServerTrusted *
Step 3: Modify the file
.method public final
checkServerTrusted([Ljava/security/cert/X509Certificate;Ljava/lang/String;)
V
[...] return-void # Pinning bypass
Steps 4-6: Repackage, Sign & Install :)

Repackaging: Android - Problem: Root detection
● Sometimes apps refuse to run when your phone is rooted
● Repackaging often allows us to bypass these checks and enjoy root powers
:D

Android repackaging - Root detection bypass example 1
Step 1: Disassemble - apktool d some.apk -o some_disassembled
Step 2: Remove check from app
Java Code: if (isRooted()) [...]
Related Smali Code: if-eqz v0, :cond_0
Change Smali Code to: if-nez v0, :cond_0
NOTE: The if-nez opcode inverts the condition, hence bypassing the check

Android repackaging - Root detection bypass example 2
Step 1: Disassemble - apktool d some.apk -o some_disassembled
Step 2: Remove check from app, return “False” from isRooted
.method public isRooted()Z
const/4 v0, 0x0 # False
return v0 # Return false
[...]

Limitations of apktool-style Android repackaging
● Limited to changes in smali code:
○ We can only modify Java code disassembled as smali
○ If the app loads and runs code from a binary we cannot modify that (at
least not as easily :D)
● Changes are static
○ If you notice later that you need further changes you need to:
■ Disassemble
■ Modify
■ Repackage, Sign and Install
■ … For each modification! :P

Further reading
Must-use tool for Android repackaging:
https://ibotpeaches.github.io/Apktool/
Cool smali opcode references:
http://pallergabor.uw.hu/androidblog/dalvik_opcodes.html
https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/dalvik-bytecode

What is Frida? - https://www.frida.re/
● Dynamic Instrumentation Toolkit
● Allows hooking and observing/modifying any app function:
○ Crypto APIs
○ Proprietary functions
○ Even functionality in binaries
● Lets you inject snippets of JavaScript into native apps that run on Windows,
Mac, Linux, iOS and Android
In short:
Frida Gadgets allow root-like access on apps from not-rooted/jailbroken devices

How to add Frida to an APK so we can run it without root?
Step 1: Disassemble - apktool d some_app.apk -o some_app_disassembled
Step 2: Add the frida-gadget binaries to the APK - For the correct architecture! :)
https://github.com/frida/frida/releases/download/12.0.8/frida-gadget-12.0.8-androi
d-x86.so.xz
d-x86_64.so.xz
d-arm.so.xz
d-arm64.so.xz

How do I know the architecture?
ADB Command:
adb shell getprop ro.product.cpu.abi
Example Output (Genymotion):
x86

Step 2: Adding the Frida-Gadget to the APK - (ARM 32bits)
Download:
wget
https://github.com/frida/frida/releases/download/12.0.8/frida-gadget-12.0.8-a
ndroid-arm.so.xz
Uncompress: unxz frida-gadget-12.0.8-android-arm.so.xz
Copy:
cp frida-gadget-12.0.8-android-arm.so
some_disassembled/lib/armeabi/libfrida-gadget.so

Step 3: Make the APK load the Gadget
Find main activity:
find . | grep -i main | grep smali$
Add the following smali code to the constructor:
const-string v0, "frida-gadget"
invoke-static {v0}, Ljava/lang/System;->loadLibrary(Ljava/lang/String;)V
Corresponding Java Code:
System.loadLibrary("frida-gadget")

Step 4: Ensure network permissions in AndroidManifest.xml
We will talk to Frida over the network so the app needs to use the internet, most
apps do but worth double checking:
File:
AndroidManifest.xml
Make sure it has:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

Repackage, Sign & Install
Step 5: Repackage APK - apktool b some_app_disassembled -o
some_app_debug.apk
Step 6: Sign - jarsigner -verbose -sigalg SHA1withRSA -digestalg SHA1 -keystore
my-release-key.keystore some_app_debug.apk alias_name
Step 7: Install - adb install some_app_debug.apk

Basic Frida usage
Logcat - Frida: Listening on TCP port 27042
The PID will show Gadget instead of the original package name:
Command:
$ frida-ps –U
Output:
PID Name
----- ------
16071 Gadget

Basic Frida usage – Interactive Instrumentation Shell
Command:
frida -U Gadget --no-pause
Output:
Commands:
/_/ |_| help -> Displays the help system
. . . . object? -> Display information about 'object'
. . . . exit/quit -> Exit
[USB::Android Emulator 5556::['com.android.chrome']]-> Java.androidVersion
"7.1.1"

Basic Frida usage – Public script example: Root Bypass
https://github.com/0xdea/frida-scripts/blob/master/android-snippets/raptor_frida
_android_bypass.js
Usage (Frida Server): frida -U -f com.xxx.yyy -l raptor_frida_android.js
--no-pause
Usage (Frida Gadget): frida -U Gadget -l raptor_frida_android.js --no-pause

Basic Frida usage – Public script example: Root Bypass
setTimeout(function() { // avoid java.lang.ClassNotFoundException
Java.perform(function() {// Root detection bypass example
var hook = Java.use("com.target.utils.RootCheck");
hook.isRooted.overload().implementation = function() {
console.log("info: entered target method");
var retval = this.isRooted.overload().call(this); //old retval
console.log("old ret value: " + retval);
var retnew = false; // set new retval
console.log("new ret value: " + retnew);
return retnew;
}
});
}, 0);

Basic Frida usage – Crypto Hooks
https://gitlab.com/roxanagogonea/frida-scripts/blob/master/cryptography/crypt
ography.js
setImmediate(function() {
Java.perform(function() {
var keyGenerator = Java.use("javax.crypto.KeyGenerator");
keyGenerator.generateKey.implementation = function () {
console.log("[*] Generate symmetric key called. ");
return this.generateKey();
};
});
});

keyGenerator.getInstance.overload('java.lang.String').implementation =
function (var0) {
console.log("[*] KeyGenerator.getInstance called with algorithm: " + var0 +
"n");
return this.getInstance(var0);
};
});
});

keyGenerator.getInstance.overload('java.lang.String',
'java.lang.String').implementation = function (var0, var1) {
console.log("[*] KeyGenerator.getInstance called with algorithm: " + var0 + "
and provider: " + var1 + "n");
return this.getInstance(var0, var1);
};
});
});

Basic Frida usage – Shared Preferences
var contextWrapper = Java.use("android.content.ContextWrapper");
var sharedPreferencesEditor =
Java.use("android.app.SharedPreferencesImpl$EditorImpl");
sharedPreferencesEditor.putString.overload('java.lang.String',
'java.lang.String').implementation = function(var0, var1) {
console.log("[*] Added a new String value to SharedPreferences with key: " +
var0 + " and value " + var1 + "n");
var editor = this.putString(var0, var1);
return editor;
}});});

Basic Frida usage – SQLite query hooks
var sqliteDatabase = Java.use("android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase");
sqliteDatabase.execSQL.overload('java.lang.String').implementation =
function(var0) {
console.log("[*] SQLiteDatabase.exeqSQL called with query: " + var0 + "n");
var execSQLRes = this.execSQL(var0);
return execSQLRes;
};});});
https://gitlab.com/roxanagogonea/frida-scripts/blob/master/data-storage/sqlite-d
atabase.js

Further reading & Frida script examples
https://www.frida.re/docs/gadget/
https://koz.io/using-frida-on-android-without-root/
https://www.codemetrix.net/hacking-android-apps-with-frida-1/
https://github.com/iddoeldor/frida-snippets
https://github.com/poxyran/misc
https://gitlab.com/roxanagogonea/frida-scripts/blob/master/

Can this be automated?
Here are some attempts:
https://github.com/dpnishant/appmon/tree/master/apk_builder

BUT BUT BUT … What about iOS????

iOS Reversing 101
Usual approach overview:
● Decrypt IPA with Clutch - https://github.com/KJCracks/Clutch
● Generate Objective-C headers with class-dump -
https://github.com/nygard/class-dump
● Disassemble with Hopper - https://www.hopperapp.com/index.html
Explained by filedescriptor ☺
https://blog.innerht.ml/page/2/

iOS Repackaging Guides
https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/repacking-and-resigning-ios-applications/
https://www.nccgroup.trust/uk/about-us/newsroom-and-events/blogs/2016/octo
ber/ios-instrumentation-without-jailbreak/
https://github.com/sensepost/objection/wiki/Patching-iOS-Applications

iOS Repackaging - Step 1: Add Apple ID to XCode
Add an Apple ID to Xcode: Xcode / Preferences / Accounts / Add Apple ID

iOS Repackaging - Step 2: Manage Certificates

iOS Repackaging - Step 2: Manage Certificates – iOS Dev

iOS Repackaging - Step 2: Manage Certificates – Done

iOS Repackaging - Step 2: Verify Code Signing Certificate
Command:
security find-identity -p codesigning -v
Output:
1) xxx[…] "iPhone Developer: abraham+1@cure53.de ([…]XX)"
1 valid identities found

iOS Repackaging - Step 3: Create mobileprovision file

Just login :D

● Plug your iPhone
● Select the iPhone as the target device on Xcode
● Hit the “Play” button
● Verify the mobileprovision file has been created:
find ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/ -name
embedded.mobileprovision

Do we have to do all this nonsense every time?

From here, each time we will “only” need to:
● Create a blank app
● Deploy it to an iDevice
This will create a new, valid provisioning file

iOS Repackaging - Step 4: IPA Patching Dependencies
● objection – from: https://github.com/sensepost/objection/wiki/Installation
● applesign - from: https://github.com/nowsecure/node-applesign
● insert_dylib - from: https://github.com/Tyilo/insert_dylib
● security, codesign, xcodebuild` - macOS/XCode commands
● zip & unzip - builtin, or just installed using homebrew
● 7z - installed using homebrew with brew install p7zip

Objection Installation:
pip3 install -U objection
More details and options:
https://github.com/sensepost/objection/wiki/Installation

applesign Installation:
npm install -g applesign.
If npm is missing:
brew install npm

insert_dylib installation:
Compile from source like so:
git clone https://github.com/Tyilo/insert_dylib
cd insert_dylib
xcodebuild
cp build/Release/insert_dylib /usr/local/bin/insert_dylib

iOS Repackaging - Step 4: IPA Patching
Command:
objection patchipa --source my-app.ipa --codesign-signature xxxx

iOS Repackaging - Step 5: Running the patched IPA
More dependencies :D
Install ios-deploy:
npm install -g ios-deploy

iOS Repackaging - Step 5: Running the patched IPA
Installing and running the app:
unzip my-app.ipa # Creates a Payload/ directory.
Unlock iDevice and plug via USB to your Mac
Run ios-deploy:
ios-deploy --bundle Payload/my-app.app -W -d
More intel and Linux instructions:
https://github.com/sensepost/objection/wiki/Running-Patched-iOS-Applications

iOS Repackaging - Step 6: Using Frida ☺
So now we can run Frida scripts:
frida -U Gadget -l <frida_script> --no-pause
Some nice examples for iOS inspiration:
https://github.com/0xdea/frida-scripts/tree/master/ios-snippets

Frida Examples – Filesystem access
https://github.com/nowsecure/frida-fs
const fs = require('frida-fs');
fs.createReadStream('/etc/hosts').pipe(networkStream);

Frida Examples – Grab iOS Screenshots
https://github.com/nowsecure/frida-screenshot
const screenshot = require('frida-screenshot');
const png = yield screenshot();
send({
name: '+screenshot',
payload: {
timestamp: Date.now()
}}, png);

Frida Examples – iOS instance member values
ObjC.choose(ObjC.classes[clazz], {
onMatch: function (obj) {
console.log('onMatch: ', obj);
Object.keys(obj.$ivars).forEach(function(v) {
console.log('t', v, '=', obj.$ivars[v]);
}); },
onComplete: function () { console.log('onComplete', arguments.length); }});

Frida Examples – iOS extract cookies
var cookieJar = [];
var cookies =
ObjC.classes.NSHTTPCookieStorage.sharedHTTPCookieStorage().cookies();
for (var i = 0, l = cookies.count(); i < l; i++) {
var cookie = cookies['- objectAtIndex:'](i);
cookieJar.push(cookie.Name() + '=' + cookie.Value());
}
console.log(cookieJar.join("; "));

Frida Examples – iOS monitor file access
Interceptor.attach(ObjC.classes.NSFileManager['-
fileExistsAtPath:'].implementation, {
onEnter: function (args) {
console.log('open' , ObjC.Object(args[2]).toString());
}
});

What is Objection?
● Wrapper around Frida
● Automates a lot of stuff via Frida hooks
● Works for iOS and Android
https://github.com/sensepost/objection/wiki

Demos from the author of objection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkxSFERFuBw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqqPGXa4nO8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3nRDELo_fY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aL8Z2PctBFE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mhf92DeRk8c

> abraham@7asecurity.com
@7asecurity | + 7asecurity.com
@7a_
OWASP OWTF:
@owtfp | + owtf.org
Q & A
Thank you for your time

Pwning mobile apps without root or jailbreak

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