Report of vartical axis wind turbine

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE.
VARTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
GOVERNMENT POLLYTECHNIC
VALSAD
TERM WORK REPORT
SUBJECT: PROJECT-I
(VARTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE)
SUBJECT CODE: 2351909
DISCIPLINE: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STUDENT:
Jain Akshay A. - 116290319517
DIVISON/BATCH: MECH-M3
SUBMISSION
SUBMITTED V SEM DATE:
GUIDED BY:- TARUN B. PATEL
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HIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
SHRI / KUM
TIWARI MAHESH AS IS FACTORILY
COMPLETED HIS
TERMWORK IN THE SUBJECT
PROJECT – I (2361906)
WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME LIMIT
AND
PRESCRIBED BOUNDARY.
DATE:
STUDENT
DATE:
INSTITUTE /
GUIDE
DATE:
HEAD OF
DEPT.
DATE:
PRINCIPAL
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INDEX
SR.
NO.
DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO.
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
2 ABSTRACT 6
3 ABOUT NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES 7
4 INTRODUCTION 8
5 DISCRIPTION OF HAWT 13
6 VARTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE 14
7 CLASSIFICATION OF VAWT 16
8 MAIN PARTS OF VAWT 17
9 ADVATAGES 18
10 CONCLUSION 23
11 WORK OF 6TH
SEMESTER 24
12 REFERNCES 25
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1) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible. Firstly, I
would like to show my gratitude to my advisor, Professor T.B. Patel, whose
encouragement, guidance and support always motivate me to continue working on
this project.
we would also like to thank the our H.O.D H.M. Patel and our mechanical
department and also thanks our college(GOVERNMENT POLLYTECHNIC
VALSAD) My deepest appreciation to all the Mechanical Engineering
Department for always giving a great help and support during these project repot.
we would like to take the opportunity to thank our team project, who spent
their time and shared their knowledge, for helping me to complete my thesis with
the best possible results.
Finally, we would like to thank God for giving me wisdom and guidance
throughout my life.
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2) ABSRACT
We select the project of vertical axis wind turbine. wind energy is
non-conventional sources and it source is never be end in future.
Conventional sources are will be end of nearest future.
Wind has been the fastest-growing power source worldwide on a
percentage basis. Vertical axis wind turbines have a feature that is
particularly attractive, they accept wind from any direction and do not need
the complicated head mechanisms of conventional horizontal axis wind
turbines
The wind as a fuel for producing electricity is inexhaustible, free and
always available somewhere, and there is enough of it. They produce less
noise compare with horizontal ones.
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3) NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
The nonconventional sources are available free of cost, are pollution-
free and inexhaustible. Man has used these sources for many centuries in
propelling driving windmills for grinding corn and pumping water etc…
Coal is also a valuable petro-chemical and from long term pointof view it is
undesirable to burn coal for generation of electricity. It is hoped that with
advancement in technology and more
research in the field of development of non-conventional sources of energy,
these sources may prove to be cost-effective as well. The future of wind,
solar, tidal and other energy sources is bright and these will play an
important role in the world energy scenario.
There are many types of non-conventional sources as under :
1) SOLAR ENERGY
2) WIND ENERGY
3) TIDAL ENERGY
4) GEOTHERMAL POWER
So, we are select to wind energy and it’s description of below:-
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4) INTRODUCTION
The merging of rapidly rising costs, decreasing of supply and
demand, and growing concern of global climate change is inciting
efforts to find viable energy alternatives. Some of the proposed
alternatives such as large scale use of bio-fuels may not be achievable
or sustainable. Other exotic possibilities such as geothermal energy
may be viable but are local and limited. Solar cell technology is still
miniscule, expensive and inefficient. It therefore seems that the World
is stuck with oil, coal, natural gas, and wind .
In our World, there is enough wind to satisfy much, or even most, of
the humanity’s energy requirements. From 1990 to 2002, wind has been the
fastest-growing power source worldwide on a percentage basis. Wind
power plants are heavily concentrated in Europe and the United States. In
2004, world wind capacity reached 47,317 MW . If wind is to become a
significantly larger contributor to the production of global electricity, then
clearly something different is needed. Perhaps that something is the vertical
axis wind turbine.
Vertical axis wind turbines have a feature that is particularly
attractive, they accept wind from any direction and do not need the
complicated head mechanisms of conventional horizontal axis wind
turbines. Therefore, new vertical axis concepts with the ability of create
high power, need to be necessarily developed and analyzed. The purpose of
study Wollongong vertical axis wind turbine is that it is self-starting and
produces relatively high torque, making it a highly attractive device.
The increase in the use of energy during the 20th century has
been enormous. In the early part of the century, coal was the
dominant source of energy. The main competitor was oil because of
its higher energy density. After the World War II, a shift from coal to
oil has occurred, and oil is now the main energy source. The supply of
cheap energy has spurred both economic and population growth.
Almost 40 per cent of the total energy consumption in the world
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derives from oil. Different estimations have been presented on when
the oil will start to deplete or become too expensive to extract .
However, the most acute problem with the large oil consumption in
the world is not the end of the resource but rather the environmental
concerns associated with oil, i.e. the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse
effect and the climate threat have been discussed substantially during
the last years and the discussions were stimulated by the report by the
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) from 2007, they describe
that the climate change noticed in the last 50 years, it is due to increased
emissions caused by human activity .
Many climate indicators are already moving above the patterns of
natural variability. These indicators include global mean surface
temperature, sea level rise, global ocean temperature, Arctic sea ice
extent, ocean acidification, and extreme climatic events.
More energy needs to be produced as the electricity consumption in
the world increases. The wind as a fuel for producing electricity is
inexhaustible, free and always available somewhere, and there is
enough of it. Research shows that the total amount of electricity that
could potentially be generated from wind in the United States has been
estimated at 10,777 billion kWh annually, three times the electricity
generated in the U.S. today [6].
Currently, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) dominate the wind
energy market. However, the power that a turbine can produce is
proportional to the swept area. As a result, HAWT designs are
continuously getting bigger to produce more power, which means that
the blades must be made continuously larger. Increasing blade size adds
extra weight to the blades, leading to higher centrifugal and inertial
forces that the blade must be able to resist. Also, increased blade size
leads to large bending moments on the blades at high rotational speeds
Wollongong is a type of VAWT that was proposed by the Wollongong
University in Australia. Wollongong is an impulse type wind turbine,
composed by a vertical main shaft, which has mounted on it a wind vane
that holds a “free” bevel gear that controls the pitching of the blades.
The gear ratio will play an important role on this mechanism, since the
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efficient of the turbine will depend in the most suitable gear ratio
between the main shaft and the blades.
This work presents a numerical analysis with the idea of obtain the
suitable gear ratio that permits to have the blades in the best positions,
in order to obtain the largest work done for the incoming wind. The
principal idea is to have the blades in a perpendicular position with the
incoming wind direction in the right hand side, and parallel position of
the blades with the incoming wind direction in the left hand side. Thus,
the largest work obtained by the turbine was the result of integrating
the Moment of the turbine for each rotational angle. By using Lab View
software from National Instruments, this numerical analysis was made
for different gear ratio values, plotting the Moment and the Work that
can be generated.
4.1) WIND POWER
Wind is powered by the sun. In fact, all renewable energy, and even
energy in fossil fuels, ultimately comes from the sun. The sun heats our
planet to different temperatures in different places and at different
times. This unequal distribution of heat is what creates wind as warm
air rises and cooler air descends to fill the void. Wind is the ongoing
movement of this air [8].
The force of the wind can be very strong, as can be seen after the
passage of a hurricane or a typhoon. Historically, people have harnessed
this force peacefully, its most important usage probably being the
propulsion of ships using sails before the invention of the steam engine
and the internal combustion engine. Wind has also been used in
windmills to grind grain or to pump water for irrigation. At the
beginning of the twentieth century electricity came into use and
windmills gradually became wind turbines as the rotor was connected to
an electric generator. A country or region where energy production is
based on imported coal or oil will become more self-sufficient by using
alternatives such as wind power. Electricity produced from the wind
produces no CO2 emissions and therefore does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect. Wind energy is relatively labor intensive and thus
creates many jobs.
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Actually, a total of 8,484 MW wind power capacity was installed in
the EU in 2008, figure 1. This puts wind energy ahead of any other power
technology for the first time. The 36% of all new electricity producing
capacity installed in the EU in 2008 was wind energy followed by natural
gas (6,932 MW - 29%), oil (2,495 MW - 10%), coal (762 MW - 3%) and
hydro (473 MW - 2%) [9].
. New power capacity installed
4.2) WIND TURBINE
The wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use.
Mechanical energy is most commonly used for pumping water in rural or
remote locations, the "farm windmill" still seen in many rural areas of the U.S.
as a mechanical wind pumper, but it can also be used for many other purposes
as grinding grain, sawing, pushing a sailboat, etc [10].
In addition, the maximum power that can be obtained from a turbine can
be measure as: 𝑃=12 𝑚 ��
2
=12 𝜌𝐴��
3
where 𝑚 is the mass flow, �� is the
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wind speed, 𝜌 the density of the air and A the area where the wind speed has
been reduced. The equation for the maximum power is very important to
understand since it tells us that power increases with the cube of the wind
speed and only linearly with density and area. The available wind speed at a
given site is therefore often first measured over a period of time before a
project is initiated.
The wind turbines are classified as the horizontal axis wind turbine and the
vertical axis wind turbine based upon whether the axis of rotation is parallel or
perpendicular to the ground.
5) HORIZANTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE (HAWT)
Today the HAWT is the most cost-effective means of capturing wind energy.
They are positioned on land or at sea in a proven windy area. Most horizontal axis
turbines are built with two or three blades.
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HAWTs have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower,
and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane,
while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. It most
have a gearbox, which turns the low rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that
is more suitable to drive a generator.
There are a number of sizes and power ratings of different HAWTs. The largest
turbine that was created to generate electricity has blades that are the length of a High
School football field. The wind turbine stands an amazing twenty floors high and the
rotors are up to twenty-five feet in diameter. A wind turbine of this size is able to
supply the electrical needs of a small business or home. A single small turbine can be
used to generate electricity for a water pump, home or telecommunication devices. A
small turbine is capable of producing fifty kilowatts of power.
Figure no. 2 Internal turbine diagram
A wind farm is used to generate electricity in bulk. Several wind turbines,
grouped together, form a wind farm. The electrical power that is generated
from the turbines is distributed to customers from a utility grid. The utility grid
works much in the same way as a conventional power plant [11].
6) VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE (VAWT)
Vertical axis wind turbines are different from traditional wind turbines in
that their main axis is perpendicular to the ground. Their configuration makes
them ideal for both rural and urban settings and offers the owner an opportunity
to offset the rising cost of electricity and to preserve the environment. Besides, they
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do not need the complicated head mechanisms of conventional horizontal axis
turbines.
Vertical- axis wind turbine(VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine when the main
rotor shaft is set vertically. Among the advantages of this arrangement are that
arrangement are the generators and gearbox can be placed closed the ground, and
that VAWTs do not to be pointed into the wind.
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The first aerodynamic vertical axis wind turbine was invented by Georges
Darrieus in France and first patented in 1927. The common Darrieus rotor has
two or three blades; they have shaped like an egg-beater. In the past the Darrieus
rotor has been tested in different dimensions. In fact, one of the largest turbines
ever built was the 96m high 64m diameter and it is located in Quebec, Canada.
Another version of the Darrieus Wind Turbines is the, also called H-rotor. The
main difference from the egg-beater shape is the straight aerodynamic profiles.
Other VAWT configurations include the
DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE
Today, new types of VAWTs have been developed by different companies; such
as Turby who is a revolutionary VAWT especially designed for use in an urban or
built-up environment. Moreover, Green Giant Tech, located in Taiwan, has created a
mixture of Savonius and Darrieus, which improves its performance by the reason of
being self-starting. Also, Helix Wind Corporation is a global renewable energy
company who is engaged in the design, manufacturing and sale of small wind vertical
axis turbines, see figure 4.
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TURBY TURBINE DARRIEUS-SAVONIUS TURBINE
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7) CLASSIFICATION OF VAWTs
1) SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE
2) DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE
3) GIROMIL WIND TURBINE
4) DARRIEUS-SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE
8) MAIN PARTS OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
1) BASE STRUCTURE
2) BLADE
3) SHAFT
4) BEARING
5) AN ELECTRIC DYNEMO
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6) GENERATER
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9) ADVANTAGES
VAWTs in addition to being simpler and cheaper to build have the
following advantages :-
• VAWTs are not affected by the direction of the wind which is useful
in areas where the wind changes direction frequently or quickly.
 VAWTs are better able to harvest turbulent air flow found around
buildings and other obstacles. This situation is more common in areas
where people live.
 VAWTs are ideal for both rural and urban applications including
roof top installations.
 The generator or other devices can be installed at the ground level,
making it simpler to install or maintain.
 VAWTs do not kill birds and wild life, it is because the slow moving
and highly visible.
 VAWTs can be significantly less expensive to build.
 They produce less noise compare with horizontal ones.
 VAWTs are more esthetically pleasing.
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9.1) SAVONIUS TURBINE
Savonius is a type of VAWT, which uses a rotor that was introduced by
Finnish engineer S. J. Savonius in 1922. Savonius turbines are one of the
simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, they are drag-type devices. In its simplest
form it is essentially two cups or half drums fixed to a central shaft in opposing
directions. Each cup or drum catches the wind and so turns the shaft, bringing
the opposing cup or drum into a flow of the wind. This cup or drum then repeats
the process, so causing the shaft to rotate further and completing a full
rotation. This process continues all the time the wind blows and the turning of
the shaft is used to drive a pump or a small generator
SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE
These types of windmills are also commonly used for wind speed instruments
such as the anemometer. Modern Savonius machines have evolved into fluted
bladed devices, which have a higher efficiency and less vibration than the older
twin cup or drum machines.
For this project and for experimental purposes, a Savonius Prototype
has been acquired from Learn OnLine, Inc. It is a 3-phase wind turbine that
uses 6 small, but powerful, magnets that spin above 3 separate coils of wire.
The spinning magnets generate alternating current into the coils. Today, the
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people use this simple but important discovery to built highly efficient and
powerful motors, generators and alternators.
Savonius turbines are one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically,
they are drag-type devices, consisting of two or three scoops. Looking down
another rotor from above, a two-scoop machine would look like an "S" shape
in cross section. Because of the curvature, the scoops experience less drag
when moving against the wind than when moving with the wind.
Thedifferential drag causes the Savonius turbine to spin. Because they are
drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract much less of the wind's power
than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a
Savonius rotor may be near the ground, if it has a small mount without
enextended post, making the overall energy extraction less effective due
tothe lower wind speeds found at lower heights.
A SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE IN AKIHABARA, TOKYO JAPAN
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9.2)GIROMILL WIND TURBINE
Cyclone turbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and
is self-starting. The advantages of variable pitch are:
High starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed
ratio; a higher coefficient of performance;
more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio
which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.
Giromill VAWT also self-starting.
9.3) DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE
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The Darrieus wind turbine is a type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)
used to generate electricity from the energy carried in the wind. The turbine
consists of a number of aero foils usually—but not always—vertically mounted on
a rotating shaft or framework.
10) CONCLUSION
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FROM THIS PROJECT-I WE CONCLUED THAT VERTICAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE HAS GREATER ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER WIND TURBINE THAT’S
WHY NOW A DAYS IT IS WIDELY USED TO GENERATED ELECTRICITY.
FROM THIS PROJECT REPORT WE KNOWING ABOUT NON-
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES, ITS TYPES, VARIOUS METHODS OF
GENARATING POWER AND ABOUT VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE.
AFTER COMPLETINGTHE MAJOR PROJECT ON “VERTICAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE” WE ARE MUCH HAPPY AND WOULD LIKE TO THANKS OUR
LECTURER , GUIDES AND THE PROFESER OF THE CONCERNED DEPARTMENT
WHO HAVE GUIDE US.
11) WORK OF 6TH
SEM.
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IN THE NEXT SEMESTER REMAINING WORK RELATED TO OUR PROJECT IS
MAKING A MODEL OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE.MAJOR WORK IS GIVEN
AS UNDER.
1) COLLECTING THE DATA OF ALL COMPONENTS OF OUR PROJECT
2) DESIGN AND DRAFTING
3) MANUFACTURING
4) ASSEMBLY OF PROJECT
5) TESTING
6) REPORTING
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12) REFRENCES
1) BOOK OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
2) YOUTUBE VIDEOS RELATATED TO UDP
3) WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
4) WWW.ENCYCIOPEDIA.COM
5) WWW.GOOGLE.COM
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Report of vartical axis wind turbine

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