SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  32
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
coinage
in
Ancient Kushana Empire of
gurjars
By
Adesh katariya
(plast.adesh@gmail.com)
Kushan Carnelian seal representing the "ΑΔϷΟ" (adsho Atar),
with triratana symbol left, and Kanishka's dynastic mark right
Kushana Empire
• In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim
Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce
people of Magnolia.
• The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushana
came down from Central Asia and swept away all
earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great
campaign of conquest.
• They established an empire which extended from
Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic
basin.
Originally, they were aryans and follow
Hinduism, but Emperor Kanishka become
Buddhist
Peshawar and Mathura were two capitals of
Kushana kingdom, now Kushana found in
majority near both places known as Gujjar
tribe and Kushana is a sub-tribe of Gujjars.
Early Kushana Coinage
• The Kuṣaṇas started their ruling under Kujula
Kadphises in central asia and centre of power was
Gandhara .
• The Kuṣaṇas apparently introduced the very first
anthropomorphic representations of Indian gods for
their coins in Gandhara, even before an iconographical
canon for these deities became standardised.
In the coinage of Kushan Empire the main
coins issued were gold, weighing 7.9g., and
base metal issues of various weights
between 12g and 1.5g.
Actually, Kushana got very high qty gold from
silk route through toll taxes .
Little silver coinage was issued, but in later
periods the gold used was debased with
silver.
• The coin designs usually broadly follow the
styles of the preceding Greco-Bactrian rulers in
using Hellenistic styles of image, with a deity on
one side and the king on the other.
• Kings may be shown as a profile head, a
standing figure, typically officiating at a fire
altar in Zoroastrian style, or mounted on a
horse.
• The artistry of the dies is generally lower than
the exceptionally high standards of the best
coins of Greco-Bactrian rulers.
Continuing influence from Roman coins can be
seen in designs of the late 1st and 2nd century
CE, and also in mint practices evidenced on the
coins, as well as a gradual reduction in the value
of the metal in base metal coins, so that they
become virtual tokens.
Iranian influence, especially in the royal figures
and the pantheon of deities used, is even
stronger.
Under Kanishka the royal title of "King of kings"
changed from the Greek "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ"
to the Persian form "ϷAONANOϷAO" (Shah of
Shahs).
• Much of what little information we have of
Kushan political history derives from coins.
• The language of inscriptions is typically
the Bactrian language, written in a script derived
from Greek.
• Many coins show the tamga symbols (see table)
as a kind of monogram for the ruler.
• There were several regional mints, and the
evidence from coins suggests that much of the
empire was semi-independent.
Skanda and Visakha
Gold coin of Kanishka I, with a depiction of the Buddha, with the legend
"Boddo" in Greek script;Ahin Posh
Kushan deities
• The Kushan religious pantheon is extremely varied,
as revealed by their coins and their seals, on which
more than 30 different gods appear, belonging to
the Hellenistic, the Iranian, and to a lesser extent the
Indian world.
• Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on
early coins. During Kanishka's reign, the language of
the coinage changes to Bactrian (though it remained
in Greek script for all kings).
• After Huvishka, only two divinities appear on the
coins: Ardoxsho and Oesho.
Representation of entities from Greek
mythology and Hellenistic syncretism
• Ηλιος (Helios), Ηφαηστος (Hephaistos),
Σαληνη (Selene), Ανημος (Anemos).
• Further, the coins of Huvishka also portray the
demi-god erakilo Heracles, and the Egyptian
god sarapo Sarapis.
The Indic entities represented on
coinage include
• οδδο (boddo, Buddha)
• Μετραγο Βοδδο (metrago boddo,
bodhisattava Maitreya)
• Mαασηνo (maaseno, Mahasena)
• Σκανδo koμαρo (skando
komaro, Skanda Kumara)
• þακαμανο Βοδδο (shakamano
boddho, Shakyamuni Buddha)
The Iranian entities depicted on
coinage include:
• Μιθρο, Μιιρο, Μιορο, Μιυρο (mithro and variants, Mithra)
• Μοζδοοανο (mozdooano, Mazda vana "Mazda the
victorious?")
• Νανα, Ναναια, Ναναϸαο (variations of pan-Asiatic nana,
Sogdian nny, in a Zoroastrian context Aredvi Sura Anahita)
• Οαδο (oado Vata)
• Oαxþo (oaxsho, "Oxus")
• Ooρoμoζδο (ooromozdo, Ahura Mazda)
• Οραλαγνο (orlagno, Verethragna)
• Τιερο (tiero, Tir)
The Iranian entities depicted on
coinage include:
• Αρδοχþο (ardoxsho, Ashi Vanghuhi)
• Aþαειχþo (ashaeixsho, Asha Vahishta)
• Αθþο (athsho, Atar)
• Φαρρο (pharro, Khwarenah)
• Λροοασπο (lrooaspa, Drvaspa)
• Μαναοβαγο, (manaobago, Vohu Manah)
• Μαο (mao, Mah)
• Οηϸο (oesho), long considered to represent
Indic Shiva, but more recently identified
as Avestan Vayu conflated with Shiva.
• Two copper coins of Huvishka bear a 'Ganesa'
legend, but instead of depicting the
typical theriomorphic figure of Ganesha, have
a figure of an archer holding a full-length bow
with string inwards and an arrow.
• This is typically a depiction of Rudra, but in
the case of these two coins is generally
assumed to represent Shiva.
Mahasena on a coin of Huvishka
Four-faced Oesho
Rishti
Manaobago
Pharro
Ardochsho
God Shiva (Oesho)
Oesho (God Shiva) with bull
MacDowell (1968) identified three regional copper
issues of Kajula Kadphises and Vima Taktu of
separate coinage in their first issue, which would
correspond to the three previous realms making
up the Kushan empire.
The northern area, Bactria which had the largest
sized coins of 12g (tetradrachms) and
1.5g, Gandhara whose coinage weighed 9-10g for
large and 2g for small, and the Indian area, where
coins are 4g each.
Bronze coin of Vima Takto. Corrupted
Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΩΝ
ΣΩΤΗΡ [ΓΗΕ.]: "The King of Kings,
Saviour"
Tetradrachm of Kujula Kadphises in
the style of Hermaeus.
MacDowell (1960) proposed a gradual reduction
of all three issues starting with Huvishka, while
Chattopadhyay (1967) proposes a rapid
devaluation of the issue by Kanishka.
It seems that there were two reductions based
on the coinage of the rulers just named. Later
issues were unified into a central coinage
system of weights.
Vima Kadphises issued three
denominations of for this metal, a two
of 15.75 grammes, a one of
7.8 grammes and a quarter dinar piece
of 1.95 grammes
Gold dinar of Kushan king Kanishka
II (200–220)
Thanks
“The motive of this this presentation is, to attract good scholers to discuss and research on
the great contribution of Kushana of Yuezhi/Gurjar Tribes.”
-Adesh Katariya

Contenu connexe

Tendances (20)

Ghousundi Inscription
Ghousundi InscriptionGhousundi Inscription
Ghousundi Inscription
 
Mauryan Pillars
Mauryan Pillars Mauryan Pillars
Mauryan Pillars
 
Preaching Buddha, Sarnath
Preaching Buddha, SarnathPreaching Buddha, Sarnath
Preaching Buddha, Sarnath
 
Besnagar Pillar inscription pdf
Besnagar Pillar inscription pdfBesnagar Pillar inscription pdf
Besnagar Pillar inscription pdf
 
Nataraj Image of Chola Period
Nataraj Image of Chola PeriodNataraj Image of Chola Period
Nataraj Image of Chola Period
 
Numismatics - minting process
Numismatics - minting processNumismatics - minting process
Numismatics - minting process
 
Kharosthi script.pptx
Kharosthi script.pptxKharosthi script.pptx
Kharosthi script.pptx
 
Pala sculptures
Pala sculpturesPala sculptures
Pala sculptures
 
Metal Art of Chola Period
Metal Art of Chola Period Metal Art of Chola Period
Metal Art of Chola Period
 
Syllabus Introduction: VC-04: Survey of Archaeological Remains
Syllabus Introduction: VC-04: Survey of Archaeological Remains Syllabus Introduction: VC-04: Survey of Archaeological Remains
Syllabus Introduction: VC-04: Survey of Archaeological Remains
 
ANCIENT INDIA TRIBAL COINS
ANCIENT INDIA TRIBAL COINSANCIENT INDIA TRIBAL COINS
ANCIENT INDIA TRIBAL COINS
 
Art of the kushana period
Art of the kushana periodArt of the kushana period
Art of the kushana period
 
Coins of india
Coins of indiaCoins of india
Coins of india
 
Maurya period
Maurya periodMaurya period
Maurya period
 
Indo-Scythian
Indo-ScythianIndo-Scythian
Indo-Scythian
 
Didarganj Yakshini, Patna
Didarganj Yakshini, Patna Didarganj Yakshini, Patna
Didarganj Yakshini, Patna
 
Brihdeshwar Temple Tanjore.pptx
Brihdeshwar Temple Tanjore.pptxBrihdeshwar Temple Tanjore.pptx
Brihdeshwar Temple Tanjore.pptx
 
Introduction pdf
Introduction pdfIntroduction pdf
Introduction pdf
 
Kahom stone pillar inscription of skandaguptapdf
Kahom stone pillar inscription of skandaguptapdfKahom stone pillar inscription of skandaguptapdf
Kahom stone pillar inscription of skandaguptapdf
 
Matriparishad Composition, Functions and Scope
Matriparishad  Composition, Functions and Scope Matriparishad  Composition, Functions and Scope
Matriparishad Composition, Functions and Scope
 

En vedette

Indian civilization
Indian civilizationIndian civilization
Indian civilizationArt Audea
 
Stupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushana
Stupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushanaStupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushana
Stupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushanaAdesh Katariya
 

En vedette (6)

Kings and coins
Kings and coinsKings and coins
Kings and coins
 
Indian civilization
Indian civilizationIndian civilization
Indian civilization
 
Stupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushana
Stupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushanaStupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushana
Stupas of gurjar emperor kanishka kushana
 
Indo greek ruler
Indo greek rulerIndo greek ruler
Indo greek ruler
 
Kushan empire
Kushan empireKushan empire
Kushan empire
 
Slideshare ppt
Slideshare pptSlideshare ppt
Slideshare ppt
 

Similaire à Kushana coinage

Coins & currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)
Coins &  currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)Coins &  currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)
Coins & currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)Mahmudul Khan
 
God vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandharaGod vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandharaAdesh Katariya
 
Ancient yuezhi gurjar states
Ancient yuezhi gurjar statesAncient yuezhi gurjar states
Ancient yuezhi gurjar statesAdesh Katariya
 
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandharaGod shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandharaAdesh Katariya
 
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandharaGoddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandharaAdesh Katariya
 
Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016
Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016
Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016Varadraj Bapat
 
Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016
Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016
Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016Varadraj Bapat
 
Kahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdf
Kahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdfKahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdf
Kahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdfPrachiSontakke5
 
Animal motifs on indian coins
Animal motifs on indian coinsAnimal motifs on indian coins
Animal motifs on indian coinsDokka Srinivasu
 

Similaire à Kushana coinage (20)

hss5.pdf
hss5.pdfhss5.pdf
hss5.pdf
 
Coins & currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)
Coins &  currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)Coins &  currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)
Coins & currency system of Bangladesh (ancient to medieval period)
 
Kushana Dynasty
Kushana DynastyKushana Dynasty
Kushana Dynasty
 
God vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandharaGod vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God vishnu in kushana kingdom of gandhara
 
Indo-Parthian
Indo-ParthianIndo-Parthian
Indo-Parthian
 
Gurjar history
Gurjar historyGurjar history
Gurjar history
 
History of the Kushana Dynasty
History of the Kushana DynastyHistory of the Kushana Dynasty
History of the Kushana Dynasty
 
Ancient yuezhi gurjar states
Ancient yuezhi gurjar statesAncient yuezhi gurjar states
Ancient yuezhi gurjar states
 
Indo-Greeks
Indo-GreeksIndo-Greeks
Indo-Greeks
 
History of Indo-sythian Dynasties
History of Indo-sythian Dynasties History of Indo-sythian Dynasties
History of Indo-sythian Dynasties
 
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandharaGod shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandhara
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandhara
 
TRIBAL COINS
TRIBAL COINSTRIBAL COINS
TRIBAL COINS
 
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandharaGoddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
 
Indian History
Indian HistoryIndian History
Indian History
 
Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016
Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016
Demonetisation cash less economy dec 2016
 
Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016
Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016
Demonetisation somaiya college 7.12.2016
 
Kahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdf
Kahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdfKahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdf
Kahaum stone pillar Inscription of Skandagupta.pdf
 
Demonitisation
DemonitisationDemonitisation
Demonitisation
 
Prologue to Graphic Design
Prologue to Graphic DesignPrologue to Graphic Design
Prologue to Graphic Design
 
Animal motifs on indian coins
Animal motifs on indian coinsAnimal motifs on indian coins
Animal motifs on indian coins
 

Plus de Adesh Katariya

Bronze age history of world
Bronze age history of worldBronze age history of world
Bronze age history of worldAdesh Katariya
 
Cradle of civilizations
Cradle of civilizationsCradle of civilizations
Cradle of civilizationsAdesh Katariya
 
Indus valley civilisation sites
Indus valley civilisation sitesIndus valley civilisation sites
Indus valley civilisation sitesAdesh Katariya
 
Indus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisationIndus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisationAdesh Katariya
 
Indus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisationIndus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisationAdesh Katariya
 
Functions of dispersing additives in ink
Functions of dispersing additives in inkFunctions of dispersing additives in ink
Functions of dispersing additives in inkAdesh Katariya
 
Innovations in coating technology for graphic art
Innovations in coating technology for graphic artInnovations in coating technology for graphic art
Innovations in coating technology for graphic artAdesh Katariya
 
Portfolio - Umesh Katariya Bollywood Actor
Portfolio - Umesh Katariya  Bollywood ActorPortfolio - Umesh Katariya  Bollywood Actor
Portfolio - Umesh Katariya Bollywood ActorAdesh Katariya
 
Small yuezhi the gurjars of tarim besin
Small yuezhi  the gurjars of tarim besinSmall yuezhi  the gurjars of tarim besin
Small yuezhi the gurjars of tarim besinAdesh Katariya
 
Origin of yuezhi tribe
Origin  of yuezhi tribeOrigin  of yuezhi tribe
Origin of yuezhi tribeAdesh Katariya
 
Great yuezhi migration from tarim besin
Great yuezhi migration from tarim besinGreat yuezhi migration from tarim besin
Great yuezhi migration from tarim besinAdesh Katariya
 
Presentation on future of water based inks by adesh katariya
Presentation on future of  water based inks  by adesh katariyaPresentation on future of  water based inks  by adesh katariya
Presentation on future of water based inks by adesh katariyaAdesh Katariya
 
Presentation on green chemistry in gravure printing
Presentation on green chemistry in gravure printingPresentation on green chemistry in gravure printing
Presentation on green chemistry in gravure printingAdesh Katariya
 

Plus de Adesh Katariya (18)

Bronze age history of world
Bronze age history of worldBronze age history of world
Bronze age history of world
 
Cradle of civilizations
Cradle of civilizationsCradle of civilizations
Cradle of civilizations
 
Indus valley civilisation sites
Indus valley civilisation sitesIndus valley civilisation sites
Indus valley civilisation sites
 
Gravity
GravityGravity
Gravity
 
Indigenous aryans
Indigenous aryansIndigenous aryans
Indigenous aryans
 
Indus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisationIndus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisation
 
Hindu books
Hindu booksHindu books
Hindu books
 
Indigenous aryans
Indigenous aryansIndigenous aryans
Indigenous aryans
 
The great arya
The great aryaThe great arya
The great arya
 
Indus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisationIndus valley civilisation
Indus valley civilisation
 
Functions of dispersing additives in ink
Functions of dispersing additives in inkFunctions of dispersing additives in ink
Functions of dispersing additives in ink
 
Innovations in coating technology for graphic art
Innovations in coating technology for graphic artInnovations in coating technology for graphic art
Innovations in coating technology for graphic art
 
Portfolio - Umesh Katariya Bollywood Actor
Portfolio - Umesh Katariya  Bollywood ActorPortfolio - Umesh Katariya  Bollywood Actor
Portfolio - Umesh Katariya Bollywood Actor
 
Small yuezhi the gurjars of tarim besin
Small yuezhi  the gurjars of tarim besinSmall yuezhi  the gurjars of tarim besin
Small yuezhi the gurjars of tarim besin
 
Origin of yuezhi tribe
Origin  of yuezhi tribeOrigin  of yuezhi tribe
Origin of yuezhi tribe
 
Great yuezhi migration from tarim besin
Great yuezhi migration from tarim besinGreat yuezhi migration from tarim besin
Great yuezhi migration from tarim besin
 
Presentation on future of water based inks by adesh katariya
Presentation on future of  water based inks  by adesh katariyaPresentation on future of  water based inks  by adesh katariya
Presentation on future of water based inks by adesh katariya
 
Presentation on green chemistry in gravure printing
Presentation on green chemistry in gravure printingPresentation on green chemistry in gravure printing
Presentation on green chemistry in gravure printing
 

Dernier

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 

Dernier (20)

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 

Kushana coinage

  • 1. coinage in Ancient Kushana Empire of gurjars By Adesh katariya (plast.adesh@gmail.com)
  • 2. Kushan Carnelian seal representing the "ΑΔϷΟ" (adsho Atar), with triratana symbol left, and Kanishka's dynastic mark right
  • 3. Kushana Empire • In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia. • The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushana came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. • They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
  • 4. Originally, they were aryans and follow Hinduism, but Emperor Kanishka become Buddhist Peshawar and Mathura were two capitals of Kushana kingdom, now Kushana found in majority near both places known as Gujjar tribe and Kushana is a sub-tribe of Gujjars.
  • 5. Early Kushana Coinage • The Kuṣaṇas started their ruling under Kujula Kadphises in central asia and centre of power was Gandhara . • The Kuṣaṇas apparently introduced the very first anthropomorphic representations of Indian gods for their coins in Gandhara, even before an iconographical canon for these deities became standardised.
  • 6. In the coinage of Kushan Empire the main coins issued were gold, weighing 7.9g., and base metal issues of various weights between 12g and 1.5g. Actually, Kushana got very high qty gold from silk route through toll taxes . Little silver coinage was issued, but in later periods the gold used was debased with silver.
  • 7. • The coin designs usually broadly follow the styles of the preceding Greco-Bactrian rulers in using Hellenistic styles of image, with a deity on one side and the king on the other. • Kings may be shown as a profile head, a standing figure, typically officiating at a fire altar in Zoroastrian style, or mounted on a horse. • The artistry of the dies is generally lower than the exceptionally high standards of the best coins of Greco-Bactrian rulers.
  • 8. Continuing influence from Roman coins can be seen in designs of the late 1st and 2nd century CE, and also in mint practices evidenced on the coins, as well as a gradual reduction in the value of the metal in base metal coins, so that they become virtual tokens. Iranian influence, especially in the royal figures and the pantheon of deities used, is even stronger. Under Kanishka the royal title of "King of kings" changed from the Greek "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ" to the Persian form "ϷAONANOϷAO" (Shah of Shahs).
  • 9. • Much of what little information we have of Kushan political history derives from coins. • The language of inscriptions is typically the Bactrian language, written in a script derived from Greek. • Many coins show the tamga symbols (see table) as a kind of monogram for the ruler. • There were several regional mints, and the evidence from coins suggests that much of the empire was semi-independent.
  • 11. Gold coin of Kanishka I, with a depiction of the Buddha, with the legend "Boddo" in Greek script;Ahin Posh
  • 12. Kushan deities • The Kushan religious pantheon is extremely varied, as revealed by their coins and their seals, on which more than 30 different gods appear, belonging to the Hellenistic, the Iranian, and to a lesser extent the Indian world. • Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on early coins. During Kanishka's reign, the language of the coinage changes to Bactrian (though it remained in Greek script for all kings). • After Huvishka, only two divinities appear on the coins: Ardoxsho and Oesho.
  • 13. Representation of entities from Greek mythology and Hellenistic syncretism • Ηλιος (Helios), Ηφαηστος (Hephaistos), Σαληνη (Selene), Ανημος (Anemos). • Further, the coins of Huvishka also portray the demi-god erakilo Heracles, and the Egyptian god sarapo Sarapis.
  • 14. The Indic entities represented on coinage include • οδδο (boddo, Buddha) • Μετραγο Βοδδο (metrago boddo, bodhisattava Maitreya) • Mαασηνo (maaseno, Mahasena) • Σκανδo koμαρo (skando komaro, Skanda Kumara) • þακαμανο Βοδδο (shakamano boddho, Shakyamuni Buddha)
  • 15. The Iranian entities depicted on coinage include: • Μιθρο, Μιιρο, Μιορο, Μιυρο (mithro and variants, Mithra) • Μοζδοοανο (mozdooano, Mazda vana "Mazda the victorious?") • Νανα, Ναναια, Ναναϸαο (variations of pan-Asiatic nana, Sogdian nny, in a Zoroastrian context Aredvi Sura Anahita) • Οαδο (oado Vata) • Oαxþo (oaxsho, "Oxus") • Ooρoμoζδο (ooromozdo, Ahura Mazda) • Οραλαγνο (orlagno, Verethragna) • Τιερο (tiero, Tir)
  • 16. The Iranian entities depicted on coinage include: • Αρδοχþο (ardoxsho, Ashi Vanghuhi) • Aþαειχþo (ashaeixsho, Asha Vahishta) • Αθþο (athsho, Atar) • Φαρρο (pharro, Khwarenah) • Λροοασπο (lrooaspa, Drvaspa) • Μαναοβαγο, (manaobago, Vohu Manah) • Μαο (mao, Mah)
  • 17. • Οηϸο (oesho), long considered to represent Indic Shiva, but more recently identified as Avestan Vayu conflated with Shiva. • Two copper coins of Huvishka bear a 'Ganesa' legend, but instead of depicting the typical theriomorphic figure of Ganesha, have a figure of an archer holding a full-length bow with string inwards and an arrow. • This is typically a depiction of Rudra, but in the case of these two coins is generally assumed to represent Shiva.
  • 18. Mahasena on a coin of Huvishka
  • 25. Oesho (God Shiva) with bull
  • 26. MacDowell (1968) identified three regional copper issues of Kajula Kadphises and Vima Taktu of separate coinage in their first issue, which would correspond to the three previous realms making up the Kushan empire. The northern area, Bactria which had the largest sized coins of 12g (tetradrachms) and 1.5g, Gandhara whose coinage weighed 9-10g for large and 2g for small, and the Indian area, where coins are 4g each.
  • 27. Bronze coin of Vima Takto. Corrupted Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΩΝ ΣΩΤΗΡ [ΓΗΕ.]: "The King of Kings, Saviour"
  • 28. Tetradrachm of Kujula Kadphises in the style of Hermaeus.
  • 29. MacDowell (1960) proposed a gradual reduction of all three issues starting with Huvishka, while Chattopadhyay (1967) proposes a rapid devaluation of the issue by Kanishka. It seems that there were two reductions based on the coinage of the rulers just named. Later issues were unified into a central coinage system of weights.
  • 30. Vima Kadphises issued three denominations of for this metal, a two of 15.75 grammes, a one of 7.8 grammes and a quarter dinar piece of 1.95 grammes
  • 31. Gold dinar of Kushan king Kanishka II (200–220)
  • 32. Thanks “The motive of this this presentation is, to attract good scholers to discuss and research on the great contribution of Kushana of Yuezhi/Gurjar Tribes.” -Adesh Katariya