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2816453.ppt
1.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Dividend Policy Chapter 16
2.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-2 Introduction ā¢ When a firm generates cash from operations, what can the firm do with the cash? 1. Use the cash to fund new investments, 2. Use the cash to pay off some of its debt, and/or 3. Distribute the cash back to the firmās shareholders either as a cash dividend or as stock repurchases.
3.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-3 Introduction (cont.) ā¢ This chapter provides answers to three questions regarding a firmās dividend policy: 1. What are the pros and cons of the methods the firm can use to distribute cash? 2. Why should the firmās shareholders care about the firmās dividend policy given that they can generate cash when they need it by selling some of their shares? 3. What cash distribution policies do most firms use in practice?
4.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16.1 How Do Firms Distribute Cash to their Shareholders?
5.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-5 How Do Firms Distribute Cash to their Shareholders? ā¢ Cash distributions can take two basic forms: 1. Cash dividend 2. Share repurchase
6.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-6 How Do Firms Distribute Cash to their Shareholders? (cont.) ā¢ With cash dividend, cash is paid directly to the shareholders. ā¢ With a share repurchase, a company uses cash to buy back its own shares from the market place, thereby reducing the number of outstanding shares.
7.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-7 Figure 16.1 (Cont.)
8.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-8 Figure 16.1 (Cont.)
9.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-9 Cash Dividends ā¢ A firmās dividend policy determines how much cash it will distribute to its shareholders and when these distributions will be made. ā¢ Dividends are generally described in terms of dividend payout ratio, which indicates the amount of dividends paid relative to the companyās earnings.
10.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-10 Dividend Payment Procedures ā¢ Generally, companies pay dividends on a quarterly basis. There are several dates that are important with regard to dividend payment: ā¢ (a) Announcement date: It is the date on which dividend is formally declared by the board of directors.
11.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-11 Dividend Payment Procedures (cont.) ā¢ (b) Date of record: Investors who own stock on this date receive the dividend. However, this date was pushed forward two days to ex-dividend date. (c) Ex-dividend date: This is two days before the date of record and any investor who buys shares after the ex-dividend date is not entitled to dividend.
12.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-12 Dividend Payment Procedures (cont.) ā¢ (d) Payment date: This is the date on which dividend checks are mailed to the investors.
13.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-13 Dividend Payment Procedures (cont.) Date Explanation Calendar Date Announcement Date Dividend is declared. March 15 Ex-Dividend Date Shares begin trading ex-dividend. May 17 Record Date Dividend will be paid to shareholders who own the stock on this date. May 19 Payment Date Dividends are distributed to the shareholders of record on the record date. May 27
14.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-14 Stock Repurchases (Stock Buyback) ā¢ Stock repurchase is when a firm uses its cash to repurchase some of its own stock. ā¢ This results in a reduction in the firmās cash balance as well as the number of shares of stock outstanding. Firms use one of three methods to purchase the shares: Open market repurchase, tender offer, and direct purchase.
15.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-15 How do Firms Repurchase Their Shares? ā¢ Open Market Repurchase ā Here the firm acquires the stock on the market, often buying a relatively small number of shares everyday. This will put upward pressure on share prices. This is the most widely used method for stock repurchase.
16.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-16 How do Firms Repurchase Their Shares? (cont.) ā¢ Direct Purchase from a large investor ā Here the firm purchases the stock from one or more major stockholders on a negotiated basis. This method is not used frequently.
17.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-17 Personal Tax Considerations ā Dividend Versus Capital Gains Income ā¢ Historically, tax laws have favored capital gains income over dividend income. ā¢ However, the 2006 Tax Act lowered the tax rate on dividends and long-term capital gains (stock held for more than 1 year) to 15% for most people.
18.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-18 Personal Tax Considerations ā Dividend Versus Capital Gains Income (cont.) ā¢ To qualify for the lower tax rate on dividends, the stock must be held for more than 60 days during the 120-day period that begins 60 days before the ex-dividend date. ā¢ If not, dividends will be taxed as ordinary income.
19.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-19 Non-Cash Distributions: Stock Dividends and Stock Splits ā¢ A stock dividend is a pro-rata distribution of additional shares of stock to the firmās current stockholders. These distributions are generally defined in terms of a fraction paid per share. ā For example, a firm might pay a stock dividend of .20 shares of stock per share or 2 shares for every 10 held.
20.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-20 Non-Cash Distributions: Stock Dividends and Stock Splits (cont.) ā¢ Stock split is essentially a very large stock dividend. For example, a 2-for-1 split would entail receiving two new shares for every old share currently held. ā¢ With a 2-for-1 split, the number of shares will double and the share price will drop in half.
21.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-21 Rationale for a Stock Dividend or Stock Split ā¢ One rationale for splits and stock dividends is that there is an optimal price range for the firmās stock. Also, beyond a certain price range, there might be lower demand for shares from investors. ā¢ If the price exceeds that optimal range, it can be brought back to the optimal range by doing a stock split or paying stock dividend.
22.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16.2 Does Dividend Policy Matter?
23.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-23 Does Dividend Policy Matter? ā¢ Modigiliani and Miller suggest that without taxes and transaction costs, cash dividends and share repurchases are equivalent and the timing of the distribution is unimportant. ā¢ This is known as the Modigiliani and Miller dividend irrelevancy proposition.
24.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-24 The Irrelevance of the Distribution Choice ā¢ The distribution choice is irrelevant under the following assumptions: 1. There are no taxes. 2. No transaction costs are incurred in either buying or selling shares of stock. 3. The firmās operating and investment policies are fixed.
25.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-25 The Irrelevance of the Distribution Choice (cont.) ā¢ The dividend irrelevancy proposition can be illustrated in two ways: 1.Timing of dividend distributions does not affect firm value. 2.In the absence of taxes and transaction costs, a cash dividend is equivalent to a share repurchase.
26.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-26 Why Dividend Policy is Important? ā¢ Transactions are costly ā Since taxes are incurred when dividends are received and transactions costs are incurred when buying and selling shares, investors will prefer to select companies whose dividend policy match up with their own preferences. Because firms with different dividends attract different dividend clienteles, it is important that dividend policy remain somewhat stable.
27.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-27 Why Dividend Policy is Important? (cont.) ā¢ The Information Conveyed by Dividend and Share Repurchase Announcement ā Investors and stock market are constantly trying to decipher the information released by firms to better understand what they imply about firm values. ā Firms tend to increase their dividends when dividends can be sustained in the future. In such cases, dividend increase is clearly good news.
28.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-28 Why Dividend Policy is Important? (cont.) ā¢ Share repurchases are also viewed very favorably as it reveals that the firm has generated more money than it currently needs. Share repurchases may also reveal that the equity is currently underpriced. ā¢ The empirical evidence indicates that dividends and share repurchases do in fact convey favorable information to investors.
29.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-29 Why Dividend Policy is Important? (cont.) ā¢ The Information Conveyed by Stock Dividends and Stock Splits ā The announcement of stock dividends and stock splits also tend to generate positive stock returns. This increase is harder to explain as stock dividends and stock splits do not affect firmās cash flows. ā Some researchers have suggested that firms have a preferred trading range and stock splits help bring stock prices to that trading range.
30.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-30 Why Dividend Policy is Important? (cont.) ā¢ A second possibility is that stock splits and stock dividends tend to attract attention. Naturally, firm would like to attract attention only when the prospects are favorable. ā¢ Thus even though there is no direct effect on cash flows, the market reacts favorably.
31.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16.3 Cash Distribution Policies in Practice
32.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-32 Cash Distribution Policies in Practice ā¢ Stable Payout ā In a survey of CEOs, most CEOs recognized the importance of maintaining consistency and stability in dividend policy. ā See figure 16-3, panel a and b.
33.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-33 Stock Repurchase Decisions ā¢ Figure 16-4 reveals that stock repurchase decisions are driven by executiveās feeling that the stock is a good investment relative to its true value and that there are a lack of good investment opportunities to invest in.
34.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-34
35.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-35 Dividends versus Repurchases ā¢ Table 16-3 provides a summary of factors influencing the payout policy. ā¢ Flexibility emerges as a major factor in the choice of repurchases as opposed to dividends.
36.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-36 Residual Dividend Policy ā¢ With a residual dividend policy, the firm first finances its investments using its own earnings. Dividends are paid out of the residual earnings that are not needed to finance new investment opportunities. ā¢ While this policy minimizes the cost of financing, it can lead to unstable dividends for shareholders.
37.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-37 Other Factors Playing a Role in How Much to Distribute ā¢ Liquidity Position ā Because dividend payments and stock repurchases are made with cash, and not with retained earnings, the firm must have cash available for payouts to be made.
38.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-38 Other Factors Playing a Role in How Much to Distribute (cont.) ā¢ Lack of Other Sources of Financing ā Many small or new companies may not have access to the capital markets, and must depend upon internally generated funds to fund their investment opportunities. As a result, the dividend pay out ratio for such firms is generally lower.
39.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-39 Other Factors Playing a Role in How Much to Distribute (cont.) ā¢ Earnings Predictability ā A companyās payout ratio depends to some extent on the predictability of a firmās profits over time. Firms with stable earnings will typically pay out a larger portion of its earnings.
40.
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Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-40 Key Terms ā¢ Cash dividend ā¢ Date of record ā¢ Declaration date ā¢ Dividend clienteles ā¢ Dividend payout ratio ā¢ Dividend policy ā¢ Ex-dividend date
41.
Copyright Ā© 2011
Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16-41 Key Terms (cont.) ā¢ Open market repurchases ā¢ Payment date ā¢ Residual dividend payout policy ā¢ Stock dividend ā¢ Stock repurchase ā¢ Stock split ā¢ Tender offer
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