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Plasma and
                                                            Electro-energetic Physics


                                                                                                       07 March 2012


                                                                                     John W. Luginsland
                                                                                       Program Manager
                                                                                            AFOSR/RSE
        Integrity  Service  Excellence                                  Air Force Research Laboratory


9 March 2012                 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                   1
Plasma and Electro-Energetic
                       Physics
NAME: John Luginsland ,
Plasma and Electro-energetic
Physics

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
PORTFOLIO:
Explore scientific opportunities in
plasmas and electro-energetic
physics where energy-dense
objects powered by                                                                                  AFOSR
electromagnetic energy can                                                AFOSR

provide new vistas in high-power
electronics, plasma-enabled
chemistry, and fluid/turbulence
dynamics arenas

Sub-area: High Power Microwave
(HPM) sources, non-equilibrium
plasmas, and pulsed power
                          DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.           2
Plasma and Electro-Energetic
                 Physics
                                                                                                    ADS
        WHY PLASMA?
Fundamental science to support AF needs
in multiple applications:
• Electronic attack & non-lethal weaponry
• Electronic warfare
• Long range, high resolution radar
• Long range, large bandwidth
communications
• Compact chemical reactors (e.g. ozone,
nanoparticle production)
• Plasma combustion (higher fuel
efficiency, lower emission)
• Counter-directed energy
• Flight dynamics
• Turbulence control
• Ionosphere science (heaters)
                                                                                               TPI@USC
                     DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.              3
Plasma - why it’s hard…
    Maxwell’s Dynamical Equations (with complex surfaces):
      E  (1 / c)B / t
      H  (4 / c) J  (1 / c)D / t
    Subject to the                                           With macroscopic media
    initial value constraints:                               (complex, dispersive):
    B  0                                                    D  E
      D  4                                                B  H
    Relativistic Lorentz Force Law for
    relativistic momentum p and velocity u:

    dp / d  (q / c)cE  u  B                                                                  Source ,J


“7D,” nonlinear, electro-dynamics & statics, relativistic statistical mechanics, self-DC
                              and AC fields, and QM
                          DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                4
Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics
                        Physics Far From Equilibrium
  We strive to understand, predict, engineer, and invent high-energy density systems and
quantify “performance” using fundamental experimental, mathematical, computational, and
                                    diagnostic methods




                                                                                         “Tyranny of scales”
                                                                          Temkin, MIT




                           DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.             5
High Power Microwaves

•      HPM and vacuum electronics has             “Bumpy” Magnetron with ICEPIC
       demonstrated Pf2 (energy density) doubling
       every 26 month since 1930
              –   MW-GW, ~30-40% efficient, 0.1-1 s
•      3D, high-fidelity, parallel modeling of high
       energy density fields and particles in complex
       geometry with some surface effects
•      Regularly reach the limit of air breakdown
                                                                                                         Courtesy M. Bettencourt,
    1.0                                                                                                               AFRL/RDH
    P(A.U.)




    0.0
                    300          V(kV)                   500
                                         DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.     Cook (2011), MIT 6
Amplifiers vs Oscillators
              A Grand Challenge
Haystack                                                                                       Fundamental challenge
                                                                                                in mating high power
                                                                                                  (nonlinearity) and
                                                                                               amplification (linearity)

                                                                                                          ITER/D3D




  94 GHz, 80kW (10kW ave),                                                           110 GHz, 1MW (10s pulse),
        700MHz BW                                                                          1.1 MHz BW
                     DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                           7
Single Modes in 3D Devices
       (Science for Dispersion Engineering)
Ka-Band Maser@Ustrathclyde (Cross)                                           140GHz Gyrotron@MIT (Temkin)




                                                                               Modern EM structures to provide
                                                                                   single mode operation

                    DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                  8
High Power Metamaterials
                   (AFLR/RD)
D. Smith, Duke




                 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.   9
Beam-Wave Interaction
(Plasmon Mode and Beam-loading)




          300kV, AFRL MM
         500kV, SLAC MBK



                                                                     1A           10 kA
                                     Current density nonlinearly detunes the structure

        DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.           10
Field Emission Physics




   SEM image of the dual carbon fiber cathodes
   (500 µm separation)
  Cathode diameter: 35 µm
  Cathode length: 1.5 mm
  Center to Center spacing: 500 µm (or 280 μm or 140 μm)

Tang, AFRL/RD
                          DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.   11
ICEPIC simulations


Equipotential lines of the dual carbon
fiber cathodes




              500 µm                                               280 µm                                    140 µm


             Electric field data showing the equipotential lines of the dual carbon fiber cathodes
             with 500 µm, 280 µm, and 140 µm center to center separation, which compares to
                         AFRL’s analytic conformal mapping model (Tang, APL 2011)
                                   DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.            12
ICEPIC simulations: Results




Black Curve: Exp. Data
Red Curve: ICEPIC Fit
                         DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.   13
A potentially new direction for
                     plasma synthesis
             Conventional plasma                                                                 Microplasma “jet”

                                                                                                      Gas flow

                                                    pd scaling
Electrodes
                          Wafer
                                                                   Electrodes

                         100 mm                                                                              10 mm
                Vacuum pump


     • Large volume, batch                                                        • Microscale, continuous
     • Low pressure (10-5-100 Torr)                                               • High pressure (10-1000 Torr)
     • Non-thermal [> 10,000 K]                                                   • Non-thermal [> 10,000 K]
     • Collisionless                                                              • Collisional, but no arc…
                            DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                  14
Microplasmas: A new class of
atmospheric-pressure plasmas
                   •Microscale: dhole ~ 100 µm
                   •Non-thermal: Tg~100s deg C
                                                                Te~1 eV or higher
                   •High electron densities:1013-1016 cm-3
                   •Stability at high pressures:1 atm or higher
                   •Flow (jet)

                                                     Offers key advantages for
                                                (nano)materials synthesis and ties to
                                                AFRL needs in material development

 National Research Council called microplasmas one
     of the most exciting areas in plasma science
             DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.    15
Coupling to electrode results in fundamental
       change in plasma production




                                                                                        Go,
                                                                                     Notre Dame

           DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.            16
Continuous-flow microchemical
              reactors based on microplasmas




Characteristics of process

•   Non-thermal dissociation of reactive precursor molecules (EID)

•   Short residence times (10-3-10-6 seconds)
                                                                                                       Sankaran,
•   In situ monitoring (aerosol size classification)
                                                                                                         CWRU
•   Generic – precursor can be chosen to grow different materials
    (Si, Fe, Ni, Pt, Cu, NiFe)
                             DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.               17
Nanoparticle growth
                      7
                     10

                                         Fe NPs

                                                         4.5 ppm
                      6
                     10                                  Dpg=6.82 nm
 dN/d(logDp) (cm )
-3




                                                         σg=1.28


                                                        3.0 ppm
                                                        Dpg=4.52 nm
                                                        σg=1.20
                                                                                                                            1320 cm-1
                      5
                     10


                                                        1.5 ppm
                                                        Dpg=2.89 nm
                                Room T                  σg=1.14
                      4
                     10
                          0.1        1              10                       100
                                Dp (nm)
Highly versatile scheme for nanoparticles
Multiple metals with precise size control (safety)
Bimetallic (e.g. intermetllics)
Carbon particles/films, including diamond at room temp (late 80s prediction of diamond stability at nanoscale)



Sankaran, CWRU                                    DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.               18
Transient Plasma
Flame propagation 6.0 ms after ignition, C2H4-air at 1 atm, ϕ=1.1, 300 µs exposure

                                      Arc                                                                 No arc




              Flame Diameter = 74 mm                                                        Flame Diameter = 93 mm

 Discharge: 10 µs, 15 kV pulse (105 mJ)                                                      12 ns, 42 kV pulse (70 mJ)
 Electrode:       Spark plug, 1 mm gap                                                        3.2 cm anode, 6 mm gap
      Average increase in flame speed of 15% TPI compared to spark ignition
Gundersen, USC           DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                          19
Transient Plasma Ignition

         Combustion of Stoichiometric CH4-air at 1 atm
                                                                                           TPI using an 100 ns,
                                                                                           75 kV pulse

                                                                                           Spark using a 10 µs,
                                                                                           10 kV pulse




                                                 • Transient plasma ignition has
                                                   demonstrated
                                                     • Reductions in ignition delay
                                                     • Lean burn capability (relight potential)
                                                     • Ability to ignite higher mass flow rates



Gundersen, USC   DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                          20
Advances in Compact Pulsed Power
                                 at USC
                                         Energy
   Pulse           Peak     Pulse          Per
  Generator       Voltage   Width         Pulse
 Switch Type       (kV)      (ns)         (mJ)
Thyratron
                    50      150           1000
(1998)
Pseudospark
                    90       85           1500
(2003)

IGBT (2006)         60       20            300

SCR (2008)          65       12            200




               Thyratron    Pseudospark                 IGBT                  SCR                             SCR (Enlarged View)
                                    DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                         21
Emphasis on reducing pulse
                                      rise time a propagating electromagnetic
    The nonlinear nature of ferrites can be utilized to generate
                shockwave that reduces the rise time of the wave as it travels.
                                                                                Coaxial shockline made of ferrite
    ns Pulser       Shockline




                                                                                            Nonlinearity of ferrite beads
Shocklines are:
•   Composed of either ferroelectric or
    ferro(ferri)magnetic material
•   Driven by a High Voltage Pulse from a
    solid state pulse generator
•   Capable of reducing pulse rise times
•   Either two conductor or single
    conductor transmission lines

Sanders, USC                 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                        22
Nonlinear Dielectrics Science
             (Heidger, AFRL/RD with PNNL)
•   Engineer materials to
    provide competing
    characteristics of
     – Energy density ()
     – Breakdown Dielectric
       strength (E)
     – Engineered non-                                                              Ba
       linearity (Ferro- and                                                        Ti
                                                                                    O
       Anti-Ferro-Electric)
     – Low loss
•   Novel Circuits                                                                 Seaquest DFT
     –   Scales to 100kV, 10s MW




                                   DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.   23
AFOSR is the leading DOD 6.1 organization for non-
          equilibrium plasma physics, especially for HPM/vacuum
                          electronics EM sources
                                                                            43 Active Basic Research Grants in FY12
                                                                       •    1 IEEE Marie Curie Award winner
                                                                       •    1 member of National Academy of Sciences
                                                                       •    1 APS Maxwell Prize winner
                                                                       •    7 IEEE PSAC award winners
                                                                       •    1 APS-DPP Weimer Award nominee
                                                                       •    4 Young Investigators
                                                                       •    4 IEEE PSAC Outstanding Graduate Student
                                                                       •    Active academia/service lab research
                                                                               • 5 new hires from academia to service
                                                                                  labs (3 AFRL / 2 NRL)

                                                                                                     Cross-disciplinary
                                                                                   We need “7D”, nonlinear, electro-dynamics and
Collaborators/Teammates                                                            statics, relativistic statistical mechanics, self-DC
 • Active and close collaborations with AFRL,                                      and AC fields, and quantum mechanics
                                                                                   • Physics
     ONR, ARL, DTRA, DARPA, NSF, and DOE                                           • Electrical Engineering
 • Joint project with DARPA in micro-plasmas                                       • Nuclear Engineering
                                                                                   • Applied Mathematics
 • Lead a joint AFRL/NRL effort in active EM fields                                • Chemistry
     in the ionosphere                                                             • Computer Science




                           DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.                                        24
Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics

• High Power Microwave Sources
  – High Power Amplifiers
  – High Power Metamaterials (New 2012 MURI)
  – Raw Peak Power Oscillators
• Non-equilibrium Plasma Physics
  – Modeling of dense, kinetic plasmas (New STTR)
  – Plasma Chemistry (transient/micro-plasma)
  – Ultracold/strongly coupled Plasmas (New 2012 BRI and
    STTR)
  – COTS PIC technology
• Pulsed Power Physics
  – Nonlinear dielectric Strength Physics
  – Compact, Portable Pulsed Power
                  DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.   25

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Luginsland - Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics - Spring Review 2012

  • 1. Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics 07 March 2012 John W. Luginsland Program Manager AFOSR/RSE Integrity  Service  Excellence Air Force Research Laboratory 9 March 2012 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1
  • 2. Plasma and Electro-Energetic Physics NAME: John Luginsland , Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO: Explore scientific opportunities in plasmas and electro-energetic physics where energy-dense objects powered by AFOSR electromagnetic energy can AFOSR provide new vistas in high-power electronics, plasma-enabled chemistry, and fluid/turbulence dynamics arenas Sub-area: High Power Microwave (HPM) sources, non-equilibrium plasmas, and pulsed power DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2
  • 3. Plasma and Electro-Energetic Physics ADS WHY PLASMA? Fundamental science to support AF needs in multiple applications: • Electronic attack & non-lethal weaponry • Electronic warfare • Long range, high resolution radar • Long range, large bandwidth communications • Compact chemical reactors (e.g. ozone, nanoparticle production) • Plasma combustion (higher fuel efficiency, lower emission) • Counter-directed energy • Flight dynamics • Turbulence control • Ionosphere science (heaters) TPI@USC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 3
  • 4. Plasma - why it’s hard… Maxwell’s Dynamical Equations (with complex surfaces):   E  (1 / c)B / t   H  (4 / c) J  (1 / c)D / t Subject to the With macroscopic media initial value constraints: (complex, dispersive): B  0 D  E   D  4 B  H Relativistic Lorentz Force Law for relativistic momentum p and velocity u: dp / d  (q / c)cE  u  B Source ,J “7D,” nonlinear, electro-dynamics & statics, relativistic statistical mechanics, self-DC and AC fields, and QM DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 4
  • 5. Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics Physics Far From Equilibrium We strive to understand, predict, engineer, and invent high-energy density systems and quantify “performance” using fundamental experimental, mathematical, computational, and diagnostic methods “Tyranny of scales” Temkin, MIT DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 5
  • 6. High Power Microwaves • HPM and vacuum electronics has “Bumpy” Magnetron with ICEPIC demonstrated Pf2 (energy density) doubling every 26 month since 1930 – MW-GW, ~30-40% efficient, 0.1-1 s • 3D, high-fidelity, parallel modeling of high energy density fields and particles in complex geometry with some surface effects • Regularly reach the limit of air breakdown Courtesy M. Bettencourt, 1.0 AFRL/RDH P(A.U.) 0.0 300 V(kV) 500 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Cook (2011), MIT 6
  • 7. Amplifiers vs Oscillators A Grand Challenge Haystack Fundamental challenge in mating high power (nonlinearity) and amplification (linearity) ITER/D3D 94 GHz, 80kW (10kW ave), 110 GHz, 1MW (10s pulse), 700MHz BW 1.1 MHz BW DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 7
  • 8. Single Modes in 3D Devices (Science for Dispersion Engineering) Ka-Band Maser@Ustrathclyde (Cross) 140GHz Gyrotron@MIT (Temkin) Modern EM structures to provide single mode operation DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 8
  • 9. High Power Metamaterials (AFLR/RD) D. Smith, Duke DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 9
  • 10. Beam-Wave Interaction (Plasmon Mode and Beam-loading) 300kV, AFRL MM  500kV, SLAC MBK 1A 10 kA Current density nonlinearly detunes the structure DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 10
  • 11. Field Emission Physics SEM image of the dual carbon fiber cathodes (500 µm separation) Cathode diameter: 35 µm Cathode length: 1.5 mm Center to Center spacing: 500 µm (or 280 μm or 140 μm) Tang, AFRL/RD DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 11
  • 12. ICEPIC simulations Equipotential lines of the dual carbon fiber cathodes 500 µm 280 µm 140 µm Electric field data showing the equipotential lines of the dual carbon fiber cathodes with 500 µm, 280 µm, and 140 µm center to center separation, which compares to AFRL’s analytic conformal mapping model (Tang, APL 2011) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 12
  • 13. ICEPIC simulations: Results Black Curve: Exp. Data Red Curve: ICEPIC Fit DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13
  • 14. A potentially new direction for plasma synthesis Conventional plasma Microplasma “jet” Gas flow pd scaling Electrodes Wafer Electrodes 100 mm 10 mm Vacuum pump • Large volume, batch • Microscale, continuous • Low pressure (10-5-100 Torr) • High pressure (10-1000 Torr) • Non-thermal [> 10,000 K] • Non-thermal [> 10,000 K] • Collisionless • Collisional, but no arc… DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 14
  • 15. Microplasmas: A new class of atmospheric-pressure plasmas •Microscale: dhole ~ 100 µm •Non-thermal: Tg~100s deg C Te~1 eV or higher •High electron densities:1013-1016 cm-3 •Stability at high pressures:1 atm or higher •Flow (jet) Offers key advantages for (nano)materials synthesis and ties to AFRL needs in material development National Research Council called microplasmas one of the most exciting areas in plasma science DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 15
  • 16. Coupling to electrode results in fundamental change in plasma production Go, Notre Dame DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 16
  • 17. Continuous-flow microchemical reactors based on microplasmas Characteristics of process • Non-thermal dissociation of reactive precursor molecules (EID) • Short residence times (10-3-10-6 seconds) Sankaran, • In situ monitoring (aerosol size classification) CWRU • Generic – precursor can be chosen to grow different materials (Si, Fe, Ni, Pt, Cu, NiFe) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 17
  • 18. Nanoparticle growth 7 10 Fe NPs 4.5 ppm 6 10 Dpg=6.82 nm dN/d(logDp) (cm ) -3 σg=1.28 3.0 ppm Dpg=4.52 nm σg=1.20 1320 cm-1 5 10 1.5 ppm Dpg=2.89 nm Room T σg=1.14 4 10 0.1 1 10 100 Dp (nm) Highly versatile scheme for nanoparticles Multiple metals with precise size control (safety) Bimetallic (e.g. intermetllics) Carbon particles/films, including diamond at room temp (late 80s prediction of diamond stability at nanoscale) Sankaran, CWRU DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 18
  • 19. Transient Plasma Flame propagation 6.0 ms after ignition, C2H4-air at 1 atm, ϕ=1.1, 300 µs exposure Arc No arc Flame Diameter = 74 mm Flame Diameter = 93 mm Discharge: 10 µs, 15 kV pulse (105 mJ) 12 ns, 42 kV pulse (70 mJ) Electrode: Spark plug, 1 mm gap 3.2 cm anode, 6 mm gap Average increase in flame speed of 15% TPI compared to spark ignition Gundersen, USC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 19
  • 20. Transient Plasma Ignition Combustion of Stoichiometric CH4-air at 1 atm TPI using an 100 ns, 75 kV pulse Spark using a 10 µs, 10 kV pulse • Transient plasma ignition has demonstrated • Reductions in ignition delay • Lean burn capability (relight potential) • Ability to ignite higher mass flow rates Gundersen, USC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 20
  • 21. Advances in Compact Pulsed Power at USC Energy Pulse Peak Pulse Per Generator Voltage Width Pulse Switch Type (kV) (ns) (mJ) Thyratron 50 150 1000 (1998) Pseudospark 90 85 1500 (2003) IGBT (2006) 60 20 300 SCR (2008) 65 12 200 Thyratron Pseudospark IGBT SCR SCR (Enlarged View) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 21
  • 22. Emphasis on reducing pulse rise time a propagating electromagnetic The nonlinear nature of ferrites can be utilized to generate shockwave that reduces the rise time of the wave as it travels. Coaxial shockline made of ferrite ns Pulser Shockline Nonlinearity of ferrite beads Shocklines are: • Composed of either ferroelectric or ferro(ferri)magnetic material • Driven by a High Voltage Pulse from a solid state pulse generator • Capable of reducing pulse rise times • Either two conductor or single conductor transmission lines Sanders, USC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 22
  • 23. Nonlinear Dielectrics Science (Heidger, AFRL/RD with PNNL) • Engineer materials to provide competing characteristics of – Energy density () – Breakdown Dielectric strength (E) – Engineered non- Ba linearity (Ferro- and Ti O Anti-Ferro-Electric) – Low loss • Novel Circuits Seaquest DFT – Scales to 100kV, 10s MW DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 23
  • 24. AFOSR is the leading DOD 6.1 organization for non- equilibrium plasma physics, especially for HPM/vacuum electronics EM sources 43 Active Basic Research Grants in FY12 • 1 IEEE Marie Curie Award winner • 1 member of National Academy of Sciences • 1 APS Maxwell Prize winner • 7 IEEE PSAC award winners • 1 APS-DPP Weimer Award nominee • 4 Young Investigators • 4 IEEE PSAC Outstanding Graduate Student • Active academia/service lab research • 5 new hires from academia to service labs (3 AFRL / 2 NRL) Cross-disciplinary We need “7D”, nonlinear, electro-dynamics and Collaborators/Teammates statics, relativistic statistical mechanics, self-DC • Active and close collaborations with AFRL, and AC fields, and quantum mechanics • Physics ONR, ARL, DTRA, DARPA, NSF, and DOE • Electrical Engineering • Joint project with DARPA in micro-plasmas • Nuclear Engineering • Applied Mathematics • Lead a joint AFRL/NRL effort in active EM fields • Chemistry in the ionosphere • Computer Science DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 24
  • 25. Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics • High Power Microwave Sources – High Power Amplifiers – High Power Metamaterials (New 2012 MURI) – Raw Peak Power Oscillators • Non-equilibrium Plasma Physics – Modeling of dense, kinetic plasmas (New STTR) – Plasma Chemistry (transient/micro-plasma) – Ultracold/strongly coupled Plasmas (New 2012 BRI and STTR) – COTS PIC technology • Pulsed Power Physics – Nonlinear dielectric Strength Physics – Compact, Portable Pulsed Power DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 25