This document summarizes Tatjana Curcic's atomic and molecular physics program. The portfolio focuses on understanding interactions between atoms, molecules, ions, and radiation. Key sub-areas include cold quantum gases, strongly interacting quantum gases, ultracold molecules, new phases of matter, non-equilibrium quantum dynamics, and quantum information science topics like quantum simulation, communication, metrology, sensing and imaging, and cavity optomechanics. Several ongoing projects in quantum simulation, dipolar matter, and quantum metrology were highlighted.

1. Atomic and Molecular
Physics Program
7 March 2012
Tatjana Curcic
Program Manager
AFOSR/RSE
Integrity  Service  Excellence Air Force Research Laboratory
15 February 2012 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1

2. 2012 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
NAME: Tatjana Curcic
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Understanding interactions between atoms, molecules, ions, and
radiation.
LIST SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO:
• Cold Quantum Gases
− Strongly-interacting quantum gases
− Ultracold molecules
− New phases of matter
− Non-equilibrium quantum dynamics
• Quantum Information Science (QIS)
− Quantum simulation
− Quantum communication
− Quantum metrology, sensing, and imaging
− Cavity optomechanics
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3. Scientific and Transformational
Opportunities
Scientific Opportunities Transformational Opportunities
Dipolar Matter, Ultracold Molecules • Novel phases of matter
• Ultracold chemistry
Quantum Memories and Interfaces • Long-distance quantum communication
Quantum Simulation • High-Tc superconductivity
• Novel phases of matter
Quantum Metrology and Sensing • Ultra-high-precision clocks
• High-resolution, high-sensitivity magnetometry
• High-sensitivity gravimetry
• Precision inertial navigation in GPS-denied
environments
Non-equilibrium Quantum Dynamics • Dynamic control of materials
• Efficient optical devices
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4. Outline
• Quantum Simulation, Strongly-Interacting Quantum Gases
• Bosons: Markus Greiner, Harvard (MURI)
• Algorithmic Cooling in Quantum Gases
Waseem Bakr, et al, Nature 480, 500 (2011)
• Quantum Magnetism
Jonathan Simon, et al, Nature 472, 307 (2011)
• Fermions: Martin Zwierlein, MIT (PECASE, MURI)
• Evolution of Fermi Pairing from 3D to 2D
Ariel T. Sommer, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 045302 (2012)
• Spin Transport in a Strongly-Interacting Fermi Gas
Ariel Sommer, et al, Nature 472, 201 (2011)
• Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas: Superfluid Lambda Transition
Mark J.H. Ku, et al, Science (in print); K. Van Houcke, et al (submitted to Nature Physics)
• Dipolar Matter: Benjamin Lev, UIUC/Stanford (YIP)
• Dy BEC, and First Dipolar Degenerate Fermi Gas
Mingwu Lu, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 190401 (2011)
• Quantum Metrology: Till Rosenband, NIST
• Coherent Drive Spectroscopy
D.B. Hume, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 243902 (2011)
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5. Strongly-correlated quantum gases
Optical lattices
Atoms interact strongly on lattice sites
Superfluid - Mott insulator transition
Synthetic matter, quantum simulations
Electrons in a crystal lattice
Atoms in an optical lattice
Strongly correlated materials
Quasi-low
High Tc superconductors Quantum magnets dimensional
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6. Quantum magnetism
Ising model:
quantum phase transition
from paramagnet to
antiferromagnet
Quantum gas Algorithmic Quantum
microscope cooling magnetism
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7. Quantum Gas Microscope
Waseem S. Bakr, et al, Nature 463, 74 (2009)
Many new
possibilities for
• Detection
• Manipulation
• Cooling
• Creating new
systems
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8. Interaction induced orbital excitation
blockade
0, 2
Axial vibrational
excitation
nground , nexcited 1,1
0,1
2, 0
1, 0
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9. Orbital excitation blockade operations
1, 0 « 0,1
2, 0 « 1,1
3, 0 « 2,1
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10. Algorithmic cooling
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11. Algorithmic cooling
4 3 3 2 2 1
thermal MI
Waseem Bakr, et al,
Nature 480, 500 (2011)
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12. Quantum Magnetism
Quantum simulation of an antiferromagnetic Ising spin chain
H = J å Szi Szi+1 - hz Szi - hx Sx
i
i
hx =0: classical first order phase transition
Finite hx: quantum phase transition, second order
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13. Tilted Hubbard Model and Mapping to
Spin Model
realizes constraint drives transition
H = J å S S - (1- D) S - 2 t S
i i+1 i 3/2 i D = E -U
z z z x
i
E: energy difference per lattice
site, or lattice tilt
hz hx U: onsite interaction
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14. Adiabatic transition to the AF state
Jonathan Simon, et al, Nature 472, 307 (2011)
• High magnetic field:
spins align with field
• Low magnetic field:
antiferromagnetic
interactions
dominate, producing
Neel order
Modulation spectroscopy: Direct spin imaging
turn double occupancy = = preliminary
into single occupancy DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 14

15. Selecting homogeneous domain
Magnetization (podd)
• 6 adjacent sites that transition simultaneously (RMS shift 6 Hz)
• Compare to 10%-90% width (105 Hz) and transverse field (28 Hz)
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16. Transitioning at highest and lowest
energy many-body state
Magnetization (podd)
Jonathan Simon, et al, Nature 472, 307 (2011)
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 16

17. Direct measurement of Neel order
parameter
Normalized Neel order
Gradient E/U
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 17

18. Outline
• Quantum Simulation, Strongly-Interacting Quantum Gases
• Bosons: Markus Greiner, Harvard (MURI)
• Algorithmic Cooling in Quantum Gases
Waseem Bakr, et al, Nature 480, 500 (2011)
• Quantum Magnetism
Jonathan Simon, et al, Nature 472, 307 (2011)
• Fermions: Martin Zwierlein, MIT (PECASE, MURI)
• Evolution of Fermi Pairing from 3D to 2D
Ariel T. Sommer, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 045302 (2012)
• Spin Transport in a Strongly-Interacting Fermi Gas
Ariel Sommer, et al, Nature 472, 201 (2011)
• Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas: Superfluid Lambda Transition
Mark J.H. Ku, et al, Science (in print); K. Van Houcke, et al (submitted to Nature Physics)
• Dipolar Matter: Benjamin Lev, UIUC/Stanford (YIP)
• Dy BEC, and First Dipolar Degenerate Fermi Gas
Mingwu Lu, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 190401 (2011)
• Quantum Metrology: Till Rosenband, NIST
• Coherent Drive Spectroscopy
D.B. Hume, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 243902 (2011)
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 18

19. Strongly Interacting Fermi Gases
in coupled quasi-2D layers
High-Tc Superconductor Stacks of 2D coupled
with stacks of CuO planes fermionic superfluids
• Access physics of layered superconductors
• Evolution of Fermion Pairing from 3D to 2D
• Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in deep 2D limit
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20. Evolution of Fermion Pairing from
3D to 2D
Ariel T. Sommer, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 045302 (2012)
Density of States: 3D ~  Direct consequence:
2D const. Always a bound state in 2D
3D V0 = 2 ER
RF spectroscopy:
Atom transfer [a.u.]
V0 = 5 ER
V0 = 6 ER
V0 = 10 ER
V0 = 12 ER
V0 = 19 ER
2D V0 = 20 ER
RF Offset [kHz]
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21. Evolution of Fermion Pairing from
3D to 2D
On Resonance
E  0.244z
(in harmonic trap): B ,th
Resonance
d/a = 0
3D BCS
d/a = -1.2
3D BCS
d/a = -2.7
3D 2D
• Observed fermion pairing from 3D to 2D
Are those pairs superfluid?
Study coherence, thermodynamics, rotation…
What is TC as a function of interlayer tunneling?
Towards a recipe for high TC
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 21

22. Spin Transport − “Little Fermi
Collider” (LFC)
Ariel Sommer, et al, Nature 472, 201 (2011)
Spin Diffusion vs. Temperature
Quantum Limit of
Spin Diffusion
3/2
T 
Fit: 6.3(3)  
m  TF 
5.8
m
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23. Thermodynamics of the Strongly-
Interacting Fermi Gas
Revealing the Superfluid
Lambda Transition in a
Fermi Gas
Mark J.H. Ku, et al, Science (in print)
“Feynman diagrams
versus Feynman
quantum emulator”
K. Van Houcke, et al (submitted to
Nature Physics)
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 23

24. Outline
• Quantum Simulation, Strongly-Interacting Quantum Gases
• Bosons: Markus Greiner, Harvard (MURI)
• Algorithmic Cooling in Quantum Gases
Waseem Bakr, et al, Nature 480, 500 (2011)
• Quantum Magnetism
Jonathan Simon, et al, Nature 472, 307 (2011)
• Fermions: Martin Zwierlein, MIT (PECASE, MURI)
• Evolution of Fermi Pairing from 3D to 2D
Ariel T. Sommer, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 045302 (2012)
• Spin Transport in a Strongly-Interacting Fermi Gas
Ariel Sommer, et al, Nature 472, 201 (2011)
• Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas: Superfluid Lambda Transition
Mark J.H. Ku, et al, Science (in print); K. Van Houcke, et al (submitted to Nature Physics)
• Dipolar Matter: Benjamin Lev, UIUC/Stanford (YIP)
• Dy BEC, and First Dipolar Degenerate Fermi Gas
Mingwu Lu, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 190401 (2011)
• Quantum Metrology: Till Rosenband, NIST
• Coherent Drive Spectroscopy
D.B. Hume, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 243902 (2011)
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 24

25. Ultracold Dipolar Physics
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 25

26. Ultracold dipolar Bose and Fermi
gases: Exotic quantum phases
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 26

27. Laser cooling Dysprosium
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28. Strongly Dipolar Dy BEC
M. Lu, N. Burdick, S.-H. Youn, and B. Lev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 190401 (2011)
BECs of 164Dy and 162Dy
0o
1.5x104 1.5 x 104
atoms
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29. Evaporative cooling of all isotopes
Including identical fermions! T/TF = 1.3 in crossed ODT
Single beam ODT
Ultracold dipolar Bose-Fermi mixtures!
Universal dipolar scattering?
Bohn, Cavagnero, Ticknor, New J. Phys. `09
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30. First dipolar degenerate Fermi gas!
161Dy Sympathetically cooled with 161Dy to T/TF < 0.3
Oblate initial trap
Fermionic 161Dy time-of-flight expansion
Single shot: 6 x 103 atoms Average of three shots
Green: Maxwell-Boltzmann
Red: Fermi-Dirac
T/TF = 0.25
manuscript in preparation
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 30

31. Outline
• Quantum Simulation, Strongly-Interacting Quantum Gases
• Bosons: Markus Greiner, Harvard (MURI)
• Algorithmic Cooling in Quantum Gases
Waseem Bakr, et al, Nature 480, 500 (2011)
• Quantum Magnetism
Jonathan Simon, et al, Nature 472, 307 (2011)
• Fermions: Martin Zwierlein, MIT (PECASE, MURI)
• Evolution of Fermi Pairing from 3D to 2D
Ariel T. Sommer, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 045302 (2012)
• Spin Transport in a Strongly-Interacting Fermi Gas
Ariel Sommer, et al, Nature 472, 201 (2011)
• Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas: Superfluid Lambda Transition
Mark J.H. Ku, et al, Science (in print); K. Van Houcke, et al (submitted to Nature Physics)
• Dipolar Matter: Benjamin Lev, UIUC/Stanford (YIP)
• Dy BEC, and First Dipolar Degenerate Fermi Gas
Mingwu Lu, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 190401 (2011)
• Quantum Metrology: Till Rosenband, NIST
• Coherent Drive Spectroscopy
D.B. Hume, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 243902 (2011)
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 31

32. Motivation: Al+ clock accuracy
Gravitational
shift:
Height accuracy
Clock
NIST, Boulder, 1m
USA redshift
uncertainty
10 cm
1 cm
1 mm
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33. Quantum Logic Spectroscopy
1P Coulomb
1
interaction
2P
3/2
3P
0
Al+
optical |↑ 𝑀𝑔
 = 167 nm qubit
 = 267 nm 2S
Mg+ 1/2
hyperfine
1S
0 qubit |↓ 𝑀𝑔
transfer information to 25Mg+
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 33

34. Al+ quantum-logic spectroscopy
1. Cool to motional ground-state with Mg+ (Raman cooling)
2. Depending on Al+ clock state, add one vibrational quantum via 1S0-3P1
QND 3. Detect vibrational quantum with Mg+
0.8 0.14
27Al+ 1S 27Al+ 3P
0
3P
1 (300 ms)
0.7 0 3P (21 s)
0.12 0
Mean = 1.3 Mean = 6.9
0.6
0.1
27Al+
0.5
Probability
Probability
0.08
I = 5/2
0.4 1S
0
0.06
0.3
99.94% Detection fidelity
0.04
0.2 P.O. Schmidt, et al.
Science 309, 749 (2005)
0.1 0.02
D. B. Hume, et al.
PRL 99, 120502 (2007)
0 0
0 10 20 0 10 20
PMT counts
Mg+ photon counts
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 34

35. Al+ coherent-drive spectroscopy
quantum-logic
Mg+ Doppler
1. Cool to motional ground-state with Mg+ (Raman cooling)
drive coherent motion
2. Depending on Al+ clock state, add one vibrational quantum via 1S0-3P1
QND 3. Detect vibrational quantum with Mg+
coherent motion
0.8 0.14
27Al+ 3P
27Al+ 1S 0
0.7 0 D. B. Hume, et al.
0.12
Mean = 1.3 Mean = 6.9 PRL 107, 243902 (2011)
0.6
0.1
3P
1(300 ms)
Measure s)
3P (21
Probability
0.5 quantum 0 state
Probability
0.08
0.4 w/o scattering
0.06 photons Al+
27
0.3 99.94% Detection fidelity
27Al+ 1S 27Al+ 3P
0
0.04
0
1S Simplified 5/2
I=
0.2 0
lasers
0.1 0.02 (no ground-
state cooling)
0 0
0 10 20 0 10 20
PMT counts
+
Mg photon counts A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Slower
DISTRIBUTION 35

36. Al+ coherent-drive spectroscopy
D. B. Hume, et al., PRL107, 243902 (2011)
250 μs 400 μs 200 μs
27Al+ 1S 27Al+ 3P
0 0
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37. Quantum Jumps
Quantum jumps between clock states (1S0 and 3P0)
0.53 s average
1S
0
93% state-detection
fidelity within 80 ms
3P with quantum logic:
0
99% within 10 ms
● Coherent drive detection rate could be improved by higher modulation
amplitude or photon collection efficiency
● Can be generalized for more than one Al+ ion
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38. Interactions with Other Agencies
Agency/Group POC Scientific Area
ARO Peter Reynolds Cold Quantum Gases
Paul Baker (CQG)
TR Govindan Quantum Information
Science (QIS)
Rich Hammond Ultrafast/Ultraintense
Phenomena (UUP)
ONR Charles Clark CQG, QIS
Ralph Wachter QIS
DARPA Jamil Abo-Shaeer CQG, QIS
Jag Shah QIS
Matt Goodman QIS
NSF Wendell Hill CQG, QIS, UUP
DoE Jeff Krause CQG, UUP
IARPA Michael Mandelberg QIS
QISCOG >20 program managers from QIS
~10 agencies/institutions
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39. Thank you
39