3. IS ORGANIC FARMING A NEW
CONCEPT
Organic farming is not a new concept to our farmers.
Indian farmers were all organic farmers before the
advent of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization etc
BEFORE GREEN REVOLUTION
In traditional India only organic farming was practiced.
No chemical fertilizers and pesticides were used.
Only organic techniques where natural pesticides and natural manures were
obtained from plant and animal products were used.
During 1950s and 1960s, the ever increasing population of India lead to a food
scarcity.
The government was forced to import food grains from foreign countries. And also
forced to increase the food grain production of India to increase the food security .
4. TO INCREASE THE FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION
Was introduced in 1960s under the
leader ship of Dr. M.S.Swaminathan
5. Green revolution technologies
(High yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, mechanization,
irrigation)
High production
(Overcoming food crisis, self sufficiency in food grain, buffer stock of food grain)
Not sustainable
(Stagnation or fall in productivity, decline in soil fertility, salinity problem, lowering
of water table, environmental pollution)
6. POSITIVE SIDE OF GREEN REVOLUTION
Increased the Country’s food
production
Attained self sufficiency
‘Food deficit’ to ‘food surplus’
Export of food products
Higher income
7. NEGATIVE SIDE OF GREEN REVOLUTION
Reduction in Natural fertility of soil
Destruction of soil structure
Erosion and soil loss
Killing of beneficial microbes and
insects
Ground water pollution and depletion
Atmospheric pollution
Soil acidification
Chemical burn
Mineral depletion
8. Health effects of conventional farming:
• Asthma
• Birth defects
• Neurological effects
• Cancer
• Hormone disruption
• Parkinson’s disease
11. • With introduction of green revolution, use of chemical
fertilizers although contributed 40% of crop production,
continuous use of chemicals in agriculture seriously
destroyed the soil health and environment.
• The scientists have realized that the ‘Green
Revolution’ with high input use has reached a plateau and
is now sustained with diminishing return.
12. What does organic farming means?
The aim of organic farming is to maintain optimum soil health and thus
making the soil capable of supplying all essential nutrients to crop for its proper
growth and development
Organic farming aims at sustaining and increasing the productivity by
improving soil health and over all improvement of agro-ecosystem
Organic farming gives quality organic food and also helps to restore soil fertility
on long term basis.
As per the definition of the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) term organic farming refers to “organic farming is a system
which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as
fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the
maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal
manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and
biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection
13. IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING:
Present burning issue in farming is the decline in fertility of soil and
fall in productivity levels.
Use of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides have deteriorated
soil health as well causing harm to our natural eco-system by polluting
our environment as well as water.
Now we have reached a situation were productivity levels in soil
slowly decreasing day by day.
Now its time to go for organic farming and restore soil fertility and
maintain soil fertility on sustainable basis so that future generations
may not face problems
14. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC FARMING
CONVENTIONAL ORGANIC
It is based on economical orientation It is based on ecological orientation
GMOs are used GMOs are not used here
Synthetic fertilizers are used Synthetic fertilizers are not used
Weeds are controlled through herbicides Manually weeds are removed here
Pesticides and fungicides are used to control
pest and diseases
Pest and diseases are controlled biologically
Produce obtained will have chemical
residues accumulated in it
Produce is free from chemical residues
Air, water and soil pollution is common No such problem is observed
Produce is carcinogenic and causes several
health problems
No such problems are observed here
Low input: output ratio with pollution Optimum input: output ratio with no
pollution
Soil fertility is maintained for shorter period Soil fertility is maintained on long term basis
Intensive irrigation is required Irrigation requirements are reduced
15. Objectives of
Organic Farming
Produce food with
higher nutritional
quality
Work with
natural system Maintain and
increase soil
fertility
Use renewable
resources as far
as possible
Wider social and
ecological impact
of farming system
Allow satisfaction
to agricultural
producer
Avoid Pollution
Objective of organic farming
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)(6)
(7)
18. MAIN PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING:
The main principles of organic farming are as follows:
To maintain the long-term fertility of soils.
To avoid all forms of pollution that may result from agricultural
techniques.
To produce foodstuffs of high nutritional quality and sufficient
quantity.
To reduce the use of fossil energy in agricultural practice to a
minimum.
To give livestock conditions of life that confirm to their
physiological need.
To make it possible for agricultural producers to earn a living
through their work and develop their potentialities as human being.
Rajib Roychowdhury et al. (2013)
19. DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHARES OF ORGANIC
AGRICULTURAL LAND 2013
7%
9%
25%
59%
11 countries
15 countries
40 countries
97 countries
20. PERCENTAGE OF AREA UNDER ORGANIC FARMING IN THE TOTAL
CULTIVATED AREA OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Country Percentage of area under
organic farming
USA 0.23
UK 4.22
Germany 4.10
Argentina 1.70
Austria 8.40
Australia 2.20
Japan 0.10
Switzerland 7.94
South Africa 0.05
Italy 3.70
India 0.03
Pakistan 0.08
Srilanka 0.05
0.23
4.224.1
1.7
8.4
2.2
0.1
7.94
0.05
3.7
0.030.080.05
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
USA
UK
Germany
Argentina
Austria
Australia
Japan
Switzerland
SouthAfrica
Italy
India
Pakistan
Srilanka
Percentage of area under organic
farming
Rajib Roychowdhury et al. (2013)
21. Organic cultivation not new in India
The term organic farming was first used by Lord Northbourne
in the book of look of the land
Organic agriculture in India started long back 1900 by Sir
Albert Howard a British agronomist, in local village of the
north India.
Organic farming first coined by North Bourne in 1946.
The state of Sikkim and Uttaranchal declared organic state.
Organic farming in India
22. STATUS OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN INDIA
Total area under
certified organic
2.8 M ha
Total production 0.59 Million tonnes
Total quantity
exported
0.02 Million tonnes
Value of total export Rs. 30124 lakh
Number of farmers 141904
23. Major products produced in India by organic farming
TYPE OF PRODUCT PRODUCTS
Commodity Tea, Coffee, Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane
Spices Cardamom, Black pepper, White pepper, Ginger, Turmeric,
vanilla, Tamarind, Clove, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Mace, Chilli
Pulses Red gram, Black gram
Fruits Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Orange, Cashew nut, Walnut
Vegetables Okra, Brinjal, Garlic, Onion, Tomato, Potato
Oil seeds Mustard, Sesame, Castor, Sunflower
Others Cotton, Herbal extracts
Garibay and Jyoti(2003)
25. ORGANIC FARMING STATUS IN SOUTH INDIA:
10129.11
5947.1
16099.06
7352.67
3199.44
20838.12
1443.67
35369.398
7516.67
3543.44
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Andhra Pradesh Goa Karnataka Kerala Tamilnadu
Total Area in ha Organic
Total Area in ha In-Conversion
National Centre of Organic Farming, Ghaziabad
32. Supply of nutrients
Nutrients are applied through organic manures
including
• FYM,
• Compost,
• Dung of various animals,
• Poultry manure,
• Green manure and
• Crop residues in farm fields.
33. Supply of Nutrients:
1. Bulky organic manures
FYM
Compost
Biogas slurry
Night soil
Sheep and goat manure
Poultry manure
Green manure
vermicompost
37. AVERAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF ANIMAL BASED CONCENTRATED
ORGANIC MANURES
Organic manures Nutrient content (%
N P2O5 K2O
Blood meal 10 - 12 1-2 1.0
Meat meal 10.5 2.5 0.5
Fish meal 4-10 3-9 0.3-1.5
Horn and Hoof meal 13 - -
Raw bone meal 3-4 20-25 -
Steamed bone meal 1-2 25-30 -
Organic farming (TNAU, AGRITECH PORTAL)
38. Bio-fertilizers
Sr.
No.
Group example
N2 Fixing Bio fertilizer
1. Free-living Azotobacter , Beijerinka, Clostridium, Anabanea
2. Symbiotic Rhizobium, Azolla, Frankia
3. Associtave symbiotic Azospirrlum
P Solubilising Bio fertilizer
1. Bacteria Bacillus sp, pseudomonus sp
2. Fungai Penicillum sp, Aspergillus awamori
P Mobilizing Bio fertilizer
1. Arbuscular mycorrhiza Gloumus sp, Gigaspora sp,
2. Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp, Amanita sp.
3. Ericoid mycorrhizae Pezizella ericae
4. Orchid mycorrhizae Rhizoctonia solani.
39. Seed treatment technique popular amongst
farmer in organic farming
a) With cow urine
cow urine + water (1:10)
soak the seed in solution for 15 minutes
dry the seed in shade and sowing.
It better germination and prevent seed borne disease
b) with cow milk
Cow milk + water (1:5)
Soak the seed in solution for 30 minutes
Dry the seed in shade and sowing.
It prevent yellowing of leaves and leaf spot diseases
40. C) With wood ash
Wood ash + water (10 gram + one litter)
Dip vegetable seed in solution for 15-30 minutes
Dry in shade and sow immediately
It prevent seedling rot
D) Hot water treatment
Boil water till it reaches 550 c.
Soak the seed for 15 – 30 minutes.
Dry seed first in shade and after in sun and stored
in insect proof container.
It control pathogens which develop seeds when
they are stored for a long time period.
43. Accreditation
Guarantees that the certification
program is competent to carry
out specific tasks
• Authoritative body defines
policies, standards and checks
whether a certification system is
operating according to standards
Standards
define production methods, not
the product quality
Minimum requirements, not
"best practice"
Standards <--> regulations
Continuously developed,
dynamic
Can be International, National or
regional standards
44. Inspection
On-site visit to verify that
the performance of an
operation is in accordance
with specific standards
Certification
Written confirmation that a
process or product is in
compliance with prescribed
standards
45. List of accredited certifying and inspection agencies
in India
Association for promotion of Organic Farming (APOF) Bangalore
Indian Society for Certification of organic production (ISCOP)-
Tamil Nadu
Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)- Cochin,
Kerala
Skal Inspection and Certificaton Agency- Bangalore
IMO Control Pvt. Ltd.- Bangalore
Ecocert International -Aurangabad
Bioinspectra -Cochin, Kerala
SGS India Pvt Ltd- Gurgaon
International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)- Mumbai
National Organic Certification Association (NOCA)- Pune
National programme for organic production( NPOP)
46. International Organic Standards
1. IFOAM: • International federation of organic Agricultural movements
• Established in 1972
• Headquarter in Germany
• Umbrella organization for organic Agriculture Association
• Developed international basic standards of organic agriculture
• Established IFOAM accreditation programme (1992) to accredit certifying
bodies
• Set up International Organic Accreditation Service (IOAS) in July 2001
2. CODEX: •Codex Alimentarious Commission – a joint FAO/WHO
•Intergovernment body
•Established in 1962
•Produced a set of guidelines for organic production
3. EU
regulation
•Laid out a basic regulation for European Union’s organic standards in Council
regulation No. 2092/91 (June 1991)
•Regulations give guidelines for the production of organic crops in the European
Community.
4. Demeter •Demeter International is a world wide net work of 19 International certification
bodies in Africa, Australia, Europe
•Developed guideline for biodynamic preparation.
5. JAS •A set of guidelines Japan Agricultural Standards for organic production
Organic standards
50. Differences in nutritional content between organic and conventional
vegetables: mean percent difference for four nutrients in five
frequently studied vegetables
Virginia Worthington
51. Virginia Worthington
Diet Vit-c (mg) Iron (mg) Magnesium(mg) Phosphorous
(mg)
Organic 89.2 3.7 80.0 124.0
Conventional 67.9 3.0 68.6 111.8
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF AN ORGANIC AND
CONVENTIONAL DIET: MILLIGRAMS OF VITAMIN C, IRON,
MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS IN ONE DAY’S
VEGETABLE INTAKE
52. Soil quality parameters as affected by organic (Org.) and conventional (Con.) farming
Ramesh et al.(2010)
53. Productivity of crops (t/ha) in organic versus conventional farming
Ramesh et al.(2010)
54. Effect of organic farming practices on growth, yield and
quality of rose onion (Allium cepa)
M. Prabhakar, S.S.Hebber and A.K. Nair
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 82(6) 2012, pp:500-
503
55. Treatment
Plant
height (cm)
LAI
Bulb
diameter
(cm)
Bulb
weight
(gm)
Bulb yield
(tonnes/ha)
T1: FYM equivalent to 25%
RDN
30.2 5.58 3.3 19.2 18.21
T2: FYM equivalent to 50%
RDN
30.7 5.08 3.5 19.0 18.60
T3: FYM equivalent to 75%
RDN
31.7 5.76 3.8 21.6 20.91
T4: FYM equivalent to 100%
RDN
32.5 5.95 3.8 21.7 21.06
T5: recommended
FYM+NPK fertilizers
28.9 5.61 3.2 19.1 19.44
T6: RDF(125:75:150) 26.0 5.41 3.1 17.7 17.34
CD (P=0.05) 0.67 0.33 0.36 0.93 0.82
Growth and quality of onion as influenced by source and quantity of
manures and fertilizers
Prabhakar et al. (2012)
56. LIST OF COMMODITIES WITH POTENTIAL FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN RAINFED
REGIONS
Venkateswarulu (CRIDA)
57. Advantages of organic farming:
Organic matter supplies all the essential macro and micro plant
nutrients.
Organic matter improves physico-chemical and biological
properties of soil.
Organic farming improves agro-ecosystem and helps in
stopping environmental degradation .
Organically grown crops are preferred by most people as it is
believed to be more nutritious compared to conventional ones.
Organic produce fetches more prices in national and
international market.
58. CONSTRAINTS OF ORGANIC FARMING:
Organic manure contain fewer amount of nutrient.
Lack of awareness
Marketing problems of organic inputs and out puts
Shortage of organic biomass
Poorly supporting infrastructure
High input cost
Lack of suitable agriculture policy
Lack of financial support
Low yields during conversion period
Political and social factors
Complex certification procedure
Lack of organic input responsive variety
Meena et al (2013)
59. Limitations of organic farming in India
Small land holding
Poor infrastructure facilities
Lack of technology knowledge
Convert organic farm
Organic material such as animal dung and other crop waste
used for fuel purpose
Organic material are bulky in nature very difficult store and
high price
City garbage contain heavy metal, plastic bags, stones and
needles.
Bio control agent are available only few selected insect pest.
Complicated organic certification process and high fees cost
Higher human population of India.
60. Debated issues on organic agriculture:
Can organic farming produce enough food for everybody?
Is it possible to meet the nutrient requirement of crops entirely
from organic sources?
Are there any significant environmental benefits from organic
farming?
Is the food produced by organic farming superior in quality?
Is organic farming economically feasible?
Is it possible to manage pest and disease in organic farming?
Munda et al.
61. SUGGESTIONS TO PROMOTE ORGANIC FARMING:
Many changes are needed if India is to overcome the constraints and
achieve its rich potential in organic agriculture.
Developing appropriate and strong extension services.
Developing strong linkage between producer and consumer.
Reducing the cost of certification and easily approachable to farmer.
Making the organic inputs available to small holders like bio-fertilizer and
bio-pesticide.
Developing the domestic market.
Providing subsidies and other financial support.
Improving infrastructural facilities like cold storage and transportation.
Enhancing linkages in the supply chain promoting research on organic
agricultural research and development.
Providing regular training on organic agriculture.
Meena et al.(2013)
62. Organic farming is better for our environment.
Organic farmers do not use synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides
