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Propoor Rewards for Environmental Services
             In Africa (PRESA)



        Brent Swallow and Thomas Yatich

                6 October 2006
Seminar Objectives and Outline


Our objectives:

Build a broader community of interest within ICRAF around propoor
  rewards for environmental services in Africa for:

1. identifying opportunities to link to existing projects

2. strengthening the technical and livelihood components of
   “PRESA” activities

3. Identifying opportunities for more integrated projects in the future
   that match / take advantage of the complexity of PRESA
Outline


1. Background

2. What are the interests for ICRAF?

3. How we use RUPES as the base for an African project

4. Overview of PRESA

5. Opportunities to link with other ICRAF projects
Background from CES scoping study

Increasing interest in “payments for ecosystem services”
    • Costa Rica forestry case (expanded and replicated in several
    countries in Meso America) – a Government programme for
    environmental management through financial incentives

   • Catskills watershed and New York City case (replicated in several
   sites in Latin America and now moving to Africa) – a public to
   collective programme

   • Biodiversity offset programmes in the United States – a
   government programme for efficient environmental management
   through tradeable conservation commitments

   • Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol (voluntary
   equivalents in carbon sequestration projects; interest in other
   MEAs (eg Ramsar, CMS, CBD); interest in avoided deforestation)
Growing interest in propoor PES for Africa

• Project experience with community-based ecotourism and green labelling
• IFAD support for ICRAF-led project on “Rewarding the poor of Asia for
environmental services (RUPES)” – and extension to Africa
• Ford Foundation linking Indonesia, Kenya & South African experiences in PES
• GEF and World Bank projects on PES (mostly in Latin America)

• WWF / CARE / IIED Programme on Environmental Services

• IUCN partnerships on conservation finance (mostly Asia)

• IISD Development Dividend Task Force; UNDP’s MDG Carbon; WWF
• Katoomba Group meeting for East & Southern Africa (Oct 2005 & Nov
2006). Forest Trends new $6 million GEF project on strengthening capacity.
• UNEP high-level workshop on Pro-poor markets for ecosystem services, plus
followup work on MDG / MEA interface (Nov 2005); UNEP / IUCN / CBD
workshop on international payments for ecosystem services (Sept 06)
• IDRC -- scoping study of Compensation for Ecosystem Services – ICRAF,
Forest Trends, IUCN, CGRR (Ecuador), ISEC (India), ACTS (Kenya
Definitions and concepts

Payments for environmental services”: 1) well defined service, 2)
voluntary transaction 3) conditioned on provision of the service or
land use likely to produce the service, 4) minimally comprising one
buyer and 5) one seller (Wunder).

But controversy, question and confusion …
… few pure PES schemes in existence, although several PES-like
schemes (conditionality as a critical gap)
… unclear how to really engage the private sector
… transaction costs may bias toward relatively wealthy people,
… loss of sovereignty (Ecuador Amazon peoples),
… compensation for damage versus rewards for action
… little evidence of the CDM working in Africa
… targeting payments for efficiency and impact
… different types of rewards including monetary, property rights,
public services, alternative enterprises
… different perspectives on payments / rewards for environmental
services
Background

Planning perspectives:
   • Wildlife conservation -- conservation finance
   • environmental management – incentives + regulation (beyond
   ICDPs)
   • economic planner – more flexible tools for efficiency
   • environmental benefits of investments undertaken for other
   purposes (eg Working for Water)
   • poverty reduction – new stream of income for the rural poor

Social justice perspective:
   • rural empowerment – redress social inequities
   • threat to rights of already disadvantaged indigenous peoples
   • peace and justice – way to manage conflicts over resource use
   and benefit sharing
Background

Business perspectives:
    redressing damage, CRS, complying with regulations,
   maintaining sustainable supply

Farmers’ perspectives:
   achieve recognition of the legitimacy of land use, enhance
   access to government programme, generate a new source of
   revenue for a defined service
ICRAF and propoor rewards
Why ICRAF?
1. The dominant regulatory approaches to land management focus on
   segregation of land uses, with intensive land uses walled off from
   protected areas and forests  no place for agroforestry.

2. ASB and other studies show that agroforestry systems that integrate trees
   into landscape mosaics often generate good levels of environmental
   services and livelihood benefits. Other ICRAF studies clarify cause and
   effect relations.

3. Rewards for environmental services can provide extra incentives to
   farmers maintain agroforestry land uses particularly useful to
   environmental objectives.

4. Combinations of recognition, regulation and rewards will be appropriate in
   different contexts.

5. Agroforestry as a nice entry into a complex problem.

6. ICRAF already established as a global leader and the RUPES as a brand.
PRESA: Building upon RUPES


Strengths:                           Weaknesses:
• Network of sites                   • sites unevenly
• Nested scale                       distributed across Asia
approach                             • too long to get to
• Tools and approaches               working mechanisms in
• Better recognition of              sites
smallholder farmers in               • did not link to similar
sites                                initiatives in the region
• Country-level uptake               • inadequate links to
and ownership                        IFAD loan projects
PRESA Objectives

1. Site-level engagement- scope, establish and monitor pro-poor
   rewards for ecosystem services
2. Policy and private- sector engagement-facilitate information
   exchange and negotiations among key stakeholders
3. Community of practice- support the sharing and sharing of
   assessment tools, methodologies and mechanisms among a
   community of practice
PRESA site-level activities:

1. Develop and adapt assessment methods and approaches from
   RUPES
2. Appraise causal links between RES, incentives, resource use,
   institutions and environmental services.
3. Determine appropriate targets for enhancing environmental services
   and livelihoods.
4. Develop institutions to support reward mechanisms that are
   effective, equitable and sensitive to the needs of marginalized
   groups.
5. Develop and test prototype reward mechanisms.
6. Establish, implement and facilitate operational reward mechanisms.
7. Monitor, evaluate and assess impacts.
PRESA policy activities:

1. Conduct a survey of private and parastatal firms to determine
factors motivating and constraining their participation in RES

2. Evaluate the business case for rewards from perspectives of private
sector, parastatals and beneficiaries of watershed services.

3. Review and synthesize site-level results for policy.

4. Identify policy factors that constrain the business case for rewards
and convene consultations among stakeholders.

5. Present results at international fora.
PRESA community of practice

1. Disseminate and adapt RUPES Technical Advisory Notes

2. Support application of tools, methodologies and mechanisms
   among a community of practice

3. Establish relations with international, regional and national
   organizations interested in RES

4. Convene side events at Katoomba Africa or other relevant
   international meetings
Criteria for site selection


•   High probability of a workable reward scheme for
    environmental services;
•   Geographical priorities of IFAD or regions of its
    investment projects;
•   Geographical interests of partners;
•   Environmental services of interest to agroforestry
    and IFAD
•   ICRAF’s ongoing or active research programs
PRESA core sites

Sites        Environmental                  Possible reward mechanism                    Collaborators
              Services) in
                 focus

Kasyoha-     Bundling        Financial payments, input support and extension services    WWF-EARPO
Kitomi       forest          in exchange for carbon sequestration.                        Ecotrust,
forest       ecosystem                                                                   Nature
landscape    services        Restricted access to forest reserve resources in exchange   Uganda,,
(Uganda)                     for the protection, restoration and ”co-management” of      ICRAF
                             Biodiversity and landscape level resources

Uluguru      Bundling        Financial payments, input support, and extension            CARE-
Mountains    forest           services in exchange for improved watershed                Tanzania,
(Tanzania)   Ecosystem               management;                                         TFCG, IIED,
              services       Financial payments, input support and extension             WWF and
                             services in exchange for carbon sequestration;              ICRAF

                             Restricted access to forest reserve resources in exchange
                                    for the protection, restoration and ”co-
                                    management” of biodiversity
PRESA core sites (cont’d)

Sites          Environmental          Possible reward mechanism             Collaborators
                Services) in
                   focus
Mt. Kenya      Regular supply   Conditional rewards for adoption of        Line ministries,
East           of clean water   better-farming practices leading to        KWS, Forest
Catchment      for urban,       reduced soil erosion, sediments in         Department,
(Kenya)        domestic,        downstream dams and improved               MKEPP-NRM,
               irrigation,      production                                 UNOPS, GEF,
               hydropower                                                  Katoomba
               production and                                              Group
               downstream
               uses
Conservation   Primate          Support for tree and forest-based          CIFOR,
of Fouta       conservation,    enterprises in exchange for biodiversity   USAID,
Djallon        tree diversity   and watershed conservation and build       Local
highlands      conservation,    rural communities capacity for             government,
(Guinea)       and watershed    agricultural production
               protection
PRESA associate sites
                    Environmental Services) in focus          Possible reward mechanism            Collaborators
Lake            Land restoration for enhancing soil         Carbon offsets through either      KARI
Victoria        fertility, restoring watershed function     voluntary or CDM market
Basin            biodiversity and carbon sequestration
Aberdares       Regular supply of clean water               Financial payments, input          NCWSC, JKUAT
NCWSC           downstream and urban squatter               support, and community forest
(Kenya)         settlements & biodiversity conservation     groups in exchange for
                                                            restoration of gazetted forests
Allanblackia    Landscape level tree diversity in multi-    Financial payments for planting    ICRAF, Unilever,
project sites   functional landscapes adjacent to           and maintaining diverse tree       IUCN, NARIs,
in Tanzania     protected areas                             stands on farm                      SNV, TFCG

Western         Biodiversity conservation; watershed        Support for community and          ASARECA, AHI,
 Usambara        protection (large drylands in valleys      district-level negotiations over   Ministries of NR
(Tanzania)      supported by Usambara Mountains)            NRM, processes for small-scale     and Tourism,
                                                             irrigation; extension support     agriculture, Water
                                                            Indigenous tree species; co-       and TAFORI
                                                            Management of protected
                                                            areas; conditional water,
                                                            biodiversity, carbon payments.
Opportunities for linking to other
                                  ICRAF activities in Africa


• Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystems Management Project

• Allanblackia project

• land degradation and carbon stock / carbon sequestration
assessments

• hydrologic and ecosystem modelling for targeting

• Joint CIFOR / ICRAF biodiversity unit

• ….
Conclusions

1. IFAD’s Executive Board reviewed the PRESA proposal yesterday

2. Aberdares / Nairobi water project looks to be on track

3. UNEP project on potential for using reward mechanisms in the
   Lake Victoria basin is on track

4. Opportunities to link to other ICRAF projects, recognizing that
   not all sites are appropriate
Conceptual Foundations

1. Compensation for environmental services – “polluter pays” for
damage that they inflict on others

2. Rewards for environmental services – “beneficiary pays” an
ecosystem resident who foregoes legitimate uses of the ecosystem
or undertakes positive investment in the ecosystem services

3. Markets for ecosystem services also refer to tradeable pollution
or tradeable resource use rights

 4. The regulatory environment and distribution of rights define the
 baseline viz rewards and compensation.

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Brent Swallow 6th October

  • 1. Propoor Rewards for Environmental Services In Africa (PRESA) Brent Swallow and Thomas Yatich 6 October 2006
  • 2. Seminar Objectives and Outline Our objectives: Build a broader community of interest within ICRAF around propoor rewards for environmental services in Africa for: 1. identifying opportunities to link to existing projects 2. strengthening the technical and livelihood components of “PRESA” activities 3. Identifying opportunities for more integrated projects in the future that match / take advantage of the complexity of PRESA
  • 3. Outline 1. Background 2. What are the interests for ICRAF? 3. How we use RUPES as the base for an African project 4. Overview of PRESA 5. Opportunities to link with other ICRAF projects
  • 4. Background from CES scoping study Increasing interest in “payments for ecosystem services” • Costa Rica forestry case (expanded and replicated in several countries in Meso America) – a Government programme for environmental management through financial incentives • Catskills watershed and New York City case (replicated in several sites in Latin America and now moving to Africa) – a public to collective programme • Biodiversity offset programmes in the United States – a government programme for efficient environmental management through tradeable conservation commitments • Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol (voluntary equivalents in carbon sequestration projects; interest in other MEAs (eg Ramsar, CMS, CBD); interest in avoided deforestation)
  • 5. Growing interest in propoor PES for Africa • Project experience with community-based ecotourism and green labelling • IFAD support for ICRAF-led project on “Rewarding the poor of Asia for environmental services (RUPES)” – and extension to Africa • Ford Foundation linking Indonesia, Kenya & South African experiences in PES • GEF and World Bank projects on PES (mostly in Latin America) • WWF / CARE / IIED Programme on Environmental Services • IUCN partnerships on conservation finance (mostly Asia) • IISD Development Dividend Task Force; UNDP’s MDG Carbon; WWF • Katoomba Group meeting for East & Southern Africa (Oct 2005 & Nov 2006). Forest Trends new $6 million GEF project on strengthening capacity. • UNEP high-level workshop on Pro-poor markets for ecosystem services, plus followup work on MDG / MEA interface (Nov 2005); UNEP / IUCN / CBD workshop on international payments for ecosystem services (Sept 06) • IDRC -- scoping study of Compensation for Ecosystem Services – ICRAF, Forest Trends, IUCN, CGRR (Ecuador), ISEC (India), ACTS (Kenya
  • 6. Definitions and concepts Payments for environmental services”: 1) well defined service, 2) voluntary transaction 3) conditioned on provision of the service or land use likely to produce the service, 4) minimally comprising one buyer and 5) one seller (Wunder). But controversy, question and confusion … … few pure PES schemes in existence, although several PES-like schemes (conditionality as a critical gap) … unclear how to really engage the private sector … transaction costs may bias toward relatively wealthy people, … loss of sovereignty (Ecuador Amazon peoples), … compensation for damage versus rewards for action … little evidence of the CDM working in Africa … targeting payments for efficiency and impact … different types of rewards including monetary, property rights, public services, alternative enterprises … different perspectives on payments / rewards for environmental services
  • 7. Background Planning perspectives: • Wildlife conservation -- conservation finance • environmental management – incentives + regulation (beyond ICDPs) • economic planner – more flexible tools for efficiency • environmental benefits of investments undertaken for other purposes (eg Working for Water) • poverty reduction – new stream of income for the rural poor Social justice perspective: • rural empowerment – redress social inequities • threat to rights of already disadvantaged indigenous peoples • peace and justice – way to manage conflicts over resource use and benefit sharing
  • 8. Background Business perspectives: redressing damage, CRS, complying with regulations, maintaining sustainable supply Farmers’ perspectives: achieve recognition of the legitimacy of land use, enhance access to government programme, generate a new source of revenue for a defined service
  • 9. ICRAF and propoor rewards Why ICRAF? 1. The dominant regulatory approaches to land management focus on segregation of land uses, with intensive land uses walled off from protected areas and forests  no place for agroforestry. 2. ASB and other studies show that agroforestry systems that integrate trees into landscape mosaics often generate good levels of environmental services and livelihood benefits. Other ICRAF studies clarify cause and effect relations. 3. Rewards for environmental services can provide extra incentives to farmers maintain agroforestry land uses particularly useful to environmental objectives. 4. Combinations of recognition, regulation and rewards will be appropriate in different contexts. 5. Agroforestry as a nice entry into a complex problem. 6. ICRAF already established as a global leader and the RUPES as a brand.
  • 10. PRESA: Building upon RUPES Strengths: Weaknesses: • Network of sites • sites unevenly • Nested scale distributed across Asia approach • too long to get to • Tools and approaches working mechanisms in • Better recognition of sites smallholder farmers in • did not link to similar sites initiatives in the region • Country-level uptake • inadequate links to and ownership IFAD loan projects
  • 11. PRESA Objectives 1. Site-level engagement- scope, establish and monitor pro-poor rewards for ecosystem services 2. Policy and private- sector engagement-facilitate information exchange and negotiations among key stakeholders 3. Community of practice- support the sharing and sharing of assessment tools, methodologies and mechanisms among a community of practice
  • 12. PRESA site-level activities: 1. Develop and adapt assessment methods and approaches from RUPES 2. Appraise causal links between RES, incentives, resource use, institutions and environmental services. 3. Determine appropriate targets for enhancing environmental services and livelihoods. 4. Develop institutions to support reward mechanisms that are effective, equitable and sensitive to the needs of marginalized groups. 5. Develop and test prototype reward mechanisms. 6. Establish, implement and facilitate operational reward mechanisms. 7. Monitor, evaluate and assess impacts.
  • 13. PRESA policy activities: 1. Conduct a survey of private and parastatal firms to determine factors motivating and constraining their participation in RES 2. Evaluate the business case for rewards from perspectives of private sector, parastatals and beneficiaries of watershed services. 3. Review and synthesize site-level results for policy. 4. Identify policy factors that constrain the business case for rewards and convene consultations among stakeholders. 5. Present results at international fora.
  • 14. PRESA community of practice 1. Disseminate and adapt RUPES Technical Advisory Notes 2. Support application of tools, methodologies and mechanisms among a community of practice 3. Establish relations with international, regional and national organizations interested in RES 4. Convene side events at Katoomba Africa or other relevant international meetings
  • 15. Criteria for site selection • High probability of a workable reward scheme for environmental services; • Geographical priorities of IFAD or regions of its investment projects; • Geographical interests of partners; • Environmental services of interest to agroforestry and IFAD • ICRAF’s ongoing or active research programs
  • 16. PRESA core sites Sites Environmental Possible reward mechanism Collaborators Services) in focus Kasyoha- Bundling Financial payments, input support and extension services WWF-EARPO Kitomi forest in exchange for carbon sequestration. Ecotrust, forest ecosystem Nature landscape services Restricted access to forest reserve resources in exchange Uganda,, (Uganda) for the protection, restoration and ”co-management” of ICRAF Biodiversity and landscape level resources Uluguru Bundling Financial payments, input support, and extension CARE- Mountains forest services in exchange for improved watershed Tanzania, (Tanzania) Ecosystem management; TFCG, IIED, services Financial payments, input support and extension WWF and services in exchange for carbon sequestration; ICRAF Restricted access to forest reserve resources in exchange for the protection, restoration and ”co- management” of biodiversity
  • 17. PRESA core sites (cont’d) Sites Environmental Possible reward mechanism Collaborators Services) in focus Mt. Kenya Regular supply Conditional rewards for adoption of Line ministries, East of clean water better-farming practices leading to KWS, Forest Catchment for urban, reduced soil erosion, sediments in Department, (Kenya) domestic, downstream dams and improved MKEPP-NRM, irrigation, production UNOPS, GEF, hydropower Katoomba production and Group downstream uses Conservation Primate Support for tree and forest-based CIFOR, of Fouta conservation, enterprises in exchange for biodiversity USAID, Djallon tree diversity and watershed conservation and build Local highlands conservation, rural communities capacity for government, (Guinea) and watershed agricultural production protection
  • 18. PRESA associate sites Environmental Services) in focus Possible reward mechanism Collaborators Lake Land restoration for enhancing soil Carbon offsets through either KARI Victoria fertility, restoring watershed function voluntary or CDM market Basin biodiversity and carbon sequestration Aberdares Regular supply of clean water Financial payments, input NCWSC, JKUAT NCWSC downstream and urban squatter support, and community forest (Kenya) settlements & biodiversity conservation groups in exchange for restoration of gazetted forests Allanblackia Landscape level tree diversity in multi- Financial payments for planting ICRAF, Unilever, project sites functional landscapes adjacent to and maintaining diverse tree IUCN, NARIs, in Tanzania protected areas stands on farm SNV, TFCG Western Biodiversity conservation; watershed Support for community and ASARECA, AHI, Usambara protection (large drylands in valleys district-level negotiations over Ministries of NR (Tanzania) supported by Usambara Mountains) NRM, processes for small-scale and Tourism, irrigation; extension support agriculture, Water Indigenous tree species; co- and TAFORI Management of protected areas; conditional water, biodiversity, carbon payments.
  • 19. Opportunities for linking to other ICRAF activities in Africa • Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystems Management Project • Allanblackia project • land degradation and carbon stock / carbon sequestration assessments • hydrologic and ecosystem modelling for targeting • Joint CIFOR / ICRAF biodiversity unit • ….
  • 20. Conclusions 1. IFAD’s Executive Board reviewed the PRESA proposal yesterday 2. Aberdares / Nairobi water project looks to be on track 3. UNEP project on potential for using reward mechanisms in the Lake Victoria basin is on track 4. Opportunities to link to other ICRAF projects, recognizing that not all sites are appropriate
  • 21. Conceptual Foundations 1. Compensation for environmental services – “polluter pays” for damage that they inflict on others 2. Rewards for environmental services – “beneficiary pays” an ecosystem resident who foregoes legitimate uses of the ecosystem or undertakes positive investment in the ecosystem services 3. Markets for ecosystem services also refer to tradeable pollution or tradeable resource use rights 4. The regulatory environment and distribution of rights define the baseline viz rewards and compensation.