Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, Putra Agung, Suyanto and Ujjwal Pradhan

1. Migrants, land markets & agroforestry:
turning the tide with village forest
development in Jambi, Indonesia
Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, Putra
Agung, Suyanto and Ujjwal Pradhan
Presented at World Congress on Agroforestry 2014,
10-14 February in Delhi, India

2. Jambi Overview:
1. Located in Sumatera, Indonesia
2. 50% of population is migrants (Javanese, Bugis
and Banjar) esp. in the coastal area
3. Many private investment (oil palm and pulp and
paper plantation)
4. High biodiversity remaining in Kerinci Seblat
National Park, Bukit Dua Belas National Park
and Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

5. Underlying cause of forest and agroforestry
conversion….
….. national and regional political economy to promote oil
palm and monoculture pulp and paper plantation
…. state sponsored and spontaneous migration looking for
land and livelihood opportunities
…. migrants act as intermediaries in shaping the land tenure
system and shift the balance of power between local
communities, the state, and business concessions.
…. possible of ‘conflicts’ between forest agency, private
concessions, migrants and local communities has resulted to
forest clearing and severe deforestation

6. What strategic actions are
needed?

7. 1
Land use policies
affecting tenure rights
Global national
local market
demand
-Pulp and paper
-Oil palm
Large scale
investment
--------------Farmers
--------------Forest & land
authorities
What are the
instruments to support
communities & land
managers to manage
landscapes sustainable?
Existing
local
agroforest
& farming
system
Expansion of
oil palm,
forest
plantations,
land
modifications
CO2 emissions,
biodiversity loss, hydro’
reduced function
Conditional land tenure through
village forest & community forest
2
Tenurial
conflict &
land market

8. What opportunities role for State
sponsored community-based
forest management (CBFM) to
promote sustainable
agroforestry?

9. Community Based
Forest Management
Schemes
Governing Institution
Type of Right Held
Duration of Rights
Community Forestry
(Hutan Kemasyarakatan)
Forest Farmer Groups,
but after 5 years, must
create Farmer Economic
Enterprise (Koperasi)
Group utilization and
harvesting rights. A quota
for these rights is imposed
each year.
Planted timbers for 50
m3
Non timber products for
20 tonnes
35 years and more. Each 5
years are being evaluated.
People Plantation Forest
(Hutan Tanaman Rakyat)
Individual or Farmer
Economic Enterprise
(Koperasi)
Private or group uttilization
and harvesting rights. No
certain quota is imposed.
60 years and can be
extended for another 35
years.
Village Forestry
(Hutan Desa)
Village Institution
Management right. A quota
(Lembaga Desa), based on for these rights is imposed
village regulatioan
each year.
Planted timbers for 50
m3
Non timber products for
20 tonnes
Customary Forest
(Hutan Adat)
Customary Insitution
(Lembaga Adat)
Undetermined
35 years and more. Each 5
years are being evaluated.
Undetermined

10. What opportunities role for state sponsored CBFM?
1. Promote clear and stable land tenure security that
allows local communities managing forest
…. many local communities and migrants do not have tenure
security on managing forest
However….
…. conflict of interest between migrants & local communities
(individual rights vs communal rights)
…. fear of elite capture, esp. communal rights (village forest)

11. What opportunities role for state-sponsored CBFM?
2. Promote sustainable livelihood for local communities through
sustainable agroforestry system
…. obligation to plant agroforestry system in CBFM concession area
…. traditional agroforestry system has been practiced by local
communities such as rubber & cinnamon agroforest
3. Promote and maintain biodiversity and environmental services
functions
…. monitoring mechanism has been regulated through MoF Decree
However….
…. it will need to be translated to forest management plan (business
plan), long bureaucratic process with many interests

12. Conclusion
….. threat to agroforestry is caused not only by land
conversion through land use planning & government
permits, but also by the relational rights between local people
& migrants
…. CBFM can be the solution but it needs a dispute resolution
mechanism to facilitate the difference of stakeholders on ‘land
rights’ and business plan

13. Thank You