1. Eighteenth -English Abstracts of Scientific Researches Provided Assistant Professor
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A-Scientific Researches-:
1-Egyptian Education in The Sudan from 1943 to 1952
)Documentary Study(
Research Published in Aubda khouhela (editor): - "Egypt and The Arab World ...
Communicate or Break" , Annual Symposium of the Egyptian Society for Historical
Studies for 2006, Publications The Center of Research Social Studies - Faculty of Arts -
Cairo University, Cairo, 2008.
The Sudan did not know - Trespassing - before the era of Muhammad Ali and His Family
nothing about Modern Education Systems. As a result, The Political Form of The Sudan, in
the period, that The Egyptian Educational System prevailed to the beginning of Bilateral
Governance, In that moment Education Resources seemed to be in The Sudan different for
different quality of Teachers who Reception is on their hands. As Britain - one of the parties
Bilateral Governance - is The Dominant State, Hence it took Vision and Educational Policy in
the Form of Education. On the other hand Egyptian Educators emerged as one of The Most
Important Intellectual tools in The Formulation of Mental Sudan until they were rid of them
after The Incidents in 1924. As The Egyptian Educational System - Through the Teachers - is
The Most Important Artery for the flow of science ,Arabic Language and Islam in The Sudan
Flesh, It can not be excluded from the Circuit Sudanese knockout, So The Process of
Establishing The Egyptian Educational System in The Sudan in 1943 is the clearest evidence
of excellence in The Egyptian War with Education Britain, and The Process of Cultural
Conflict imposed by the 1936 Treaty, And The Circumstances of World War II, has produced
a big Egyptian Force, Cultural and Educational, Has become scare Britain. So no choice than
restore An Atmosphere of Political Conflict within The Sudan as a natural consequence for
failing in Cultural Conflict. The Study revolves around Three Main Axes: The First Axis, The
Conditions that led to The Founding of The Egyptian Educational System in Sudan. The
Second Axis, The Education Policy in the Sudan, Egypt and The Attitude of Political Forces
and Social it. The Third Axis, The Structure of Egyptian Education in the Sudan. The Study
concluded that the objectives of The Egyptian Educational System in Sudan has emerged in
three main Features: The First Feature, Tutorial, The increase in numbers of both types of
Egyptian Schools, AL-Amiri and The Private, And increase the number of Teachers and
Sudanese Students, And contributed to The Process of Educational Reform and
Development held in Sudan in the period, The Second Feature, Social and Cultural; The Role
of The Egyptian Education in events Social and Cultural Change across the areas settled by.
The Third Feature, A Political, Egyptian Education was an important role in increasing
Political Awareness through Sudan, Where The Union Issue infiltrated - as in an intellectual-
Led Egyptian Schools to retain The Identity -- inside The Sudanese society, Which led to the
Egyptian-Sudanese for Greater Convergence in The Period.
2-Egypt and The Project of African Defense Pact,
1951-1958
)Documentary Study(
Search publication in Assem El-Dessouky (editor): - Gamal Abdel Nasser and His
Era ... Ninety-year Anniversary of The Birth of Abdel Nasser, The Egyptian Society for
Historical Studies in cooperation with The Egyptian National Library, January 2008.
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2. Ibn Khaldun Foundation, Cairo, 2010, As well as A Committee of
Historians Under the Supervision Adel Ghoneim: - Gamal Abdel Nasser and His
Era,Dar El-Maref, Cairo 0.2013.
The Project of African Defense Pact is one of The Projects presented by The Colonial
Powers to defend Africa after World War II. It was born in The Defense Project for The Middle
East since 1947. Although it is formally presented to Egypt in July 12, 1951, i.e. Before Three
Months The Draft to lead The Middle East Project, But it proceeded with The Defense of The
Middle East (Baghdad Pact later) Up and Down. Even when The Baghdad Pact fell, There is
no longer an excuse to be put forward again, It was The Liberalization Sweeps any
possibility of The Pact again. And Research is divided into Four
Main Axes: The First Axis explore The Idea of The Project of African Defense Pact
since its inception and prior to submission to the Egyptian Government. While The Second
Axis claimed discusses The Situation of The Egyptian Nairobi Conference in 1951. The Third
Axis talks about The July Revolution and Awareness of The Project of African Defense Pact.
In The Fourth Axis, And The Last, Shows of The Egyptian Position of The Project after it
became his goal to Isolate and Marginalize and The Siege of The Egyptian Role in Africa.
The Study Concluded A New Vision around The Entrance of Egypt to The
African Continent in The Fifties of The Twentieth Century. It was the follow-up Egyptian
Administration and good analysis of The African Defense Pact throughout the period 1951
-1958 has provided its Expertise and Experience that The Contradictions between
International Forces and Regional driving Events, And therefore it was natural to take
advantage of vulnerabilities that have emerged, which was of The West Concern in The
Communism, And Competition between Local Forces and The West, And The Financial
Difficulties of both France and Britain, And Disagreement about The Autonomy and Interests
of Europeans. All The Papers that was in the hands of the Egyptian Administration exploited
in Maintaining Regional Security, And in Identifying the true gateway to The Continent, And It
found centered around The Need for However, African Liberation Movements, Which explains
The Great Success Achieved in this port let Specifically since The Late Fifties.
3-Egypt and Alliances Defensive Projects in North Africa From 1956 To 1958
Research published in Middle East Research Journal, Middle East Research
Center, Ain Shams University, No. 24, March 2009.
Westerns Attempts seemed to appear to enter The North African Region in the issue of
Military Alliances haunting, Highly dangerous to the Security of Egypt's Regional and Arab
World. In this context, The Study focused on understanding and analysis of Local, Regional
and International stakeholders in the establishment of these Projects, And the role played by
Egypt in the Foil. Especially after it is confirmed that the goal of these projects is meant to
stifle and siege from The West. In this context, The projects of "North Africa Pact" and The
"Coalition of The Western Mediterranean" are the model of the seriousness of those projects
which have horrified The Egyptian Administration. If the data on Arab environment in the area
helped Egypt in implementing its plan for the failure of these Projects, The performance of
Egypt and appreciation for the good things have been created to move the actual rules, And it
moves to neutralize The Western Move in the region during that period. The Study is divided
into Four Main Themes: First, Revolves around Egypt and Defense Projects in North Africa
before the year 1956. Second, Egypt and The Draft of North Africa Pact. Third, Egypt and The
linkage between Africa Saharan Draft and North Africa Pact. And The Last, Is about Egypt
and The Coalition of The Western Mediterranean. The Study provided new additions in some
of the issues: First, Changed the angle of Consideration to the issue of Egyptian support for
The Algerian Revolution. Who wrote about this issue, Some of them were between the
amounts in the estimation of this support and its impact, And the other scrimped because they
would have studied it in the framework of Egypt's help to the Arab Liberation Movement. As
presented by The New Study, As that this support came in the context of maintaining the
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3. strategic interests of Egyptian From the west. Their efforts to frustrate The North Africa
Project confirms that Egyptian Support continued for the Algerian Revolution was carrying in a
form attached to this Project. Second, The Study added a new dimension in the relationship
the United States of America in the region. It said that U.S.A stood behind The North Africa
Project was aimed at replacement of Britain and France in the region extending to the
Independence Movement, When It realized that France could no longer keep it, This is on the
side. On the other side of its numerous commitments to mitigate against Europe. Third, The
Study proved that The Projects of Alliances in the area were not initially tied to Projects
proposed for the Mediterranean Sea, But more associated with The Middle East (Baghdad
Pact), And the provision of Military Facilities only through the existing rules. Did not show
special Defense Projects in the region only at the beginning of 1956. And that Egypt had
proposed to enter the Turkish part of the strategy of the Mediterranean Sea, As is the case in
a bid incorporated in The Middle East Draft. The Concentration of The Egyptian
Administration not to be led Libya to Western Alliances, The important objectives that The
Administration has succeeded in achieving them, But have tried to replicate that experience
with Tunisia and Morocco, But that Bourguiba's Political Ambitions and Vision to Morocco for
its relationship with the West have opposed these attempts. Fourth, It said that the lack of
balance in the benefits and in power bills within the Two Pacts are indirect cause in Failing.
There is disagreement between The Ruling Regimes of Local and Non-Military balance and
promise, Not to mention the possibility of establishing a project between The Weak States in
terms of military and other Western Countries is strong. Fifth, The Study demonstrated that
the portal was used by The Egyptian Administration to non-completion of these projects
demonstrate the proper assessment of the strengths and weaknesses within it. And can be
summed up in The Four Entrances: The First Entry, A Formal Entrance, And The Role was
played by Administration and The Egyptian Embassies in the region to attract The Leaders of
its own. For this, Reports of Documents reported on the growth of relations between Egypt
and these Countries. Second Entrance, Religious Entrance, When used The Islamic
Conference to play a role in pushing The Tunisian relations with Egypt, And attract the region
Students to study in Al-Azhar. Third Entrance, Entrance to the people, At the invitation of
representatives of sectors and people to attend the conference to be held in Cairo, Where
they found in the North African public good supportive of the plans to the failure of The
Alliance. The best proof of this Documents talk on the growth of the degree of trust in
Egyptian Policy by the public opinion. Fourth Entrance, Culture Entrance, The deployment of
the Arabic Language, Send Teachers and Receive Students from that region.
4-Cairo University in The Sudan 1955-1964
Research published in The work of The International Symposium of The
Department of History about "Egyptian-Sudanese Relations Through The Ages,
Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University,18-19 May 2009.
While Egypt's Relations in Higher Education in The Sudan remained before the year 1955
only to accept The Sudanese in The Egyptian Universities, And supply University College in
Khartoum, With some Egyptian Professors, And thus remained trip Sudanese University
Students - In most cases - Unilateral, From Sudan to Egypt, But that The Conciliator Decision
witch taken by the Egyptian Administration in establishing A Branch of Cairo University in
Khartoum in late that year, A Shift is the opposite of the previous methods, And response with
different political reality, And a new tool enabling them to communicate with the Sudan. The
Study reveals dark corners in The History of Relations between Egypt and Sudan, And
conclude that Egypt Higher Education in Sudan has played a leading role in enriching the
cultural life, Political, And social development there. The Study is organized around Six Main
Themes: First, Egypt and Higher Education in The Sudan before 1955. Second, Establishing
the Khartoum Branch of Cairo University. Third, Branch Administration and Educational
System. Fourth, The Teaching Staff. Fifth, The Branch Student. Sixth, Branch and Politics.
The Study found that The Cairo University Branch in Sudan worked in Education than Policy,
And detected by Six Things: First, Increase the turnout of Students in The Branch violated the
expectations of the Egyptian Administration itself in 1956, The more intensified Branch
increase number of Students. Second, The high number of Graduates of the Branch at the
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4. end of The Study, Including more than three times the number of The First Batch of
Graduates. Third, The high number and percentage of Sudanese Students compared to
Egyptian Students and Students of other nationalities, Including nearly Four-Fifths of the
students Branch. Fourth, Branch had conducted a qualitative leap in the Education of
Sudanese, So that was educated in Egypt, The most educated male-dominated, Branch
Opened have made a leap in the quality of Education of Sudanese Women. Fifth, The Branch
was able to attract the Middle Classes and lower, So it got on popular unrivaled. Sixthly, The
Branch contributed to the scientific training of Sudanese Graduates, Gave a distinct social
status for its graduates, And the labor market in The Sudan become compete of them. The
Study revealed that the political and cultural context, Which revealed A Branch of Cairo
University in the Sudan was conducive to the achievement of five benefits: First, Create a
new tool and distinct for the continuation The Egyptian of Cultural Influence and Civilization to
preserve the Arab identity of Sudan. Second, It could be toast Sudanese defend the issues of
Egypt and Arabism, And the best example of this is what happened during The Tripartite
Aggression, And what happened in support of The Egyptian-Syrian Unity. Third, The Branch
contributed to Approach distances and relations between Egypt and Sudan, And helped
achieve continuity of intellectual, political, and cultural cooperation between the two
Countries. Fourth, The Branch has proved to Cairo University to the leading role on a global
role, No longer like The American and British Universities, Universities of States in other
Countries, But was Branch is part of the Egyptian University in another Country. Fifth, The
Egyptian Administration benefited from Branch in order to mobilize The Students themselves
with the interaction of political events and national issues, which employed the two countries,
So that Branch did not show an instrument of policy or a tendency Egyptian fancy, But was
the mouthpiece of what is happening in Sudan interactions. This explains the unprecedented
Popular embrace of The Branch and professors and Alumni, Which will be mounting later.
5 - Egypt and The African Belt Project, 1954-1958
(Documentary Study)
Research Published in The Journal of the Egyptian Historians "Studies and
Researches In History and Civilization", No. 33, Department of History, Faculty of Arts,
Cairo University, July 2008.
Africa Belt Project is A Western Project led by United States of America to extend Belt
Defense cross stretches from Ethiopia in The East to The Atlantic Coast in The West to lay
siege to Egypt and Soviet influence in The South. The Project has a close link between The
Egyptian Rejection for Northern Belt, And The U.S.A Insistence on the use of the Belt as a
pressure on it to change its position. And to identify features of the project requires an
understanding of Local Power dynamics in two parts; East (Ethiopia and Sudan) and Western
(West Africa), And then provide The Egyptian Position as a model example of Local Forces
that reject the idea, And even induced it. The Study revolves around Five Axes: The First Axis
deals with Egypt's Attitude towards the U.S.A defense arrangements with Ethiopia before
1955. And Axis II discusses the launch of the project and the Egyptian position of this
approach. While The Third Axis being claimed for The Draft of African Regional Bloc and try
to drag Egypt to enter into. The Fourth Axis is studying the issue of return of the Belt project
and try to complete the link. In the latter dealing with The End of the Project and The Egyptian
role in arranging this End. The Study proved that the Egyptian Security Interests and the
strategic and economic was impose the Egyptian Trend since the mid-fifties to Africa, And
that The African Belt Project dimensions of Ideological, Cultural and Military consistent with
the vision of The Western Powers, was one of the main drivers of this Trend. And that interest
which led Egypt to follow-up, When The Western Powers failed to persuade Egypt to give it
the possibility of Sudan in exchange for agreeing to The Middle East Draft , Sudan began to
employ himself against Egypt dragging of The Africa Belt, In this context, The Study provided
us with a new understanding of the rising tide of independence in the Sudan. The Survey
should be to reconsider the role of Ethiopia and Ghana in providing policy guidance in Africa
with the blessing of Western Powers, And it should re-read The Common Projects with these
two countries and their impact on the course of Egyptian-African relations since the end of the
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5. Fifties. Indeed, The Study did not see nothing wrong in saying that The Ethiopian role
associated with the Western Strategic has not changed so far, represented in its ongoing
quest to make trouble between Egypt and Sudan, And the success of its policy on the issue of
southern Sudan and Somalia.
6 - Jews of The Sudan in The Forties and Fifties of The Twentieth Century
Search under publication in Aubda khouhela (editor): - Jews in The Arab World ...
Isolation or Affiliation, Annual Symposium of The Egyptian Society for Historical
Studies for 2009.
The Theme of "Jews of The Sudan in The Forties and Fifties of
The Twentieth Century" is a virgin of topics in Arabic Studies. Indeed, Studies that
tackled the issue of the relationship between Israel and the Sudan, did not discuss the role of
the Jews of the Sudan in this relationship, either because of ignorance of their presence at all,
or the lack of such Studies to obtain documents that recognize the existence. Have seen The
Forties and Fifties of The Twentieth Century a rise in Political Power, Economic and
Religious, for Jews of the Sudan, And therefore it was natural that the study seeks to discover
the reasons for this increase and its relationship to multiple Problems raised by that period,
As Problems Independence, And the relationship with The West and Israel, and the specificity
of The Egyptian-Sudanese relations. The study is based on Four Main Elements: First, The
Modern Presence of Jewish in The Sudan. Second, The Practice of Religion for The Jews of
The Sudan. Third, The Economic Activity of The Jews of Sudan. Fourth, The Jews of Sudan's
Political Activity. The Study concluded that the majority of Jews of the Sudan are Israeli
Jewish Community, Most of them came from Egypt, So explained how the Egyptian origin to
play to live in Sudan as part of the social structure of Egypt. The Rabbi Sudan was a follower
of the Chief Rabbinate of Egypt, As well as the way of life and rituals and temple and the
formation of their community, It was all along the lines of what is going on in Egypt. Approval
with two issues: First, They settled in the Sudan and lived with there family and established
relationships at various levels (Political, Economic and Social). Second, Their interaction with
British culture as a result ties to Power English and Foreign Education. The Particularity and
then The Jews Sudan relations wide circle even Egyptian Jews therefore have had the
opportunity to have a distinct role in the service of the Zionist Project. The Study revealed that
their role in the escalation of The Independence Movement in The Sudan was not exculpatory
of political goals, It was been made clear to the process employed to help this trend to serve
the interests of the West and Israel, And in spite of Egypt, Which refused to cooperate with
Western Projects in the region. The Study revealed the role played by the Jews of the Sudan
on behalf of Israel as well Zionism, And revealed their location in the project and the extent of
The Israeli Association with it, And The Suez War was a watershed in the sense tighten their
controls, And the situation could lead to more extremism in the treatment, Making the most of
them decide to leave The Sudan, When they discharged from The Sudan was not because of
political positions taken against them, But because they feel that the Israeli aggression on the
Arabs will make them A Class Undesirable.
7 - Egypt and Islam in The Sudan
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6. (Documentary Study for the period from 1936 to 1956)
Research published in The International Conference "Islam in Africa", The
Anniversary of the passage of Fourteen Centuries of Islam in Africa, Held in
cooperation between The International University of Africa, The World Islamic Call
Society and Sudan Ministry of Guidance and Awqaf, The Seventh Book , 26-27
November 2006.
The Study of Islam in Egypt and Sudan in the period from 1936
to 1956 is a great importance, Especially after the emergence of
many studies and researches focused on political issues, As if
everything made by Egypt to Sudan came from the interest of
maintaining The Sudan under Egyptian Rule and the interests of
Egypt in The Nile Water. It does not address the religious
dimension and the contributions of Egypt in the service of Islam
and Muslims in Sudan, with the ties of religion is one of the most
important and closer ties between the two peoples, And to have
the agreement and care for all. The links serve up the mess of
religious politics, Deepen rapprochement and renewed
connections and protect individuals from falling into the trap of
foreign schemes. The Study is divided into Three Main Points: The
First Point talking about Egypt and Islam in The Sudan before the
year 1936. The Second Point about the development of the
Egyptian Government Policies towards Islam in The Sudan and
the reasons underlying this interest; Attempts to break with the
religious, The fight and expose the methods of Missionaries, And
to use religion to support The Federal Idea, And the Sudanese
desire in Egyptian sponsorship of Sudan Religious Affairs, And to
preserve The Arabic Language. The Third Point talked about the
Egyptian efforts to serve Islam and Muslims in Sudan,
Represented by the efforts of The Ministry of Awqaf and Al-Azhar
in the care of Islamic Education, Establishment of Mosques, Send
Preachers, Expansion to increase the number of Sudanese in the
Al-Azhar and the efforts of the Muslim Brotherhood Movement and
Charities in service of Islam in Sudan, Finally, Egypt's efforts to
spread Islam in Southern Sudan. The Study concluded that the
Egyptian Religious Institutions have played an important role in the
recruitment policy for service of religion, Especially in the period
following the Treaty of 1936 directly. Whatever can be said since
the late forties the exploitation of religion to serve politics, But The
Study noted that The Government response to the religious
projects were not carried out only after studying the religious
situation in the Sudan by the envoys of Al-Azhar and Awqaf. Or by
some Egyptian Teaching Staff and Irrigation Employees with
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7. Islamic interests. And that Egypt has played a significant role and
important role in the establishment of rules and castles for the
teaching of Islamic sciences in Sudan in three ways: First, The
reform of Sudanese Educational Institutions by providing them with
the Islamic Books, Islamist Sources and Azharites Teachers.
Second, Construction of several institutes of Religious Education
and send highly educated to educateThe Islam. Third, The
Expansion in bringing Sudanese Students to study Islamic
Sciences at Al-Azhar. Where Preachers and Egypt Envoys do
effort evidenced by telling everyone in matters of religion and the
dissemination of science through public lectures, Tutorials
Mosques and Quranic Memorization, They have been selected
from among the finest Egyptian Preachers, Some of them were
working Assignment system and Loan, and some of them was
working through Ramadan Month only, With some of them chosen
for his popularity in mobilizing The Sudanese to adopt Union Idea.
And The Study terminated saying that Egypt participated - through
the efforts of its organizations and members - a major effort to
keep the torch of Islam to the present are in The Southern Sudan,
despite Britain efforts through a policy of The South to evangelize
Muslims. These efforts can be produce a significant change in The
South, But correlation The Creature of Missionary Schools With
External Forces, And their success in finally achieving what Britain
failed, By got the right to Self-Determination, However, A Problem
will remain with the list of Muslims in The South if the separation,
and the scenario of Wau Shift applicability return from Islamic City
to Christian City to all Islamic areas of the South.
8-Arab Presence in The African Great Lakes Region
In The Second Half of The Nineteenth Century
Research published in the Journal of Faculty of Arts, Helwan University, No. 21, Year
11, January 2007.
Study is based mainly on Western Sources as noted on The Arab Presence and there
effects in those areas, And this contradiction that occurred between those Sources, European
Travelers and Explorers need to The Arabs decoding African Great Lakes Region and its
environs, And The Fear of Missionaries, Businessmen and Political Leaders of The European
from Rise of The Arab influence in The Region. The Study concluded that if The Arabs had
preferred in the developments that have been introduced in the region, The Europeans
preferred to prove this Exist and recognize that The Arabs were The Engines of the events
there. The Study is divided into Three Main Themes: First, The Motives of The Arab Presence
in The African Great Lakes Region. Second, Forms of The Arab Presence. Third, The Impact
of The Arab Presence. The Study concluded that The Arab Presence in The African Great
Lakes Region is The one who put The First Seed of the advancement that has taken place in
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8. the region, With evidence that The Three Colonial Regimes have been Colonized at the end
of The Nineteenth Century did not usher in a break with The Past, But which embraces The
Arab Administrative Systems as Belgium, Including What used to that Class - Wayngwana -
Created by The Arabs in the Administrative organs Such as The Germans and The British,
Not to mention the fact that these systems did not enter a new Economic Order but what is
even enter the railroad. The Study proved that The Arabs have contributed greatly to the
economic field, they are The First discovered the potential of the region and entered there in
international trade. They are The First opened African markets and participated in the profits.
Reflected in their economic competition between the policies they have created areas to each
other. And thus The Arabs who is The First made a real sense an economic revolution across
The Great Lakes Region. The Study confirmed the sincerity of statements frequently cited in
European Sources for a link African Great Lakes Region in Zanzibar. At The same time, The
Study corrected some information provided by some Europeans like Amin Pasha, 1877, that
he found Christianity on rise and Islam in the concession, which means good reception of
Christianity in Uganda. The Study proved that this is a mere fabrication and lies echoed by
missions, And that Christianity could not find a forward in Uganda, But with the beginning of
the twentieth century. And also corrected the statement by Kitchener in the last decade of the
19 th century about the danger of Islam, And The Need to keep him Away to Central Africa.
The Study confirms that Islam is the oldest of Christianity in Central Africa in five decades.
Therefore, concluded, The Study found a legitimate question to her: Is it possible for The
Arabs to resume their role in the African Great Lakes Region - now - depending on which
Historic Credit?
9-Eritrean Asaker in Confrontation of Resistance Omar Mukhtar in Libya (1923-1931(
Research published in Hussein Murad (Editor): -Al- Sheikh Al-Mujahid Omar Al-
Mukhtar, The work of The International Symposium of The Department of History,
Institute of African Research and Studies,Cairo University, Cooperation with the Omar
Al-Mukhtar University, 16-17 December 2008.
Varied Perspectives of The Libyan Resistance Movement led by
Sheikh-Al-Mujahideen, Arabs and Muslims, Omar Mukhtar. The
Arab Library, therefore, Have received many of Studies focused
on this Resistance. However, The Role played by Asaker Eritreans
in ending this Resistance did not turn to anyone, Even though With
certificate Italians themselves representing Three-Quarters of The
Troops encountered Omar al-Mukhtar, And that they signed the
biggest burden of this confrontation. Therefore, The Study focused
on Five Main Themes: First, Asaker Eritreans in Libya before the
Resistance Movement led by Omar Al-Mukhtar. Second, Asaker
Eritreans in The Confrontation of Resistance Omar Al-Mukhtar
(1923 to 1927). Third, Asaker Eritreans and encircle the
Resistance Omar Mukhtar in operations latitude 29° North.
Fourth,Asaker Eritreans and The Final Phase in the Confrontation
of Resistance Omar Al-Mukhtar. Fifth,The Extent of The
Resistance awareness of the Asaker Eritreans identity. The Study
concluded that in 1922 was the year of real-life emergence of
Asaker Eritreans in Libya, And observed that the 9 Eritrean
Battalions were operating in that year, And arrived at the Final
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9. Stage to 16 Battalions. This indicates that the process of
continuing to bring Battalions from Eritrea remained open
according to the requirements of The War. The Study reviewed the
assignments and tasks that were thrown on the shoulders of
Asaker Eritreans, And monitored the process of deployment and
combat their efforts, Concluding that they were the main reason for
the decisive battles with the Movement of the Libyan Resistance,
Either through their tactics and their ability to withstand The
hardships of nature, Or through practices ugly and sordid and
violent, Which they exerted against The Libyan Society. Or through
the work and other works they have made; Road-Building and
Guarding The Camps and carry the food and water in various
fronts with The Libyan Resistance. If The Resistance had settled
its order on the identity of Asaker religious, National and
Mercenary on the issue, But The Study violated the awareness of
the Resistance on the issue of national identity for those Asaker,
And said they were Eritreans, But not Ethiopians. And violated by
the question they were not all of the mercenaries. However, As
suggested Likely Resistance on their Christian Identity.
10-Institute of Sudanese Studies in Egypt, 1947-1956
)Historical Experience or Ambition to build A Scientific Institution sponsored
Partnership(
Research published in The International Conference" Egyptian--Libyan-Sudanese
Partnership for Development and Investment", Center for
Sudanese Studies, Institute of African Research and Studies
(Cairo University), Collaboration with The Libyan Universities
of Sabha and The Seventh of April, 14-15 December 2009.
The Establishment of The Egyptian Administration of The
Institute of Sudan within The Fouad1 University (Cairo later)
complement the building remained underrepresented in the
Egyptian system concerns. Despite that The Sudan was officially
affiliated to Egypt since the end of The Nineteenth Century, And
Although The European Administrations in Africa - at least - It had
at the same time, Scientific institutes gives them a lot of effort in
The Management of Dependencies, But The Egyptian
Administration has delayed so much to catch up with The West in
The Establishment of Scientific Institutions assisted in The Study
The Sudan under its, And provide solutions to the problems facing
inside. The Study is divided into Eight Main Themes: First, The
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10. Idea of An Institute for The Sudan before the year 1947. Second,
The Establishment of The Institute for Sudanese Studies. Third,
The Relationship of The Institute for Sudanese Studies with
Faculty of Arts - Fouad I University (Cairo later). Fourth,
Administration of The Institute. Fifth, The Educational System.
Sixth, The Teaching Staff. Seventh, Students. Eighth, The
Emergence of The Trend of Africa and The Controversial of
transferred to African Studies. A Review of Documents, Reports
and Decrees of The Institute, Study revealed that The Institute of
Sudan, The Egyptian Administration sought for its construction in
1947, Was soon to various problems: Administrative, Financing,
Finding A Separate Building, The Provision of Teaching Staff of its
own, Not being able to open many of the Departments which was
announced, That it seemed clear that the lack of proper
preparation for the opening has caused the inability of the Institute
hopes to achieve pregnancy, And inability to implement The
Egyptian Objectives in The Sudan. And then it should be noted
such things when we are establishing A Scientific Institution
sponsored Partnership between Egypt, Libya and Sudan. The
Study suggested that if the experience of The Institute of Sudan is
a purely Egyptian experiment, It is possible to share The Three
Countries (Egypt, Sudan and Libya) in The Establishment of An
Independent Institute for Egyptian, Sudan and Libya Studies. Or
turn The Center for Sudanese Studies in Institute of African
Research and Studies (Cairo University), To become A Center of
The Egyptian -Libyan- Sudan Research and Studies, To be his
care of this Partnership, And to provide Studies and Research
aimed at achieving Economic Integration among The Three
Countries and to achieve Permanent development and ongoing.
It's a confirm that The Research and Cultural Institutions is very
important in building of a rapprochement between the peoples of
The Three Countries, For their ability to create channels of
communication away from the political and ideological differences.
And Egypt, As the heart of Arabs and destination for science and
research and gain experience, It is The First to establish this
scientific Edifice, To be Libya is The Owner of the largest share of
funding, Followed by Egypt and Sudan, And to adopt Scientific
Cadres in the Egyptian Cadres in the first place, Followed by the
Libyan then the Sudan, And is heading in the research applied to
The Sudan, With its great potential, Followed by Libya and Egypt.
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11. 11-African Women Confrontation The Problem of Food in The Modern Era
Research published in the Second Book of the Assembly of
the African Forum, Institute of African Research and Studies,
2009.
Varied Views on the presence or absence of A Problem of Food in Africa in The Pre-
Colonial. However, All views, Agreed that African Women were an original party to all Views;
Charmingly played a significant role in solving The Problem of Food, And at other times
contributed to the lack of visibility problem from the ground up. The Study dealing with the
merits of such a confrontation, And how the role of women active in the Counter of the
challenges of Nature on the one hand, Or restrictions imposed by The European Colonizer on
the other. Therefore, The Study will divide into Three Major Themes: First, Food and Its
Problem in The Pre-Colonial Times. Second, African Women Confrontation the Problem of
food in The Pre-Colonial Times. Third, African Women Confrontation the Problem of Food in
The Colonial Era. The Study concluded that the Nature of the Food Problem in the Pre-
Colonial Times had been imposed on African women's challenges mostly linked to the African
environment, Natural and Cultural rights. The Women have been able during that period to
provide all their energy and effort to produce food and provide for her family and worked in
the best of its ability to maintain the structures compatriots. The Study found that African
Women played a big role in the cultivation and the establishment of national identity
associated with the culture of Food. Encounter and direct and indirect to the problem of Food
has been produced on the metal associated with the African Women's National Identity and
Environment of Food. Apportioned The majority of Women accepted including The Nature of
Foodstuffs, Which were able to establish what may be called "A Local School in The Culinary
Arts." The Study concluded that the burden of the lives of Africans and life in the Colonial era
has signed on Women. And were able to actually afford a period of War and Economic
Depression, And they have borne so ably worthy of consideration by the Colonists to compel
Men, Either on recruitment in the Colonial Armies or work in their projects. So the life of
African Women, Both in the period before Colonialism or Colonial era, Was in a continuous
series of Toil, Misery and The Ongoing Struggle.
12-Bilateral Governance Issue of The Sudan 1899-1924
Between Yunan Labib Rizk and Fabunmi
)Compared in Methodology(
Search under publication in The Yearbook of the Ottoman History Seminar, The
Egyptian Society for Historical Studies, 2007.
The Study was an attempt to read The Bilateral Governance nature (Egyptian - British) for
Sudan in the period from 1899 to 1924 through a critical reading of systematic approach Two
Studies of Dr. Younan Labib Rizk and Dr. Fabunmi. The difficulty in comparing The Two
Studies that the comparison does not revolutions reveal methodological development that
happened in the visions and idea's Authors of The Studies. And hence the launch of this
subject is not easy, Especially since the two sides of the comparison (Yunan Labib Rizk and
Fabunmi) they offer The First of scientific Study output, And The Both became noted in
specialization later. The Study Axes spin about The Definition of Two Studies being
compared, And then exposed the problematic methodology to The Authors of Studies, And
addressing the content of the Two Studies and their Sources, And then subjected to The Two
Studies position of some issues, And conclude with some observations on The Two Studies.
11

12. 13-Land Policies towards Africans in South Africa
)Documentary Study for The Period from 1894 to 1910(
Research published in Egyptian Historical Journal, Issued by The Egyptian Society
for Historical Studies, Volume 44, No. II, May 2006.
The Study discusses the problem of land at the level of The Four Colonies of South Africa!,
And their findings formed against pressure and The Africans in their respective areas on the
one hand, And add them in The White areas on the other hand, Through the spread of
Farming Systems and Squatters and Leasing. The Study Containing The Land Policies before
the year 1894,To the law of Glenn Gray in the Cape, And attempt to impose Individual
Property, And talk about The Motives for The Development of Land Question after the law of
Glenn Gray, And finally The Formation of Committee dealing with national affairs, And The
Most Important Recommendations, And How Land Policy developed until The Union of South
Africa.
14-The Historical Roots of The Land Problem in South Africa Republic
Search under publication in The Annual Symposium of Department of Geography, On
"Regional Integration in Africa ... Development Community for Southern African
Countries - SADC Model, May 10, 2006, Institute of African Research and Studies -Cairo
University.
The Land Law of 1913 Has Continued to apply in South Africa until the beginning of a
peaceful transition period, So the problem of land has been linked to this law until the present
moment (1906). The Small Areas of Land proposed by White Governments, and Black
Governments - after 1994 - For the benefit of Africans, Did not led to real progress in solving
the problem during that period. The Study is divided into two main Axes: First, The problem of
Land development since the end of World War I until the stage of Peaceful Transition.
Second, The problem of Land since The Peaceful Transition until March 2006.
B-The Scientific Books-:
1-Institute of Sudanese Studies in Egypt, 1947-1956 (reading documentary), Center Arabisc
for Printing, Cairo, 2009.
2-Egypt and Alliances Defensive Projects in Africa (1951 to 1958), Center Arabisc for
Printing, Cairo, 2009.
12

13. 3-The Historical Roots of The Land Problem in South Africa (1835-2006), Center Arabisc for
Printing, Cairo, 2009.
4-Cairo University in The Sudan 1955-1964, Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo, 2009.
13