Experimental study of cyclone seperators as combustor 1

Experimental study of cyclone separators as combustor
1
Contents
Acknowledgment ………..…………………………………………………...4
Abstract……………………………………………………………………….5
Cyclone separators................................................................................7
Combustion...........................................................................................8
Combustion triangle .............................................................................8
Objective of combustion ................................................................9
Types of combustion ......................................................................9
Flame ..................................................................................................10
Flame definition ...........................................................................10
Flame temperature........................................................................10
Types of flame..............................................................................10
Flame stability..............................................................................11
Biomass fuel .......................................................................................14
Definition......................................................................................15
Biomass fuel.................................................................................15
Biomass power .............................................................................15
Chemical composition..................................................................16
Biomass is a renewable source of fuel to produce energy for some
reasons16
Biomass Energy in Egypt.............................................................16

2
Definition:...........................................................................................18
How It Works: ....................................................................................19
General Types of cyclone...................................................................20
Classification of cyclone according to design....................................21
Soviet type....................................................................................21
Stairmand design..........................................................................26
The advantages of the design .............................................................28
Effectiveness:......................................................................................29
Advantages and disadvantages of cyclone .........................................29
Efficiency............................................................................................30
Air calibration.....................................................................................32
Air calibration steps .....................................................................32
Fuel calibration...................................................................................35
LPG fuel calibration.....................................................................35
Experimental test rig...........................................................................38
Cyclone separator system:..................................................................40
Airline arrangement:..........................................................................41
Combustion system.............................................................................42
Combustion system components..................................................42
Feeding system ...................................................................................43

3
Instruments .........................................................................................44
Thermocouple...............................................................................44
Rotating vane Anemometer..........................................................44
Troubleshooting..................................................................................45
Cold condition ....................................................................................48
Combustion condition.........................................................................50
Conclusion from cold condition:........................................................53
Future work.........................................................................................53

4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
At first and forever we thank ALLAH who helped us to finish this
work.
We are highly indebted to supervisor Prof. Dr. Mohamed Atteya
Okeily and Dr .Eng. Nasser Shelil for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as providing necessary information related to the
project.
Also, we would like to express our gratitude towards Eng. Ahmed
Gharib yousry for his, technical support and helping as.
Special gratitude and thanks go to our parents, whole family and
friends.

5
Abstract
The objective of our project is the experimental study of separator as
a combustor.
We designed a separator to give us maximum efficiency of
separation
(LPG) is used as a primary fuel to start the combustion and then burn
sawdust as a secondary fuel, Traditional fuel line system used to
supply LPG, sawdust is used as biomass fuel, we used specified
feeding system for biomass fuel (sawdust) and we designed a burner
to achieve flame stabilization.
Thermocouple type B (platinum / rhodium) is used for measuring hot
gases temperature to help us drawing temperature distribution inside
cyclone.
Rotating vane anemometer is used to measure velocity of air and LPG
to make calibration.
We preformed experiments in cold and hot condition
Cold condition
The particles of sawdust are separated from the air stream
through cyclone by gravity and centrifugal force.
Combustion condition
We succeeded to burn Sawdust (600 µm) and draw radial temperature
distribution.

6
INTRODUCTION

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Cyclone separators
Cyclones are mostly used for removing industrials dust from air or process
gases. They are the principal type of gas-solid separator
Most common form of particulate removal gas is spun rapidly – heavier
particulate matter to collect on outside of separator by centrifugal force, where
it is collected and removed.
Fig. 1-1 Cyclone separator

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Combustion
Study of combustion process in all combustion systems is one of the most
Important and complex problems.
Combustion or burning is the sequence exothermic chemical reaction between
a fuel oxidant Accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of
chemical species.
The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either
glowing or aflame.
Combustion triangle
Fig. 1-3 Combustion triangle
Fig. 1-2 Combustin process

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The combustion triangles may be also consisting of:-
• Combustible mixture of air and fuel
• Ignition source
• Flame holder
In a complete combustion reaction, a compound reacts with an oxidizing
element, such as oxygen.
Objective of combustion
The objective of combustion is to retrieve energy from the burning of fuels in
the most efficient way possible .to maximize combustion efficiency ,it is
necessary to burn all fuel material with the least amount of Loses . The more
efficiently fuels are burned and energy gathered, the cheaper the combustion
process becomes.
Types of combustion
The continuous combustion
The continuous combustion engine is characterized by a steady flow of fuel and
oxidizer into the engine. A stable flame is maintained within the engine (e.g.,
jet engine).
The intermittent combustion
The intermittent combustion engine is characterized by an unsteady flow of fuel
and air into the engine. Non continuous flame is maintained within the engine
(i.e. Internal combustion engines).

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Flame
Flame definition
A flame is the visible light emitting, gaseous part of fire. it is caused by highly
exothermic reaction (for example combustion ,a self-sustaining oxidation
reaction ) taking place in a thin zone .
Flame temperature
Fig. 1-4 Flame temperature distribution
Types of flame
Diffusion flame
In combustion, a diffusion flame is a flame in which the oxidizer combines with
the fuel in the combustion zone. As a result, the flame speed is limited by the
rate of diffusion. Diffusion flames tend to burn slower and to produce more
soot than premixed flames because there may not be sufficient oxidizer for the
reaction to go to completion.
Fig. 1-5 Diffusion flame

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Premixed flame
Flame in oxidizer has been mixed with the fuel before it reaches the flame front.
This creates a thin flame front as all of the reactants are readily available. If the
mixture is rich, a diffusion flame will generally be found farther downstream.
Fig. 1-6 premixed flame
Flame stability
Flame stabilization is of fundamental importance in the design.
It is found that, the flow velocity and burning velocity are the most important
factors that the flame stabilization depends on. The burning velocity should be
equal to the flow velocity for a stationary flame front.
Parameters Influencing Flame Stability
There are many factors that affecting on the stabilization of flames are
Described here, these include:
a) Blockage effect
If flame holder is located in a duct, which is the normal case, then an additional
parameter controlling its stability characteristics is known as the blockage ratio,
(BR). This is defined as the ratio of the area of projected flame holder to the

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cross sectional area of the duct. All stability theorems show that stability limit
is widened as the characteristic dimension of the flame holder increases.
b) Flame holder size
An increase in flame holder size improves stability by extending the residence
time of reaction in the recirculation zone.
c) Flame holder shape
The shape of flame holder affects its stability characteristics, which influences
the size and shape of the wake region.
d) Fuel type
The fuel type has an effect on stability limit as for kerosene type fuel, it’s found
that combustion can be sustained at leaner mixture strengths with fuels of lower
specific gravity. The paraffin fuels will operate at lower fuel air ratio than
aromatic fuels.
The stability is further improved with:
1. The increase in fuel volatility.
2. Finer atomization and reduction of the mean drop size of fuel.
e) Stream velocity
Any increase in stream velocity invariably has an adverse effect on flame
stability. Any increase in velocity reduces the range of mixtures strengths over
which combustion is possible and increases the weak extinction limit.
f) Pressure
The increase in the reactants pressure always improves flame stability. The
studies performed, by several investigators on bluff body flame holders in can-
type, burners, and stirred reactors have fully confirmed the beneficial effect of

13
increased pressure in extending the range of stable operating conditions. For
the gases mixture, the increase in the pressure expands the stability loop by
enhancing the blowout velocity, especially for rich and near stoichiometric
mixture.
Flame Stabilization Methods
Free jets flames are hardly stable, so some mechanisms are needed to enhance
the flammability limits of the flame such as using a bluff body, a swirler.
1- Flame stabilization by using a bluff body
Bluff bodies are used to stabilize flames in high velocity flow in variety of
propulsion and industrial combustion systems.
The usual shapes of the bluff bodies used are cylindrical rods, rectangular discs,
baffles, cones or “vee” gutters which produce in their wake a low velocity
recirculated flow in which combustion can be initiated and maintained. The
propagation of flame to other regions is rendered possible by the transport of
heat and radicals from the boundaries of the re-circulation zone to the adjacent
fresh mixture.
Fig. 1-7 Different shapes bluff body

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2-Flame stabilization using a swirler
A swirler is a number of curved swirl vanes have different angles normally 30,
45 and 60 degrees, which promotes the formation of recirculation zone and this
is the essential mechanism for flame stabilization. Swirling flow can be
produced either by tangential jet injections or by vane swirlers. The swirl angle
determines the size and the strength of the recirculation zone and most of flame
properties.
Fig. 1-8 Air swirler
Biomass fuel
Fig. 1-9 Biomass fuel

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Definition
Biomass is fuel that is developed from organic materials, a renewable and
sustainable source of energy used to create electricity or other forms of power,
or Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living
organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant
based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable
derived material.
Biomass fuel
Biomass from plants or animal origin are directly burnt for cooking and other
purposes. Agricultural wastes are converted to energy which can meet the
demand for energy in rural sector.
Biomass power
Fig. 1-10 Shape of burning biomass
Biomass power is carbon neutral electricity generated from renewable organic
waste that would otherwise be dumped in landfills, openly burned, or left as
fodder for forest fires.

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When burned, the energy in biomass is released as heat. If you have a fireplace,
you already are participating in the use of biomass as the wood you burn in it
is a biomass fuel.
In biomass power plants, wood waste or other waste is burned to produce steam
that runs a turbine to make electricity, or that provides heat to industries and
homes. Fortunately, new technologies — including pollution controls and
combustion engineering — have advanced to the point that any emissions from
burning biomass in industrial facilities are generally less than emissions
produced when using fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil). ReEnergy has included
these technologies in our facilities.
Chemical composition
Biomass is carbon based and is composed of a mixture of organic molecules
containing hydrogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and
also small quantities of other atoms, including alkali, alkaline earth and heavy
metals.
Biomass is a renewable source of fuel to produce energy
for some reasons
Waste residues will always exist – in terms of scrap wood, mill residuals and
forest resources; and properly managed forests will always have more trees,
and we will always have crops and the residual biological matter from those
crops. ReEnergy Holdings is an integrated waste fuel/biomass renewable
energy company. Our facilities collect, process and recycle items for use as
fuel, as well as green energy facilities that create power from that waste.
Biomass Energy in Egypt
In Egypt the total biomass resources potential reaches 40 million Ton / year .

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CYCLONE SEPARATOR

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Definition:
Cyclone separators have been used in the United States for about 100 years,
and are still one of the most widely used of all industrial gas-cleaning devices.
The main reasons for the wide-spread use of cyclones are that they are
inexpensive to purchase, they have no moving parts, and they can be
constructed to withstand harsh operating conditions.
Fig. 2-1 Cyclone separator
Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices that use the
principle of Gravity to remove particulate matter from flue gases.
It is important to note that cyclones can vary in their size. The size of the
cyclone depends largely on how much flue gas must be filtered, and thus larger
operations tend to need larger cyclones.

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For example, several different models of one cyclone type can exist, and the
sizes can range from a relatively small 1.2-1.5 meters tall (about 4-5 feet) to
around 9 meters or about 30 feet (which is about as tall as a three story
building!).
How It Works:
In a cyclone separator, dirty flue gas is fed into a chamber. Inside this chamber
exists a spiral vortex, similar to a tornado.
The lighter components of this gas have less inertia, so it is easier for them to
be influenced by the vortex and travel up it. Unlike these particles, larger
components of particulate matter have more inertia and are not as easily
influenced by the vortex.
Fig. 2-2 Particles move through a cyclonic separator

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Because these larger particles have difficulty following the high-speed spiral
motion of the gas and the vortex, the particles hit the inside walls of the
container and drop down into a collection hopper.
Most cyclones are built to control and remove particulate matter than is larger
than 10 micrometers in diameter.
General Types of cyclone
Single cyclone separator
 Horizontal cyclone separator
 Vertical cyclone separator
Multiple cyclone separator
Fig. 2-4 Vertical cycloneFig. 2-3 Horizontal cyclone

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Fig. 2-5 Multiple cyclones
Multiple cyclones are devices that consist of two or more cyclones which the
outlet cleaned air from the first cyclone is the inlet to the next cyclone etc.
Classification of cyclone according to design
Soviet type
Soviet type І
This type of cyclone combustors is used for high calorific value fuels
sometimes containing large quantities of volatile matter and where slag and ash
generation and removal are not a serious problem
With large stability limits, and large turndown ratios we will have low pollution
combustors, simple changes to flow aerodynamics in this type of cyclone

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combustor will achieve a large changes in the flow patterns regions of mixing
recirculation zones, and turbulence distribution.
Swirl number
The swirl numbers in cyclone combustors are appreciably higher than for the
corresponding swirl burners typically the range of swirl numbers lie in
between 3 and 20.In this type the swirl number is lie between 3< S < 11.
Design limitations
For main cyclone diameter D=30cm
Fig. 2-6 type I cyclone combustor

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Design limitations
Fig. 2-7 type I combustors
Table 1 soviet type I design
Soviet type І design
1.
yclone diameter
D = 30 cm
2.
yclone diameter/Cone-tip
diameter
3.
atio
D/Dc From 0.4 to 0.7 Dc=20cm
Cyclone length / cone- tip
diameter ratio
L / Dc From 1.0 to 3.0 L= 60cm
No. of tang. inlets At least 2 inlets
Swirl number From 2 to 11
Fuel entry Usually tangential

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Soviet type ІІ
This type of cyclone combustors operates favorably at high swirl numbers and
is used for high ash content fuels when problems due to slag formation and fly
ash are of concern. This type of cyclone combustors is amore modification of
standard cyclone where burners have been substituted for tangential inlets.
Swirl number
The swirl numbers in cyclone combustors are appreciably higher than for the
corresponding swirl burners typically the range of swirl numbers lie in
between 3 and 20.In this type the swirl number is lie between 8< S < 20.
Fig. 2-8 type II cyclone combustor

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Design limitations
Fig. 2-9 type II cyclone combustor
Table 2 soviet typeII design
Soviet type ІІ design
Cyclone diameter D = 30 cm
Cyclone diameter/Cone-tip
diameter
ratio
D/Dc From 0.4 to 0.5 Dc=15cm
Cyclone length / cone- tip
diameter ratio
L / Dc
From 1.0 to
1.25
L= 20cm
No. of tang. inlets Often only 1 sometimes up to 4
Swirl number From 8 to 20
Fuel entry Usually tangential

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Stairmand design
Stairmand cyclone was designed in 1951. It is one of the standard cyclones, and
is commonly used, this design and the listed below designs have the same
problem of high pressure loss and low collection efficiency.
Fig. 2-10 Stairmand cyclone

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This figure illustrate the dimensions of the cyclone. Which is used
Fig. 2-11 dimensions of the cyclone

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The dimensions for stairmand cyclone design are as follow:-
Table 3 The dimensions for stairmand cyclone
The advantages of the design
 Lower pressure drop through the cyclone.
 High collection efficiency.
 Higher tangential velocity.
 Good vortex due to optimized inlet dimensions.
 Good performances at charge.
Cyclone diameter D = 30 cm
Inlet height a 0.618 D 18.9 cm
Inlet Width b 0.236 D 5.2 cm
Exhaust pipe diameter Dx 0.622 D 19 cm
Cylindrical part height h 1.618 D 49.4 cm
total height ht 4.236 D 129.2cm
Cone-tip height Ld 0.625 D 19.1 cm
Vortex finder depth S 0.62 D 18.9 cm
Exhaust pipe length Le D 18.9 cm
Cone-tip diameter Dd 0.382 D 11.7 cm

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Effectiveness:
Cyclone separators are generally able to remove somewhere between 50-99%
of all particulate matter in flue gas. How well the cyclone separators are
actually able to remove this matter depends largely on particle size. If there is
a large amount of lighter particulate matter, less of these particles are able to be
separated out. Because of this, cyclone separators work best on flue gases that
contain large amounts of big particulate matter.
The removed particulate matter is collected when dry, which makes it easier to
dispose of. Finally, these units take up very little space.
Advantages and disadvantages of cyclone
Advantage Disadvantage
Low capital cost High operating cost due to pressure
drop.
Ability to operate at high temperature Low efficiencies ( particularly for
small particles )
Can handle liquid mists. Unable to process (sticky materials)
Can handle dry materials.
Low maintenance requirements (no
moving parts).
Table 4 Advantages and disadvantages of cyclone

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Efficiency
The overall collection efficiency is defined as, in a time interval the ratio
between the mass of solids collected by the cyclone and the mass flow rate of
incoming solids
Cyclone efficiency =
𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬
𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬

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Calibration

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Air calibration
Calibration process means to find the relation between water head measured by
manometer installed between two sides of an orifice in the air duct and the mass
flow rate passes through this orifice, in order to do this the following steps will
be taken.
Air calibration steps
1. Turn the air blower on and adjust the air valve to get a suitable
manometer reading (∆ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) to start with.
After ensuring that the manometer reading is stable, measure the air velocity in
the air duct by means of vane anemometer as shown in figure (3.1) and figure
(3.2) respectively.
For every annuals area of the air duct, it will be a different air velocities because
the velocity profile distribution (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3, … . 𝑒𝑡𝑐 ) are obtained at different
values of duct radiuses (𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3, … . 𝑒𝑡𝑐 ).
Fig. 3-1 rotating vane anemometer
Values of air duct radii and divided cross section areas

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𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
1.5 cm 3.5 cm 5.5 cm 7.5 cm
𝐴1
=
𝜋
4
∗ (𝑑1
2
)
𝐴2
=
𝜋
4
∗ (𝑑2
2
− 𝑑1
2
)
𝐴3
=
𝜋
4
∗ (𝑑3
2
− 𝑑2
2
)
𝐴4
=
𝜋
4
∗ (𝑑4
2
− 𝑑3
2
)
7.07 𝑐𝑚2
31.41 𝑐𝑚2
63.62 𝑐𝑚2 113.09 𝑐𝑚2
Fig. 3-2 air duct divided cross section
2. Calculate discharge in each annuals area by using the equation:-
𝐐𝐢 = 𝐀𝐢 × 𝐕𝐢
3. Calculate the total discharge for the whole air duct by using the following
equation:-
𝐐 𝟏 = 𝐐 𝟐 + 𝐐 𝟑 + 𝐐 𝟒 + … …
4. Measure the air temperature by using thermometer installed in a hole in the
air duct to obtain the air density from the relation:-
ρ = 𝑷 𝒂𝒃𝒔 / RT
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ρg∆h
Where:

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ρ: density of air in Kg/𝑚3
P: absolute air pressure in Pascal
R: air constant which equals 287 J/Kg K
T: temperature of air in K
∆h: head difference in Cm of water
5. By using the following equation we obtain the mass flow rate of air.
𝐦.
= 𝛒 × 𝑸
6. Change the air duct valve opening which leads to change in the water head
difference in the manometer, and then obtain the relation between air mass flow
rate passes through the orifice and the pressure head difference on the orifice
side.
7. By plotting those values of head difference in Cm of water and mass flow
rate of air in g/sec we get the air calibration curve shown in figure (3.3).
Fig. 3-3 Air calibration curve

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Fuel calibration
LPG fuel calibration
 The following steps would be taken:-
1- Connect LPG fuel cylinder to a pressure gauge.
2- Open the fuel cylinder main valve, then use the fuel regulator to control fuel
flow rate and adjust the fuel pressure (P) at certain value.
3- Obtain the fuel velocity (𝑣 𝑢)using the vane anemometer
4- Obtain the fuel flow rate (Q) from the equation:-
𝐐 = 𝐀 𝟐 ∗ 𝐕𝐮
𝐀 𝟐: Area of velocity anemometer, 𝐕𝐮: fuel velocity
5- Obtain the fuel temperature (T) from the thermometer.
6- Obtain LPG constant (R) from the following equation:-
𝑹 = (𝐑 𝐮/𝐌)
7- Obtain the fuel mass flow rate (𝐦 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥) from the equation:-
𝐦𝐟 = 𝛒 ∗ 𝐐 = (𝐏𝐚𝐛𝐬/𝐑𝐓) * Q
𝐏𝐚𝐛𝐬 = 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐦 + 𝐏𝐠
8- Change the fuel pressure (P) then get fuel mass flow rates at the new fuel
pressure values.
9-Draw the LPG fuel calibration curve to get its mass flow rate using pressure
as shown:

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The LPG having a volumetric composition analysis of:
Composition Propane Propylene Butane Iso-butane Methane
Vol (%) 90 5 2 1.5 1.5
HHVv(Mj/K
g)
46.296 45.277 44.862 20.094
For all LPG fuel the higher heating value is 46.607 Kj/Kg.
And its density is 1.923 g/gal.
Fig. 3-4 Fuel calibration curve

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EXPERIMENTAL TEST
RIG

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Experimental test rig
This chapter explain most of the parts in the device and show the function of
each component like (air lines arrangement , fuel lines arrangement , cyclone
body ,burner , etc.).
Fig. 4-1 Cyclone separator and combustor

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Fig. 4-2 cyclone separetor
No. Name
1 Air blower
2 Air control valve
3 Air orifice
4 Hopper
5 Burner
6 Cyclone chimney
7 Cyclone cylinder
8 Collecting box

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Cyclone separator system:
Fig. 4-3 cyclone design
Lc Collecting box length
d Collecting box chimney diameter
De Diameter of exit
h Length of cylinder
Do Diameter of cylinder
H Cyclone length
a Length of dust inlet
b Width of dust inlet
Dv Diameter of vortex finder
Lv Length of vortex finder

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Chimney: Is used to take out smoke from cyclone separator.
Vortex finder: The part in which the air and saw dust inter the cyclone are
crashed then they go to walls and rotate due to centrifugal force.
Cyclone body: It is used to separate solid particles from combustion products
flow of saw dust.
Collecting box and its chimney: It is used to collect solid burned particles
which are separated in cyclone body. And the chimney is used to take out
smoke from burned particles in collecting box.
Airline arrangement:
Fig. 4-4 airline arrangement
No. Name
1 Air blower.
2 Air line.
3 Butterfly control valve.
4 Air orifice.

42
Combustion system
Fuel flow from LPG cylinder through fuel valve which controls fuel flow rate
then passes through orifice which makes pressure difference to indicate flow
rate then passes through fuel line to the burner where fuel and air burn to make
diffusion flame.
Air flows through airline and crashes into the bluff body making circulation
zone where fuel flows from nozzle and mixes with air to burn together with a
stable flame.
Fig. 4-5 Design of burner with bluff body
Combustion system components
LPG cylinder
Fuel control valve
Fuel orifice
Fuel line
Fuel nozzle(1mm diameter)
Bluff body(5cm disc)
Combustion chamber
C.C. cooling jacket

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Feeding system
The design of the feeding system can be used for feeding many types of
biomass fuel.
Sawdust is the biomass fuel used and separated in many different diameters by
using ‫ا‬ ‫جهاز‬)‫المناخل‬ ‫بأستخدام‬ ‫الحبيبى‬ ‫لتدرج‬ ) and the hopper is fitted with inlet of
screw pump and is used as a biomass fuel tank with the screw pump which is
driven by electrical motor to make a continuous feeding of sawdust in the
system.
The screw pump draws sawdust from the hopper to the air flow line.
Fig. 4-6 feeding system
Electrical motor(1500 rpm)
pulley
Belt
Hopper
Screw pump

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Instruments
The instruments are the devices which are used to measure the parameters
needed in the experimental study (temperature, pressure, flow velocity, etc.)
Thermocouple
Thermocouple type B (Platinum Rhodium-30%/ Platinum Rhodium-6%)
The thermocouple range is (0 C to 1700 C)
It is used to measure the temperature of combustion products circulated in the
cyclone body. )radial and axial).
Rotating vane Anemometer
The device is used to measure the velocity of air and fuel flow.
Fig. 4-9 Rotating vane anemometer
Fig. 4-8 Thermocouple Fig. 4-7 avometer

45
Troubleshooting
Problems Remedies
 Design of burner at first time
the flame was cut-off because
there was no flame stabilizer.
 We used bluff body to hold
the flame (make flame stable).
 Fitting the burner in the air
lines.
 We designed new flanges and
welded it in the air lines.

46
 Leakage in the cyclone water
jacket.
 Overheating of combustion
zone.
 We solved the problems by arc
welding.
 We made new water jacket for
combustion zone.
 Due to high pressure (back
flow) the sawdust was comes
out from the feeding system.
 We replaced the old feeding
system by screw pump driven
by large electrical motor (1500
rpm & 1 hp).

47
RESULTS

48
In this chapter we will use sawdust for our experiments
We have two methods for separations
 Cold condition
We used four diameters for sawdust 6mm, 5mm, 4mm and 600µm. The
maximum efficiency of separation occurs when using the diameter of 6mm
(because large particles have large gravity force).
 Combustion condition
We used one diameter for sawdust (600µm).
Cold condition
Sawdust is separated without combustion.
For diameter of 6mm, we found that the maximum efficiency of separation
occurs when the vortex finder (L) equals 20cm. and the minimum efficiency
occurs when (L) equals 10cm
Fig. 5-5-1 Results of cold separation of 6mm-saw dust

49
For the diameter of 4mm, the maximum efficiency of separation at finder length
(L) is 20cm and 30cm is the same.

50
For diameter of 600 µm, the maximum efficiency occurs at finder (L) =20 cm
Fig. 5-5-4 Results of cold separation of 600 µm
From these results we notice that the efficiency of separation decreases when
the diameters of sawdust decreases.
And the efficiency increases when air flow rate increases.
Combustion condition.
Firstly, combustion is made by LPG then sawdust is added, then
separation process is made by cyclone separator.
The maximum temperature of flue gases in the cyclone occurs at radial
distance of 16 cm
And the minimum temperature is at radial distance of 27 cm.

51
Fig. 5-5-5 distribution for combustion temperature

52
CONCLUSION

53
Cyclone separator is a simple method for separation, its initial cost is
inexpensive, it is easy for maintenance and we can burn solid fuels inside it.
Conclusion from cold condition:
We found that the efficiency of separation increases when the diameter of
sawdust increases.
The efficiency of separation increases when the air flow increases.
The maximum efficiency of separation occurs when the length of vortex
finder is equal to 20 cm.
Future work
We are proud as we are members in this project, it is the first time to
burn biomass fuel inside the cyclone separator as cyclone separator
was used for cold separation only.
We advise the next team to do more experimental in hot condition
and use many types of biomass fuel.

54
Appendix
Thermocouples transformer tables
 Standard temperature for type-B Thermocouples

55

56

57

58
References
"Cyclone"
1- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_furnace
"Cyclone separator"
2- Improving cyclone performance by proper selection of the exit pipe
Hesham ELBATSH 2012.
"Cyclone mechanism"
3- http://www.ske-india.com/cyclones.html
"Cyclone design optimization"
4- Analysis and Optimization of Cyclone Separators Geometry Using
RANS and LES Methodologies - Khairy Elsayed- Brussels, October
2011.
"Cyclone overview"
5- http://www.babcock.com/products/Pages/Cyclone-Furnaces.aspx.
"Collection efficiency"
6- Prediction of the effect of dimension, particle density, temperature, and
inlet velocity on cyclone collection efficiency. JOLIUS GIMBUN,
THOMAS S. Y. CHOONG, A. FAKHRUL-RAZI.
7- "Swirl Flows". A k GUPTA - D G LILLEY - N SYRED.
8- Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes Principles, Design and Operation
Second Edition.
"Cyclone design"
9- http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/cyclone/section01.html
10- THEORETICAL STUDY OF CYCLONE DESIGN, LINGJUAN
WANG May 2004.

Experimental study of cyclone seperators as combustor 1

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