1. Minerals

2. Lithosphere: the Solid Earth What’s below the surface: Rocks

3. But what’s inside a rock?

4. Yes, but What’s a Mineral? 1 cm Rock- a natural aggregate of minerals (and/or mineraloids)

5. - a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties e.g., quartz, diamond, graphite, talc Mineral

7. What is a crystalline solid? Are any inorganic solids not crystalline? Glass

8. How do we know a material is crystalline? Self-Similarity Halite Quartz

9. How do we know a material is crystalline? X-ray diffraction

10. Chemistry of the Solid Earth The Big 8 Elements

11. The Earth’s Crust O 46% -2 Si 28% +4 Al 8% +3 Fe 5% +2/+3 Ca 4% +2 Mg 3% +2 Na 3% +1 K 2% +1 Element Abundance Charge 99%

12. SiO 2 - Quartz

13. Silica Tetrahedron SiO 4 What is the charge? Si = +4, O = -2 thus -4 How can that be?

14. (Fe, Mg) 2 SiO 4 - Olivine

16. How do Minerals Form? - Cooling from liquid (magma) to a solid

17. How do Minerals Form? - Evaporation of a briny liquid - Cooling from liquid (magma) to a solid

18. How do Minerals Form? - Precipitation from a fluid Section of a pipe Mineralized vein - Evaporation of a briny liquid - Cooling from liquid (magma) to a solid

19. Asbestos- fibrous silicate mineral w/ fireproofing qualities Ceiling tiles

20. Asbestos- commercial term, not a geological term Chrysotile- sheet structure no sharp fibres- no hazard Crocidolite- chain structure sharp fibres- BIG hazard The Cost- 50 to 150 billion $ to clean it all up >half of the asbestos is harmless Chrysotile What to Do?

22. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Plutonic Volcanic

24. Granite Basalt Obsidian Pumice