9. Nuclear power plant

10. Oil extraction

13. A Solar Thermal Device, captures and transfers the heat energy available in solar radiation. The energy generated can be used for thermal applications in different temperature ranges. The heat can be used directly or further converted into mechanical or electrical energy.

16. Geothermal Energy

18. The wind power programme in India was started during 1983-84 with the efforts of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources. In India the total installed capacity from wind mills is 1612 MW, of which, Tamilnadu has an installed capacity of 858 MW as on 31.03.2002. Tamil Nadu is endowed with lengthy mountain ranges on its Western side with three prominent passes in its length. These are with wind-potentials: (1) Palghat Pass in Coimbatore District-1200 MW, (2) Shengottah Pass in Tirunelveli District-500MW (3) Aralvoymozhi Pass in Kanniyakumari District- 300 MW (Total potential-2000 MW). The mountainous areas close to Cumbum Valley are observed to be having high potential and, though coastal areas, central plains and hilly areas have been observed unsuitable for wind power projects, Rameshwaram is found suitable.

22. Drag-type turbines The Persian windmill The Chinese wind wheel Savonious

23. Lift-type turbines VAWT, Darrieus

24. Lift-type turbines HAWT, American Multiblade

26. HAWT Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines SMØLA

27. Wind Turbine components

28. Yaw system Yaw drive : Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive, the wind blows the rotor downwind. Yaw motor : Powers the yaw drive.

30. Components of a horizontal axis wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and brake assembly)

31. Nacelle Nacelle : The rotor attaches to the nacelle, which sits atop the tower and includes the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake. A cover protects the components inside the nacelle. Some nacelles are large enough for a technician to stand inside while working.

32. Hub design

33. Blade Design

41. Blade Design

44. Illustration of a pitch controlled wind turbine. (note:- the picture is exaggerated)

48. Yaw mechanism

54. Towers Guyed Pole Tower Lattice tower Tubular steel towers, Concrete tower

55. Wind Farms

59. Off-shore On-shore

66. Global Benefits

67. The world’s energy potential for land based wind turbines Estimated energy output in kWh/kW from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s

68. Cost Cutting

69. Local Environmental Impacts

70. Wind energy also offers an opportunity to practice ecological restoration – Changes in land management next to wind farms may benefit the creation of new vegetation and animal habitats – Wind farms may act as refuge (new bird species appearing in the area) – Restoration of blanket bogs, peat and wetlands – both between and around the turbine s

71. Negative Impacts Bird Strikes

72. Noise Pollution Mechanical noise from gearboxes and generators– Aerodynamic noise from blades Depends on various factors: • layout of the wind farm • topography/shape of the land • speed and direction of the wind • background noise

78. State-wise Power Installed Capacity in India ( As on end of March 2008)

79. Global Installed wind power

82. Wind speed vs. Number of hours of wind Related to variability is the short-term (hourly or daily) predictability of wind plant output. Like other electricity sources, wind energy must be "scheduled".

83. Annual Wind Power Generation (TWh) and total electricity consumption(TWh) for 10 largest countries. Rank Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008 Wind Power Capacity Factor % Total Power Wind Power Capacity Factor % Total Power Wind Power Capacity Factor % Total Power Wind Power Capacity Factor % Total Power 1 United States 17.8 22.2% 0.4% 4048.9 26.6 26.1% 0.7% 4058.1 34.5 23.4% 0.8% 4149.9 52.0 23.5% 1.3% 4108.6 2 Germany 27.2 16.9% 5.1% 533.7 30.7 17.0% 5.4% 569.9 38.5 19.7% 6.6% 584.9 3 Spain 20.7 23.5% 7.9% 260.7 22.9 22.4% 8.5% 268.8 27.2 20.5% 9.8% 276.8 31.4 21.7% 11.1% 282.1 4 China 1.9 17.2% 0.1% 2474.7 3.7 16.2% 0.1% 2834.4 5.6 10.6% 0.2% 3255.9 12.8 12.0% 0.4% 3426.8 5 India 6.3 16.2% 0.9% 679.2 7.6 13.8% 1.0% 726.7 14.7 21.0% 1.9% 774.7 6 Italy 2.3 15.3% 0.7% 330.4 3.0 16.1% 0.9% 337.5 4.0 16.7% 1.2% 339.9 7 France 0.9 13.6% 0.2% 482.4 2.2 16.0% 0.5% 478.4 4.0 18.6% 0.8% 480.3 5.6 18.8% 1.1% 494.5 8 United Kingdom 2.8 24.0% 0.7% 407.4 4.0 23.2% 1.0% 383.9 5.9 28.2% 1.5% 379.8 9 Denmark 6.6 24.0% 18.5% 35.7 6.1 22.2% 16.8% 36.4 7.2 26.3% 19.7% 36.4 6.9 24.9% 19.1% 36.2 10 Portugal 1.7 19.0% 3.6% 47.9 2.9 19.3% 5.9% 49.2 4.0 21.2% 8.0% 50.1 5.7 22.7% 11.3% 50.6

84. State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity In India state As on 31.03.2006 As on 31.03.2007 Addition during 2006-7 Addition during 2007-08 Addition during 2008-09 Total Capacity Demons- tration Projects (MW) Private Sector Projects (MW) Total Capacity (MW) Demons- tration Projects (MW) Private Sector Projects (MW) Total Capacity (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) till 30.11.08 (MW) Andhra Pradesh 5.4 115.6 121.0 7.800 113.54 121.34 0.8 0.0 0.0 122.45 gujarat 17.3 320.8 338.1 17.840 656.52 674.36 328.9 580.13 179.80 1432.71 Karnataka 7.1 577.5 584.6 7.075 837.95 845.02 264.7 187.0 173.10 1184.45 Kerala 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.125 0.23 2.35 0.0 8.7 12.50 23.00 Madhya Pradesh 0.6 39.7 40.3 0.590 56.00 56.59 17.4 69.25 0.00 187.69 maharashtra 8.4 992.9 1001.3 8.980 1471.3 1480.3 483.6 276.075 82.00 1837.85 Rajasthan 6.4 351.7 358.1 6.350 465.65 471.99 111.7 70.45 132.20 670.97 Tamil Nadu 19.4 2873.1 2892.5 19.355 3440.1 3459.4 565 391.90 250.30 4132.72 West Bengal 1.1 0.0 1.1 1.750 0.0 1.75 0.5 0.0 0.00 1.10 Others 1.6 0.0 1.6 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.00 3.20 Total (All ) 69.6 5271.0 5340.6 73.165 7041.2 7114.6 1773 1583.505 829.90 9587.14