This document provides an overview of blood physiology, including its components and functions. It discusses that blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, platelets are involved in clotting, and white blood cells comprise the immune system. All blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow through a process called hematopoiesis, where stem cells asymmetrically divide to generate the various mature blood cell types.

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML)
Prepared by
Md. Al-Amin
Jr. Executive, CSM(Oncology)
Genvio Pharma Ltd.
Lecture – 1
(Physiology of Blood)

2. Physiology of Blood
• What is blood?
Blood, by definition, is a fluid that moves through the vessels of a
circulatory system.
• Constituents of blood
In humans, it includes-
• plasma (the liquid portion),
• blood cells (which come in both red and white varieties),
• and cell fragments called platelets.

3. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
• Plasma is the main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with
proteins, ions, nutrients, and wastes mixed in.
• The plasma is about 90% percent water, with the remaining 10% percent made
up of ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Figure: Composition of blood

4. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
• Red blood cells or
erythrocytes are responsible for
carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• They do not contain mitochondria or a
nucleus when mature.
• hemoglobin, a key protein used in
oxygen transport.
• Lack of mitochondria keeps red blood
cells from using any of the oxygen
they’re carrying, maximizing the
amount delivered to tissues of the
body.
Fig: RBC(erythrocyte)(1)

5. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
• Platelets or thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting.
Figure: Platelets and clotting(2)

6. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
• White blood cells, also called leukocytes (leuko = white), make up approximately one percent by
volume.
• they are primarily involved in the immune response to identify and target pathogens, such as invading
bacteria, viruses, and other foreign organisms.
• The morphology of white blood cells differs significantly from red blood cells. They have nuclei and do
not contain hemoglobin.
• White blood cells are formed continually; some only live for hours or days, but some live for years.
• White blood cells can be classified into two main groups –
1. Granulocytes, which include the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
2. and the agranulocytes, which include the monocytes and lymphocytes.

7. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
Figure: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes (2)
• New cells are produced primarily in the bone marrow (although some are made or mature in the thymus,
lymph nodes, and spleen).

8. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
Stem cells and blood cell production(Hematopoiesis)
• Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells are all descended from a common
precursor: a hematopoietic stem cell.
• A hallmark of stem cells is that they divide asymmetrically. That is, one daughter cell remains a stem cell
of the same type, while the other daughter cell acquires a new identity.
Figure: Asymmetrical division of hematopoietic stem cell(2).

9. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
• The myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells also divide asymmetrically,
with their non-stem cell daughters generating the mature cell types of the
blood.
• Myeloid stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some types of
white blood cells, while lymphoid stem cells give rise to the types of white
blood cells classified as lymphocytes.

10. Physiology of Blood(Cont.)
Figure: Hematopoiesis is the proliferation and differentiation of the formed elements of blood.(2)