2.  Doctor Harshikesh
 Pathan Alhaj
www.alstuff.net

3. Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of
recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite
or dolomite.
Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a
very pure (silicate-poor) limestone or dolomite.
The word "marble" derives from the Greek word
mármaron which means
"crystalline rock, shining stone"

4.  We often see that’s the marble is available in different
of colours, this is due to various mineral impurities such
as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were
originally present as grains or layers in the limestone.
 For example :-
Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting
from originally high magnesium limestone or dolostone
with silica impurities.
 These various impurities have been mobilized and
recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the
metamorphism.

5. Chemical Components of Marble
Lime (CaO) 28-32%
Silica (SiO2) 3-30% (varies with variety)
MgO 20 to 25%
FeO + Fe2O3 1-3%

6. Physical Properties of Marble
Hardness 3 to 4 on Moh's Scale
Density 2.55 to 2.7 Kg/cm3
Modulus of Rupture 12 to 18 N/mm2
Compressive Strength 70 to 140 N/mm2
Water Absorption
Less than 0.5%
(except Rainforest Green/Brown
with 2-3%)
Porosity Quite low
Weather Impact Resistant

7. Name of Marble Origin Approx price in
market per sq. feet
Makrana white Makrana 1500 to 2000
Albeta Makrana 150 to 500
Kumari Makrana 30 to 80
Dungri Makrana 60 to 120
Chak dungri Makrana 200 to 500
Green Udaipur 60 to 90
Pink Udaipur 60 to 90
Brown Ajmer 50 to 80
Types of Indian marble

8. Marble Color Country
Carrara marble white or blue-gray Italy
Connemara marble green Ireland
Murphy marble white United States
Yule marble uniform pure white United States
Pentelic marble
pure-white, fine-grained
semi translucent
Greece
Ruskeala marble white Russia
Swedish green marble green Sweden
Other types of marble

10. In flooring
In stair

11. In wall decoration
In corridor

12. In furniture

13. In facing
In sculpture

14. Maintenance
• Marble are easy to maintain and can be re-polished if you
need to bring the shine back .
• Marble is a porous material so if strong stain material is spilled
on marble, it is recommended to wipe it quickly so that the
marble does not absorb the stain
• For general maintenance you just need to wipe off the marble
to remove the stains.
• Polishing can be done after a few years to bring back the shine.

15. • Marble flooring is known for its superior, royal and decorative
appearance. It is considered as style symbol.
• Marble flooring is durable.
• Marble is also known for its' versatility in the art a from
sculptures to monuments and from wall tiles to floor tiles.
• Cool surface of marble tiles can be quite pleasant and
comfortable during the summers.
• Marble flooring is very easy to maintain and requires
occasional sweeping and polishing.
Advantages

16. • Marble stone is cool under foot so in areas where
temperature is usually low for a longer duration, you may want
to mix this flooring type with other flooring types to give
warmth to a design.
• Marble is quite expensive. If you want a near pure white look
to a space, you will need to purchase expensive marble stone,
• Marble is heavy in weight so structure strength of the
underlying area should be ascertained before putting it.
• Require routine maintenance.
• Not suitable for high traffic area as it may loose shine.
Disadvantages

18.  Kota Stone is a fine-grained variety of limestone
. quarried at Kota district, Rajasthan, India.
• The rich greenish-blue and brown colours of this
stone are most popular.
• It is an excellent building stone.
• It is mainly used for exteriors, pathways, corridors,
driveways, balconies, commercial buildings etc.
• It is also suitable for use in chemical industries as
flooring, wall fixing and lining.

19. Chemically, Kota Stones are siliceous calcium carbonate rocks
Lime (CAO) 38-42%
Cilica(SiO2) 20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3) 2-4%
Other Oxides like Na, Mg 1.5 to 2.5%
Chemical Properties of Kota Stone

20. Compressive Strength 21.75 kg/sq. mm 21.94 Kg/ sq. mm
Abrasion Resistance 18.12 (Abrasion value) 18.12 (Abrasion value)
Oil Absorption Nil Nil
Water Absorption 0.31 % 0.32 %
Moh Hardness No. will scratch -3
Calcite will not
Scratch- 2.1/2 Galena
will scratch -3
Calcite will not
Scratch- 2.1/2 Galena
Density 2.5 to 2.65 Kg/m3
Porosity Quite Low
Weather Impact Resistant
Physical Properties of Kota Stone

21. Uses of Kota stone
• It is used in flooring.
• It can be used for roofing purpose.
• It is used in corridors, lobby, drive path.
• It can used for walls for interior or outdoor.
• It can used in stair’s steps.

22. Advantages of Kota stone
• Kota stone flooring is a fine, combine of magnificence and
luxury giving used in the interior and exterior to enhance the
look of the building.
• Kota stone is hard, tough, oil resistant, and non-water
absorbent, non-slippery and have excellent stone resolvability.
• They are available in slabs and tiles form and can be set in any
pattern of flooring.
• Kota Stone is the ideal flooring material in the building and
out side the building to impart a stronger and luxurious look
to the floors.
• Kota Stone is available in natural shades and it can be cut in to
any size and shape as per the requirement. Look at the
natural shades of kota floor:
• It is an excellent building stone for humid regions and freezing
regions, and it is non-porous and non-observant to water.
• It is the cheapest stone s among the other natural stones.
Kota stone are available in different sizes slab

23. Disadvantages of Kota stone
• The stone tends to flake over a period of time. However,
periodic polishing using polishing wax can eliminate this
phenomenon.
• Kota lacks the lustre of Marble or granite.
• Unlike Marble and Granite, Kota is not available as large
slabs.
• Unlike Marble or Granite, Kota stone flooring does not give
the appearance of a seamless flooring because Kota tiles are
available only in small sized tiles. Also, there is a lot of
variation in colour between tiles.

24. Marble v/s Kota
Marble Kota
Less compressive strength
(7 to 14 N/sq. mm)
More compressive strength
(21 to 25 N/sq. mm)
Available in large size Available in small size
Less joints due to large size More joints
Lustre(shinning) material Dull material
Costly Cheaper
More colour available Less colour available
Stain can’t be removed Stain can be removed

25. Ppt is available at www.alstuff.net