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The
Renaissance
    and
Reformation
The Italian Renaissance
► Renaissance    rebirth
► Italian Renaissance  rebirth of ancient
  Greek & Roman worlds
► Characteristics
   Secular Urban society (City-states)
   Age of Recovery
   New view of human ability & worth
Origins of the Renaissance
► European   trade with Asia increased during
  the 1300s.
► 2. Italian merchants organized much of this
  trade.
► 3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy.
► 4. They competed to create works that
  would increase the prestige of their cities.
                              Genoa
                                             Milan




         Venice
Origins of the Renaissance           (cont)

► 5. Florence became a center for banking,
  art, culture, and literature.
► 6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make
  Florence the most beautiful city.
► 7. The Renaissance began in Italy and
  spread throughout Europe.
Important City-States of the
        Renaissance
                             Palazzo
                ► Florence   Contarini
                             del Bovolo,
                ► Rome       Venice

                ► Venice
                ► Genoa
Genoa Towers,
                ► Milan

Façade and
bell tower,                         Comune
Santa Maria                         gi Milano,
del Fiore,                          Milan
Florence
City State Populations
Italian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALY




Each Italian
city-state had
its own wealthy
ruler.
                      Italian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on Italy
Florence
► Center  of art, literature,
  and culture.
► Florence became
  wealthy from the
  manufacturing of wool.
► Later Florence became
  the banking center of
  Italy.
► The Medici family were
  the greatest bankers in
  Florence.
Florence
► The   Renaissance
  started in Florence
  and spread
  throughout Europe.
► Competition between
  the Italian city-states
  led to advances in
  literature,
  architecture, art,
  music, science, and
  education.
Medici Family
► Ruled   Florence, 13th  17th Centuries
► Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful
  city in the world – Became Patrons of the
  Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci,
  Raphael & Michelangelo)
► Lorenzo (The Magnificent) –
  created peace among Italian
  states, ended w/his death,
  2 years later FR invades
Rome
► Home   of the Catholic
  Church
► Popes commissioned
  famous artists and
  architects to beautify
  Rome. Michelangelo,
  Raphael, and Botticelli
  all produced major
  works in Rome.
► The popes employed the best artists     Rome
  and architects of the Renaissance to build and
  decorate the most opulent churches in in the world.
► Michelangelo designed the finest example of
  Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Piazza del
  Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the
  dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).
Venice
► Venice  was the wealthiest city-
  state of the Renaissance.
► It was a port city on the
  Mediterranean.
► Venice maintained hundreds of
  merchant ships and warships,
  and thousands of sailors.
Genoa
► Genoa  is located on the
  Mediterranean.
► Genoa was one of two
  main port cities in Italy
  during the Renaissance.
► Genoa was one of the
  wealthiest city-states of
  the Renaissance.
► Dominated trade in the
  Mediterranean

                       Genoa
                       Harbor
► Milan dominated the inland
  trade routes because it was the     Milan
  gateway to Italy from the north.
► Milan is the site of Santa Maria
  delle Grazie, the cathedral where
  Leonardo da Vinci painted The
  Last Supper in the dining hall.
Niccolo Machiavelli
► IT  philosopher, diplomat, poet,
  musician, playwright..
► Best known for The Prince – realist politics
    Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and
     powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning
     and practical)
    “The Ends Justify the Means”
    “It was better to be feared than to be loved”
    All this done to keep peace and stabilize power
► 1st to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt
  stability
Renaissance Society
► Strict   Class society
   Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group
     ►Strict
           rules and expectations
     ►Born not made or earned

   Townspeople
     ►Wide  range of wealth, from rich to poor
     ►Provide goods & services

   Peasants – weakest, but largest group
     ►More freedoms as serfdom decreased
     ►Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by
      Renaissance
The Intellectual and Artistic
       Renaissance
Italian Renaissance Humanism
► Stressed  that man was the center of the universe
  and had dignity and value
► Humanism – intellectual movement based on the
  classics
    Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry,
     philosophy & history (the Humanities)
► Ren Educations – based on humanism
    Goal – create complete citizens
► Vernacular Literature – written in common lang
   Dante, Chaucer, Pizan
Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
► Petrarch was a scholar and
  poet who was responsible for
  the recovery of manuscripts
  and works of Greek and
  Roman writers.
► He traveled throughout Europe
  recovering manuscripts of
  Cicero and other Roman
  authors that had been lost in
  monastery libraries.
► Petrarch, like other writers of   Francesco
  the time, wrote in Latin.          Petrarch
Dante Alighieri
► “Fatherof the Italian
  Language”
► Wrote The Divine Comedy.
► The Divine Comedy is
  considered one of the greatest
  works of Italian and world
  literature.
► Dante was first to write in the
  vernacular, the language used
  in everyday life. Until his time,
  all European literature was          Dante
  written in Latin.                   Alighieri
Insert scanned table
The Artistic Renaissance in
             Italy
► Rome   became the center of Renaissance art in the
  1500s.
    Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the
     Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art
     patronage.
► 3 Masters of the High Renaissance
    Leonardo da Vinci
    Michelangelo
    Raphael
► Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance
  Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences
New Artistic Techniques
► Fresco –
  watercolor on
  fresh plaster
► Law of
  Perspective
► Study of human
  anatomy
► GOAL – imitate
  nature
                   From Michelangelo’s Sketch Book
Leonardo da Vinci
► Master  of realism &
  perspective
► Studied human
  anatomy (cadavers)
  to be as accurate as
  possible
► Sculptor, painter,
  astronomer,
  inventor – a true
  “Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci

                                  The Last Supper




A page from one of da Vinci’s
notebooks, he “coded” his work
by writing backwards. He could
read it, but most other people
would need a mirror to read it.
Raphael Santi
►1  of the top Renaissance painters
► Especially known for his “Madonna's” –
  paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus
► A major artist in the Vatican



                           Madonna
                           of the
                           Meadows


             Madonna del
             Granduca
Raphael Santi

                School of
                Athens -
                fresco in
                the
                Apostolic
                Palace in
                the Vatican.
                Thought to
                be
                Raphael’s
                masterpiece
                .
Raphael Santi




The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought
to have drawn his likenesses. 6: Pythagoras? 7: Alexander the Great? 12: Socrates?
13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci)
15: Aristotle holding the Ethics? 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: 18: Euclid or Archimedes
with students 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael)
Michelangelo Buonarroti
► Painter,sculptor and architect
► Most famous for work in Vatican City
                          Vatican City
                          St. Peter’s Bascillica
                          (large domed building) –
                          designed by Michelangelo
                          (St. Peter’s Square –
                          designed by Bernini)
Michelangelo
        Well known for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.
        The ceiling illustrates the stories of the Book of
        Genesis




The Creation of Adam




                               The Last Judgement
                                On the Alter Wall of the
                               Sistine Chapel.
Michelangelo, the sculptor

                   The Pieta –
                   marble statue
                   of a crucified
                   Jesus being
                   held by his
                   mother Mary.
                   In St. Peter’s
                   Basilica.
Michelangelo, the sculptor
                   David – carved from
                   one piece of marble
                   from 1501 to 1504.
                   Said to be
                   proportionally perfect,
                   though David is 17
                   feet tall
Northern Italian Renaissance
► Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux, Neth
► Due to weather- few frescoes
   Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas
► Janvan Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil
 paints
   Oils allow greater variety of color
    & detail
                      Portrait of a Man in a
                      Turban , probably a
                      self-portrait, painted
                      1433
Albrecht Durer
► German
►1  of greatest Northern
  Renaissance artists
► Revolutionized woodcuts
► Studied in Italy on
  several different
  occasions
Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint
Architecture
► Architectural design returns
  to the classical styles of
  Rome and Greece.
► Public buildings, homes and
  villas are designed using
  Greek and Roman
  architectural styles.
► Renaissance buildings
  feature columns, domes, and
  vaulted ceilings.
► Brunelleschi designs the first
  domed building.
► Perspective becomes
  important in architecture.
Brunelleschi
The Basilica di
Santa Maria
del Fiore,
Florence, also
called the
Duomo.
Donato Bramante
St. Peter’s Basilica
in Vatican City.
Started in 1506;
Completed in 1626.
The Printing Press
► Johannes Gutenberg was a
  German goldsmith and printer.
► Gutenberg was the first to
  develop movable type. This
  allowed for mass production of
  books.
► Gutenberg’s invention
  revolutionized book-making in
  Europe.
► Gutenberg was the key figure
  in spreading the Renaissance.
► His invention of movable type
  is still considered the most
  important invention in history.
IMPACT
► Much   easier to
  publish books
► Increased literacy
► 1450-1500, 20 million
  books printed
  covering 35,000
  topics
► Vernacular Literature
  – written in common
  language
   Dante, Chaucer,
    Shakespeare
Writers of the Renaissance
► With the printing press. books become more
  affordable and more people (mostly wealthy)
  learn to read
► Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all
  important writers of the time
► But there were more…
Miguel de Cervantes
► Cervantes   was a Spanish novelist,
  poet, painter, and playwright.
  He was born in La Mancha, Spain.
► Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most
  influential work of literature to come out of the
  Spanish Golden Age.
► Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said
  that he left Castile because of a duel.
► Cervantes got the idea for Don Quixote while
  serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in
  his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing
  agent.
New Words Abound…
Alligator   Laughingstock   Worthless
Critical    Lonely          Zany
Equivocal   Luggage
Eyeball     Manager
Eyesore     Puke
Gloomy      Torture

But where did they come from?
William Shakespeare
                               ► Shakespeare   is considered the
                                 greatest writer and dramatist of
                                 all time.
                               ► Shakespeare wrote Romeo and
                                 Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius
                                 Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night
                                 Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much
                                 Ado About Nothing, Twelfth
“All the world’s a stage,        Night, Hamlet and more.
and all the men and
women merely players           ► Shakespeare  wrote 38 plays, 154
there, they have their exits
and their entrances, and         sonnets, two narrative poems,
one man in his time plays
many parts….”
                                 and other poems.
William Shakespeare
Shakespeare
► William    Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan era
      Greatest of English Renaissance authors
     His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical
      Greek and Roman culture, individualism and
      humanism
     Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets
     Known for the “timelessness” of his work
     Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been
      made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I
      Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the
      Shrew)
Contributions of the Renaissance
► Invention of the Gutenberg Press
► The banking industry
► Exploration, colonization of world
► Expansion of trade
► Humanism, individual is the center of the universe
► Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge
  and philosophy
► Gateway to modern art forms
► Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and
  sculpture
► Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to know
  more
The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
► Powerful  IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR,
  HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control
► Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)
   Pope Clement forced to flee
   Aftermath:
     ►End of Roman Renaissance
     ►Damaged Papal prestige
     ►SP dominant power in IT
     ►Charles V given freedom to act
       on Reformation in Germany
     FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard
       members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

► Religious reforms dividing western Christianity
► Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of
  power and corruption
► Christian Humanists–wanted to reform Church
   Believed through reason, and studying the
    classics one could become more pious(Christ-like)
   Desiderius Erasmus–father of Christian Humanism
     ►Suggested   reforming from within the Church
Desiderius Erasmus
             ► Erasmus   was a Dutch scholar,
               humanist, and theologian.
             ► Erasmus was ordained a Catholic
               priest, but never practiced
               priestly duties.
             ► Instead, he studied theology and
               classical Greek at the universities
               of Paris and Cambridge.
             ► Erasmus was critical of some of
               the practices and doctrines of the
Desiderius     Catholic Church.
 Erasmus     ► Erasmus sought to reform the
               Catholic Church.
Calls to Reform the Church
► In   Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
   Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
   Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
    reform the Church, not destroy it
   Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church
    leaders and the clergy
   The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and
    influenced Martin Luther
Why reform?
► Popes  corrupted by power & lose focus of
  spiritual leadership
► Scientific advances contradicted the Church
► People wanted to know how to save souls
► Indulgences –a release of a
  soul from purgatory for
  monetary donation –
     a HUGE abuse of
     Church power!
What was the Protestant
               Reformation?
► Priorto the Reformation all Christians were Roman
  Catholic
► The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the
  Catholic Church
► People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the
  corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
► In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their
  own religions
► The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the
  formation of these new Protestant religions
Scan graphic?
MARTIN LUTHER
► German   Priest
► Saw problems in the Church
► Church believed salvation gained
   from faith + good work
   Luther thought faith alone gained salvation
► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door
  in Wittenburg, Ger
   His criticisms of Church
   1000s of copies distributed through
    Germany
The Reformation Begins
► By 1521 Luther moving toward spilt from Church
► Wanted Ger princes to overthrow Papal power in
  Germany & est a German Church
► By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
   Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms
   Called by Emperor Charles V,
    wanted Luther to change his
    ideas, Luther – “NO”
   Edict of Worms issued, making
    Luther an outlaw
   Luther kept in hiding by
    his prince
Lutheranism
► Followersof Luther’s religious practices
► Gained support of many German princes
► 1524, German peasants revolted & hoped
  Luther would support them, because Luther
  needed the princes’ support, he did not help
  the peasants
► Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
   To achieve peace HRE Emperor Charles V
    accepted the Peace of Augsburg (allowed Ger
    princes to choose the faith of their region)
Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
► UlrichZwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland
► Zwinglian Reformation
     Banned all religious relics & images
     Whitewashed all church interiors
     No music in church services
     Does note merge w/Luther b/c
      can’t agree with the meaning
      of communion
Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in rel war)
► French, fled for safety to Switzerland
► 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
    Created a church govt of elect & laity
    Used consistory (moral police)
► Sent missionaries thru Eur to convert Cath.
► Ideas spread  FR, Neth, Scot…
► Mid 16th C – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism
Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint
Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint
Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint
Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint
Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint
Reformation in England
► Political,
          not religious motives for reform
► Henry VIII – King of England
    Needs a male heir to carry on
     the Tudor Dynasty
    Married Catherine of Aragon
    (Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor)
    Have a daughter, Mary
    No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
    In the Catholic Church, you
    need an annulment, granted by the
    Church. The Pope grants it for a King.
Reformation in England (cont)
► The  Pope refused to grant the annulment,
  too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor)
► After a long argument, Henry decided to
  break from Catholic Church
► Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce
► Act of Supremacy(1534) est Church of Eng
   King control over doctrine, appointments, etc
   Dissolves Cath claims, sells land & possessions
   Remained close to Cath teachings
Henry & his wives

► Henry  was
  desperate for a son.
  So much so he
  married 6 times!!
► The saying goes…
  Divorced, Beheaded,
      Died
  Divorced, Beheaded,
      Survived
Horrible Histories
The Church of England
► 1547   – Henry died
   His 9 year old son, Edward VI, took the throne
► The   Church of England- aka Anglican Church
   Became more Protestant
   Angering Catholics
► 1553   – Edward dies
     His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne
     She wants to restore Catholicism
     “Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics
     Increases tensions btw Cath & Prot
The Catholic Reformation
► Protestantismspreading rapidly through Eur
► Church sees need to reform
   Raises the standards of the clergy
   Inspired the Church with a renewed zeal and
    morale
   Contributed significantly to producing the
    Catholic Church as we know it today.
► Pillars   of Catholic Reformation
   1. Reform of Papacy
   2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
   3. Council of Trent
The Papacy
► Corruption   had to be
  addressed
► Pope Paul II led papal
  reform
   Oversaw the creation of
    the Jesuit order
   Opened the Council of
    Trent
   Revived the Inquisition
The Jesuits
  ► Most significant agency of
    Catholic reform
  ► Founded by Ignatius of
    Loyola
     Spanish soldier
     Injured in battle
       ►Had  a conversion during
        recovery, dedicated himself
        to the Church
Role of Jesuits
► Missionaries
   Convert former and non-
    Catholics
► Urged  the religious
  education of children
► Devoted to religious and
  secular education
   Secondary schools
   Colleges/Universities
   Seminaries
Council of Trent
► Met over 18 year period (1545-63)
► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching
   Including 7 sacraments
   Maintained salvation was gained through faith
    and good works
► More   strict rules for clergy
   Incl more education for priests
    ►Each   diocese established a seminary
► Banned    indulgences!!
The Inquisition
         ► Church’s way to
           suppress heresy
         ► Infamous for its
           cruelty
         ► Followed strictly in
           Spain, Portugal and
           Rome
         ► Some countries, like
           France, refused

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Renaissance & Reformation PowerPoint

  • 1. The Renaissance and Reformation
  • 2. The Italian Renaissance ► Renaissance  rebirth ► Italian Renaissance  rebirth of ancient Greek & Roman worlds ► Characteristics  Secular Urban society (City-states)  Age of Recovery  New view of human ability & worth
  • 3. Origins of the Renaissance ► European trade with Asia increased during the 1300s. ► 2. Italian merchants organized much of this trade. ► 3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy. ► 4. They competed to create works that would increase the prestige of their cities. Genoa Milan Venice
  • 4. Origins of the Renaissance (cont) ► 5. Florence became a center for banking, art, culture, and literature. ► 6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make Florence the most beautiful city. ► 7. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe.
  • 5. Important City-States of the Renaissance Palazzo ► Florence Contarini del Bovolo, ► Rome Venice ► Venice ► Genoa Genoa Towers, ► Milan Façade and bell tower, Comune Santa Maria gi Milano, del Fiore, Milan Florence
  • 7. Italian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALY Each Italian city-state had its own wealthy ruler. Italian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on Italy
  • 8. Florence ► Center of art, literature, and culture. ► Florence became wealthy from the manufacturing of wool. ► Later Florence became the banking center of Italy. ► The Medici family were the greatest bankers in Florence.
  • 9. Florence ► The Renaissance started in Florence and spread throughout Europe. ► Competition between the Italian city-states led to advances in literature, architecture, art, music, science, and education.
  • 10. Medici Family ► Ruled Florence, 13th  17th Centuries ► Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful city in the world – Became Patrons of the Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci, Raphael & Michelangelo) ► Lorenzo (The Magnificent) – created peace among Italian states, ended w/his death, 2 years later FR invades
  • 11. Rome ► Home of the Catholic Church ► Popes commissioned famous artists and architects to beautify Rome. Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli all produced major works in Rome.
  • 12. ► The popes employed the best artists Rome and architects of the Renaissance to build and decorate the most opulent churches in in the world. ► Michelangelo designed the finest example of Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Piazza del Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).
  • 13. Venice ► Venice was the wealthiest city- state of the Renaissance. ► It was a port city on the Mediterranean. ► Venice maintained hundreds of merchant ships and warships, and thousands of sailors.
  • 14. Genoa ► Genoa is located on the Mediterranean. ► Genoa was one of two main port cities in Italy during the Renaissance. ► Genoa was one of the wealthiest city-states of the Renaissance. ► Dominated trade in the Mediterranean Genoa Harbor
  • 15. ► Milan dominated the inland trade routes because it was the Milan gateway to Italy from the north. ► Milan is the site of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the cathedral where Leonardo da Vinci painted The Last Supper in the dining hall.
  • 16. Niccolo Machiavelli ► IT philosopher, diplomat, poet, musician, playwright.. ► Best known for The Prince – realist politics  Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical)  “The Ends Justify the Means”  “It was better to be feared than to be loved”  All this done to keep peace and stabilize power ► 1st to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt stability
  • 17. Renaissance Society ► Strict Class society  Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group ►Strict rules and expectations ►Born not made or earned  Townspeople ►Wide range of wealth, from rich to poor ►Provide goods & services  Peasants – weakest, but largest group ►More freedoms as serfdom decreased ►Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by Renaissance
  • 18. The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
  • 19. Italian Renaissance Humanism ► Stressed that man was the center of the universe and had dignity and value ► Humanism – intellectual movement based on the classics  Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry, philosophy & history (the Humanities) ► Ren Educations – based on humanism  Goal – create complete citizens ► Vernacular Literature – written in common lang  Dante, Chaucer, Pizan
  • 20. Petrarch: “Father of Humanism” ► Petrarch was a scholar and poet who was responsible for the recovery of manuscripts and works of Greek and Roman writers. ► He traveled throughout Europe recovering manuscripts of Cicero and other Roman authors that had been lost in monastery libraries. ► Petrarch, like other writers of Francesco the time, wrote in Latin. Petrarch
  • 21. Dante Alighieri ► “Fatherof the Italian Language” ► Wrote The Divine Comedy. ► The Divine Comedy is considered one of the greatest works of Italian and world literature. ► Dante was first to write in the vernacular, the language used in everyday life. Until his time, all European literature was Dante written in Latin. Alighieri
  • 23. The Artistic Renaissance in Italy ► Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s.  Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art patronage. ► 3 Masters of the High Renaissance  Leonardo da Vinci  Michelangelo  Raphael ► Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences
  • 24. New Artistic Techniques ► Fresco – watercolor on fresh plaster ► Law of Perspective ► Study of human anatomy ► GOAL – imitate nature From Michelangelo’s Sketch Book
  • 25. Leonardo da Vinci ► Master of realism & perspective ► Studied human anatomy (cadavers) to be as accurate as possible ► Sculptor, painter, astronomer, inventor – a true “Renaissance Man”
  • 26. Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper A page from one of da Vinci’s notebooks, he “coded” his work by writing backwards. He could read it, but most other people would need a mirror to read it.
  • 27. Raphael Santi ►1 of the top Renaissance painters ► Especially known for his “Madonna's” – paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus ► A major artist in the Vatican Madonna of the Meadows Madonna del Granduca
  • 28. Raphael Santi School of Athens - fresco in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. Thought to be Raphael’s masterpiece .
  • 29. Raphael Santi The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought to have drawn his likenesses. 6: Pythagoras? 7: Alexander the Great? 12: Socrates? 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci) 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics? 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael)
  • 30. Michelangelo Buonarroti ► Painter,sculptor and architect ► Most famous for work in Vatican City Vatican City St. Peter’s Bascillica (large domed building) – designed by Michelangelo (St. Peter’s Square – designed by Bernini)
  • 31. Michelangelo Well known for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel. The ceiling illustrates the stories of the Book of Genesis The Creation of Adam The Last Judgement On the Alter Wall of the Sistine Chapel.
  • 32. Michelangelo, the sculptor The Pieta – marble statue of a crucified Jesus being held by his mother Mary. In St. Peter’s Basilica.
  • 33. Michelangelo, the sculptor David – carved from one piece of marble from 1501 to 1504. Said to be proportionally perfect, though David is 17 feet tall
  • 34. Northern Italian Renaissance ► Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux, Neth ► Due to weather- few frescoes  Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas ► Janvan Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil paints  Oils allow greater variety of color & detail Portrait of a Man in a Turban , probably a self-portrait, painted 1433
  • 35. Albrecht Durer ► German ►1 of greatest Northern Renaissance artists ► Revolutionized woodcuts ► Studied in Italy on several different occasions
  • 37. Architecture ► Architectural design returns to the classical styles of Rome and Greece. ► Public buildings, homes and villas are designed using Greek and Roman architectural styles. ► Renaissance buildings feature columns, domes, and vaulted ceilings. ► Brunelleschi designs the first domed building. ► Perspective becomes important in architecture.
  • 38. Brunelleschi The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, also called the Duomo.
  • 39. Donato Bramante St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City. Started in 1506; Completed in 1626.
  • 40. The Printing Press ► Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and printer. ► Gutenberg was the first to develop movable type. This allowed for mass production of books. ► Gutenberg’s invention revolutionized book-making in Europe. ► Gutenberg was the key figure in spreading the Renaissance. ► His invention of movable type is still considered the most important invention in history.
  • 41. IMPACT ► Much easier to publish books ► Increased literacy ► 1450-1500, 20 million books printed covering 35,000 topics ► Vernacular Literature – written in common language  Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare
  • 42. Writers of the Renaissance ► With the printing press. books become more affordable and more people (mostly wealthy) learn to read ► Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all important writers of the time ► But there were more…
  • 43. Miguel de Cervantes ► Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet, painter, and playwright. He was born in La Mancha, Spain. ► Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most influential work of literature to come out of the Spanish Golden Age. ► Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said that he left Castile because of a duel. ► Cervantes got the idea for Don Quixote while serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing agent.
  • 44. New Words Abound… Alligator Laughingstock Worthless Critical Lonely Zany Equivocal Luggage Eyeball Manager Eyesore Puke Gloomy Torture But where did they come from?
  • 45. William Shakespeare ► Shakespeare is considered the greatest writer and dramatist of all time. ► Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth “All the world’s a stage, Night, Hamlet and more. and all the men and women merely players ► Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154 there, they have their exits and their entrances, and sonnets, two narrative poems, one man in his time plays many parts….” and other poems. William Shakespeare
  • 46. Shakespeare ► William Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan era  Greatest of English Renaissance authors  His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism  Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets  Known for the “timelessness” of his work  Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the Shrew)
  • 47. Contributions of the Renaissance ► Invention of the Gutenberg Press ► The banking industry ► Exploration, colonization of world ► Expansion of trade ► Humanism, individual is the center of the universe ► Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge and philosophy ► Gateway to modern art forms ► Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and sculpture ► Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to know more
  • 48. The Italian Wars (1494-1559) ► Powerful IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR, HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control ► Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)  Pope Clement forced to flee  Aftermath: ►End of Roman Renaissance ►Damaged Papal prestige ►SP dominant power in IT ►Charles V given freedom to act on Reformation in Germany FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.
  • 49. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION ► Religious reforms dividing western Christianity ► Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of power and corruption ► Christian Humanists–wanted to reform Church  Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious(Christ-like)  Desiderius Erasmus–father of Christian Humanism ►Suggested reforming from within the Church
  • 50. Desiderius Erasmus ► Erasmus was a Dutch scholar, humanist, and theologian. ► Erasmus was ordained a Catholic priest, but never practiced priestly duties. ► Instead, he studied theology and classical Greek at the universities of Paris and Cambridge. ► Erasmus was critical of some of the practices and doctrines of the Desiderius Catholic Church. Erasmus ► Erasmus sought to reform the Catholic Church.
  • 51. Calls to Reform the Church ► In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus  Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)  Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it  Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy  The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther
  • 52. Why reform? ► Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership ► Scientific advances contradicted the Church ► People wanted to know how to save souls ► Indulgences –a release of a soul from purgatory for monetary donation – a HUGE abuse of Church power!
  • 53. What was the Protestant Reformation? ► Priorto the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic ► The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church ► People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church ► In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions ► The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions
  • 55. MARTIN LUTHER ► German Priest ► Saw problems in the Church ► Church believed salvation gained from faith + good work  Luther thought faith alone gained salvation ► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenburg, Ger  His criticisms of Church  1000s of copies distributed through Germany
  • 56. The Reformation Begins ► By 1521 Luther moving toward spilt from Church ► Wanted Ger princes to overthrow Papal power in Germany & est a German Church ► By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated  Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms  Called by Emperor Charles V, wanted Luther to change his ideas, Luther – “NO”  Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw  Luther kept in hiding by his prince
  • 57. Lutheranism ► Followersof Luther’s religious practices ► Gained support of many German princes ► 1524, German peasants revolted & hoped Luther would support them, because Luther needed the princes’ support, he did not help the peasants ► Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?  To achieve peace HRE Emperor Charles V accepted the Peace of Augsburg (allowed Ger princes to choose the faith of their region)
  • 58. Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli ► UlrichZwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland ► Zwinglian Reformation  Banned all religious relics & images  Whitewashed all church interiors  No music in church services  Does note merge w/Luther b/c can’t agree with the meaning of communion
  • 59. Protestantism Spreads - Calvin ► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in rel war) ► French, fled for safety to Switzerland ► 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.  Created a church govt of elect & laity  Used consistory (moral police) ► Sent missionaries thru Eur to convert Cath. ► Ideas spread  FR, Neth, Scot… ► Mid 16th C – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism
  • 65. Reformation in England ► Political, not religious motives for reform ► Henry VIII – King of England  Needs a male heir to carry on the Tudor Dynasty  Married Catherine of Aragon (Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor)  Have a daughter, Mary  No son, so Henry wants a divorce! In the Catholic Church, you need an annulment, granted by the Church. The Pope grants it for a King.
  • 66. Reformation in England (cont) ► The Pope refused to grant the annulment, too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor) ► After a long argument, Henry decided to break from Catholic Church ► Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce ► Act of Supremacy(1534) est Church of Eng  King control over doctrine, appointments, etc  Dissolves Cath claims, sells land & possessions  Remained close to Cath teachings
  • 67. Henry & his wives ► Henry was desperate for a son. So much so he married 6 times!! ► The saying goes… Divorced, Beheaded, Died Divorced, Beheaded, Survived Horrible Histories
  • 68. The Church of England ► 1547 – Henry died  His 9 year old son, Edward VI, took the throne ► The Church of England- aka Anglican Church  Became more Protestant  Angering Catholics ► 1553 – Edward dies  His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne  She wants to restore Catholicism  “Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics  Increases tensions btw Cath & Prot
  • 69. The Catholic Reformation ► Protestantismspreading rapidly through Eur ► Church sees need to reform  Raises the standards of the clergy  Inspired the Church with a renewed zeal and morale  Contributed significantly to producing the Catholic Church as we know it today. ► Pillars of Catholic Reformation  1. Reform of Papacy  2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)  3. Council of Trent
  • 70. The Papacy ► Corruption had to be addressed ► Pope Paul II led papal reform  Oversaw the creation of the Jesuit order  Opened the Council of Trent  Revived the Inquisition
  • 71. The Jesuits ► Most significant agency of Catholic reform ► Founded by Ignatius of Loyola  Spanish soldier  Injured in battle ►Had a conversion during recovery, dedicated himself to the Church
  • 72. Role of Jesuits ► Missionaries  Convert former and non- Catholics ► Urged the religious education of children ► Devoted to religious and secular education  Secondary schools  Colleges/Universities  Seminaries
  • 73. Council of Trent ► Met over 18 year period (1545-63) ► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching  Including 7 sacraments  Maintained salvation was gained through faith and good works ► More strict rules for clergy  Incl more education for priests ►Each diocese established a seminary ► Banned indulgences!!
  • 74. The Inquisition ► Church’s way to suppress heresy ► Infamous for its cruelty ► Followed strictly in Spain, Portugal and Rome ► Some countries, like France, refused