2. What is Source?
• Source code is the version of software as it is originally written by
a human in plain text
• The term software refers to all operating systems, application
programs
• Source code can be written in any of the programming languages
(C, C++, Cobol, Fortran, Java, Perl, PHP, Python and..)
• To be usable by a computer source code must be compiled
Reference: http://www.linfo.org/
Compile
3. What is Open Source Software?
promotes free redistribution and access to a
products design or ideas and implementation
details.
4. Open -> Collaboration is Open
Source -> Source is freely available
Share
Adapt
Modify
Collaborate!
5. Is it Free?
• Free here is freedom not free in terms of price.
• Every free software is not Open Source.
• Every Open Source software is not free.
• Some software are Open Source as well as free.
No!
6. Open Source Software History
• In the 1950s and 1960s,
• software and compilers were delivered as a part of hardware
purchases without separate fees
• At this time, source code, the human-readable form of
software, was generally distributed with the software
providing the ability to fix bugs or add new functionality
• Many of the modifications developed by universities were
openly shared in keeping with the academic principles of
sharing knowledge
• In the 1970s
• “unbundling” of software from hardware [IBM]
• In the 1980s
• Richard Stallman, formerly a programmer at the MITAI Lab
launched the GNU Project
• Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) of the University
of California at Berkeley working on BSD UNIX system
7. Open Source Software History Cont’d
• In the 1990s
• In Finland, LinusTorvalds, a student of computer science was implementing
the first versions of the Linux kernel.
• GNU/Linux
• 386BSD
• GNU/Linux and 386BSD were reasonably stable platforms.
• BSD based operating systems (NetBSD, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD)
• GNU/Linux distributions (Slackware, Debian, Red Hat, Suse, Mandrake,..)
• Apache (web server)
• Perl
• GNOME and KDE (Desktop environment)
• Mozilla (funded by Netscape to build a web browser)
• Open Source Initiative (OSI)
8. GNU Project
• Build a free operating system
• Software produced by GNU will remain free
• Started by coding some programming tools (a compiler, an editor,
etc.).
• GNU General Public License (GPL)
• The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
• The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs
(freedom 1)
• The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
• The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the
public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3)
Free software means the users
have the freedom to run, copy,
distribute, study, change and
improve the software.
9. Copyleft
Copyleft is a general method for making a
program (or other work) free, and requiring all
modified and extended versions of the
program to be free as well.
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.en.html
10. Berkeley Software Distribution
• Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) is a Unix operating system
• Developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research
Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley
• Basis for several open source development projects
• FreeBSD aims for high performance and ease of use by end users
• NetBSD aims for maximum portability (NASA space missions)
• OpenBSD aims for security
• There are also BSD UNIX® operating systems which are not open
source
• Mac OS® X the operating system for Apple.The BSD core is Darwin (available as
a fully functional open source operating system)
11. • Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a public benefit corporation
• Founded in 1998
• Actively engaged in building open source community
http://www.opensource.org/
12. Business models for open-source software
• Selling professional services
• Selling of branded merchandise
• Selling of certificates
• Voluntary donations
• Advertising-supported software
• Re-licensing under a proprietary license
• And…
13. Open Source Project
• Linux Foundation – 2007
• 7800 contributors from 800 companies
• 6 patches per hour
• OpenStack - 2010
• Started as NASA/Rackspace project
• 10,418 individual members in 125 countries
• 237 organizations
• 1278 contributors
• 1.3M lines of code
14.
15. Linux
• A Linux distribution has thousands of software Free!
• Linux is a complete, stable and reliable operating system
• Linux is powerful
• Linux has a complete development environment
• Linux is an ideal environment for servers
• It is easily upgradable
• It has lots of documentation
• More than 90% of current Linux source code is written by other
developers
• Even Microsoft Contributes to Linux Kernel Development
16. Linux
runs on Linux-based Server
runs on Linux-based Server
runs on Linux-based Server
runs on Linux-based Server
runs on Linux-based Server
runs on Linux-based Server
runs on Linux-based Server
17. but why?
• Stability
• Security
• Hardware
• Cost
• Freedom
• Apache, Linux’s leadingWeb server application
• MySQL, the most prominent database application
• PHP, the most popular scripting language
18. Apache
• Developed and maintained by an open community of developers
under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation
• The most popular web server on the internet since 1996
• 54.2% of all active websites (June 2013)
• is a collaborative software development
• Apache can run on almost any OS including
• Simple and powerful
• File-based configuration
• It is free
• It is Open Source
19. MySQL
• 1994 – Development starts on MySQL
• MySQL is the world's most popular open source database
• Relational database management system (RDBMS);
• Facebook and Wikipedia use MySQL
• It is Open Source
• It is Free
20. PHP
• is a server-side scripting language designed for web development
• was installed on more than 240 million websites and 2.1 million web
servers
• originally stood for Personal Home Page
• it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
• PHP is free software released under the PHP License
21. Wordpress
• WordPress is the world’s most popular blogging platform
• Used by a 202 million websites
• can be used to transform a standard blog into interactive website
• Content management system
• https://wordpress.com
• Open Source
• Free
22. VLC Player
• media player had been downloaded 300 million times
• supports practically every audio/video codec and file format
• live recording of streaming video
• frame-by-frame advancement and superb speed controls
• It is Open Source
• It is Free
23. Notepad++
• Source code editor and Notepad replacement
• https://notepad-plus-plus.org/
• supports several languages
• GPL License.
• auto-completion for CSS, C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, SQL, HTML,
XML and PHP
24. Ubuntu
• is a Debian-based Linux operating system
• Unity as its default desktop environment
• Ubuntu also runs network servers
• generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other
services related to Ubuntu
• It is Open Source
• It is Free
25. Let’s try Ubuntu!
• Ubuntu Distribution
• http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
• Virtual PC
• http://www.microsoft.com/en-au/download/details.aspx?id=3702
26. Android
• Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel
and currently developed by Google.
• Android is designed primarily for touchscreen
• Source code is released by Google under open source licenses
• Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in 2005
($50 million)
• was developed as a platform for digital cameras but the makers later
changed their focus to smart phones
• Free!
27. GIMP
• GNU Image Manipulation Program
• is a free and open-source raster graphics editor
• began in 1995 as the school project of two university students
• a possible replacement for Adobe Photoshop
• Windows: www.gimp.org/downloads/
• Linux: apt-get install gimp
28.
29. • LaTeX is a document preparation system for high-quality typesetting
• It is most often used for medium-to-large technical or scientific
documents but it can be used for almost any form of publishing.
• LaTeX is not a word processor
• LaTeX was first developed in 1985
• MiKTeX is a freeTeX distribution forWindows systems
31. Is Open Source just about software!?
Arduino is an open source hardware!
Notes de l'éditeur
Open Source software is distributed with its source code. The Open Source Definition has three essential features:
It allows free re-distribution of the software without royalties or licensing fees to the author
It requires that source code be distributed with the software or otherwise made available for no more than the cost of distribution
It allows anyone to modify the software or derive other software from it, and to redistribute the modified software under the same terms.
Steven Weber, The Political Economy of Open Source Software, BRIE Working Paper 140,
http://brie.berkeley.edu/~briewww/pubs/pubs/wp/wp140.pdf
Apache more than 50% market share
The simplest way to make a program free software is to put it in the public domain (uncopyrighted) but It also allows uncooperative people to convert the program into proprietary software.
Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and change it
Copyleft also provides an incentive for other programmers to add to free software
Branded: the Mozilla Foundation[13] and the Wikimedia Foundation[14] sell branded merchandise articles like t-shirts and coffee mugs
innovated by Moodle, an open source learning management system and community platform
Firefox 1.0 web browser
historically, about 30% of all vulnerabilities listed since 1996 in this database are linked to PHP
apt-get update
apt-get install texlive texlive-base or apt-get install texlive-full
