5. distinction of cognitive & metacognitive learning strategies 6. establishi...
9. analogy 10. theories of learning patricia mae sapad
1. Chapter 1
Patricia Mae D. Sapad
Analogy and Theories of Learning
Analogy -is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject
to another particular subject (the target) expression corresponding to such a process. The
word analogy can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which
is often, though not necessarily, a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.And it plays a
significant role in problem solving such as, decision
making, perception, memory, creativity,emotion, explanation and communication. It lies behind
basic tasks such as the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in face
perception and facial recognition systems.
Examples:
Bedroom is to sleeping as to Kitchen is to cooking.
Plant is to carbon dioxide as to Human is to oxygen
Transfer of Learning
- is the dependency of human conduct, learning, or performance on prior experience. The
notion was originally introduced as transfer of practice by Edward Thorndike and Robert
S. Woodworth.They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to
another. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on how similar the
learning task and transfer tasks are, or where "identical elements are concerned in the
influencing and influenced function", now known as the identical element theory.
Transfer of Learning Theories:
Mental-discipline theories-The earliest mental-discipline theories of teaching were
based on a premise that the main justification for teaching anything is not for itself but for
what it trains—intelligence, attitudes, and values. By choosing the right material and by
emphasizing rote methods of learning, according to this theory, one disciplines the mind
and produces a better intellect.
Identical Elements- was proposed in which it was postulated that transfer between
activities would take place only if they shared common elements or features. Thus it was
predicted that one’s training in addition would transfer to his ability to learn how to
multiply. It was reasoned that both tasks share identical features, multiplication basically
requiring a series of successive additions, and that both tasks demand the individual’s
concentration.
Generalization-results to the application and you can apply your experience to a new
situation.