Patron-Driven Acquisitions: Recommendations for the University Library
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Patron-Driven Acquisitions: Recommendations for the University Library
- 1. Patron-Driven Acquisitions : Recommendations for the University Library by Amanda Foster May 18, 2011
- 2. Introduction Synonyms What is meant by patron-driven acquisitions? It reflects the shift from “just-in-case” to “just-in-time” collections
- 3. History Are patron-driven acquisitions really new? Purchasing print materials in place of interlibrary loans NetLibrary’s introduction of e-book patron-driven acquisitions
- 4. Ebooks How ebook patron-driven acquisitions programs work Current options for ebook patron-driven acquisitions The prevalence of ebooks Ebook budgets
- 5. Print Materials Use in place of interlibrary loans Print-on-demand within libraries
- 6. A Combined Program University of Denver library has implemented a combined print/e-book patron-driven acquisition program The program is a replacement for their slip notification plan
- 7. Pros Counteracts the problem of materials never circulated Titles acquired via patron-driven acquisition have a higher average circulation rate Ebook patron-driven acquisitions can come from a librarian-selected wish list
- 8. Pros Continued Ebooks are seen a good way of coping with diminishing budgets A much better option than bundles for e-book purchases Titles acquired via patron-driven acquisition are generally a good fit for the collection
- 9. Pros Continued Either marginally more expensive or less expensive than interlibrary loans Positive feedback from library users Most patron-acquisition of print materials by faculty & graduate students
- 10. Pros Continued But items selected by undergraduates have been found to garner the greatest circulation Meets cross-disciplinary needs
- 11. Cons Potential to lead to imbalanced collections Doesn’t anticipating future needs Doesn’t accommodate unanticipated/occasional needs With e-books, vendor and/or publisher rules may change
- 12. Cons Continued Hostility from publishers Viability of future books Ebook prices Ebook patron-driven acquisitions programs can quickly exhaust funds Ebook rental costs can add considerable cost
- 13. Cons Continued For books bought in place of interlibrary loans, the cost of the book may be higher Quality of the MARC records is even more important than usual for patron-driven acquisitions Long-term effects of patron-driven ebook acquisitions programs are not known
- 14. Vendor Considerations Vendors vary considerably in terms of titles, terms etc. for ebooks Use of multiple vendors?
- 15. Recommendations Implement both an ebook & print patron-driven acquisition program At least initially, keep the program small Have librarians select titles eligible for the patron-driven acquisitions program
- 16. More Recommendations Incorporate the patron-driven acquisitions program into the libraries policies & procedures Use one vendor for the whole program, preferably one the library currents works with Establish a program to purchase ILL requests … eventually
- 17. Questions?
Notes de l'éditeur
- Patron-driven acquisitions is sometimes also referred to as demand driven acquisitions, user driven acquisitions, or patron-initiated collectionIn recent years, the term has referred most often to patrons deciding which e-books a library actually purchasesIt also sometimes refers to programs used in place of interlibrary loans - when a book meets certain criteria it is purchased for the library rather than being borrowed from another libraryPatron-driven acquisitions reflect a fundamental change in many libraries from “just in case” acquisitions to “just in time” acquisitions
- It can be argued that patron-driven acquisitions are actually not new to library at all as libraries have always taken requests by users seriously (through suggestion boxes, online request forms etc.) But the vast majority of titles were selected by librarians - though there were isolated cases of teaching faculty being responsible for the selection of most print materials such as at SUNY College at GenescoIn 1990, Bucknell University started to purchase books for ILL requests when they proved faster & more economical than borrowing - this appears to be the true beginning of patron-driven acquisitionsNetLibrary was the first vendor to offer a patron-driven acquisitions ebook program back in 1998, though it appears they had few customers for their program -in the original NetLibrary model a purchase was triggered after the second use regardless if it was just a quick glance at one page - printing was limited to a page at a time to discourage violation of copyright - users had to create a NetLibrary account instead of just being authenticated by the library
- For ebook patron-driven acquisitions, MARC records are loaded into the library’s catalogue (either screened first or all records from the vendor) - to the user, it looks as though the library already loans the title - however, the ebook isn’t purchased until it has been used - depending on the arrangement with the vendor, the ebook may be purchased with one use or it may take several - quick glances may or may not count - rental charges may apply for early usesIn recent years ebrary, Ebook Library (EBL) & Myilibrary has begun to offer patron-driven acquisition programs - the first two can be incorporated with YBP’s approvals plan while Myilibrary is part of Coutts & can be part of their approval plans - NetLibrary remains & is now owned by EBSCOAs a relatively small percentage of academic titles (around 20%) are currently available in ebook format, many quality publishers don’t have ebooks at all, & those that exist are not infrequently released (as much as 18 months!) after the hardcover is available While many libraries have yet to adopt e-book patron-driven acquisitions in any form, and most that do have their acquisition as a single digit percentage of their budget, the University of Chicago uses for 50% of its monograph budget for this & may eventually go to 100%
- The most common method of patron-driven acquisitions is for ILL requests -libraries decide (within certain parameters : in print & easily available + price seem to be the common criteria) to purchase some ILL requests – some libraries let the requester borrow pre-cataloguing while other rush books through cataloguingSeveral libraries, including the University of Michigan, have purchased an Espresso Book Machine which prints books on demand – in the case of the University of Michigan the problems they encountered tend to be technical in nature (such as binding issues) - quick way of getting books but again, limited titles at this point
- The University of Denver opted to replace its slips notification plan from Blackwell/YBP into a paper & digital demand-driven acquisitions plan - the librarians there decided it was better to allow all the slips sent by their vendor to be put as MARC records into their catalogue for user discovery than to have so many books purchased a just sit on the shelves - left their regular approval program status quo and used the patron-driven acquisitions option just for lower priority titles - with the print MARC records the user receives a message that they can “request a purchase of this book” & will then be told that since the library doesn’t currently own the book, it will be purchased for them - of course, ebook patron-driven acquisitions is seamless
- As numerous studies have shown that a high percentage of library materials are never circulated (around half) - likely aren’t used in library either & yet ILL requests have increased greatly over time – so, there has been a clear divide between what librarians have selected and what users have been seekingPatron-driven acquisitions titles have consistently been found to have a higher circulation rateWith ebook patron-driven acquisitions librarians can produce a list of what they’d buy if money were unlimited & allow users to determine what is actually purchased – inappropriate titles can be discarded before being added to the catalogue
- A way to stretch ever shrinking budgets – for ebooks: less physical space, user preference for electronic access & the inability to maintain comprehensive collectionsMakes more sense that buying ebook bundles, the other major vendor option, as with that method libraries can easily end up with books irrelevant to their usersStudies have found that items purchased through patron-driven acquisitions generally fit the criteria that would be used if selected by librarians – at Purdue were overwhelmingly up’s & academic presses – studies have shown that only 4 to 5% are not scholarly in nature : there have been a few instances of hobby-related books etc.
- At Oregon State University library found that the cost of borrowing ILL items was only slightly less than actually purchasing the items & if they were used again, it was definitely less expensiveWith its “buy not borrow” program almost all user feedback has been positive though Oregon State University did have one user say that they’d rather the library fill holes in the collection that purchase random booksMost patron-driven acquisitions are from graduate students or faculty (whether naturally or through purposeful limitation), so they are experts in their fields and this expertise should led to good selections
- Though at Purdue, when undergraduates had ILL items selected they saw the highest average circulation “Books on Demand” at Purdue University found that many of the requested books were outside the requesters’ field – librarians concluded that these cross-disciplinary works were very good additions to the collection – appears to reflect the increasingly cross-disciplinary nature of academics – for instance, of books selected in the Sociology call numbers just 12% were Sociology/Anthropology students and faculty – appears to meet needs that librarians didn’t realize existed - Moreover, librarians generally are assigned to serve the needs of departments which leaves those users not in a disciplinary department without coverage
- Could lead to imbalanced collectionsBooks on demand type programs have consistently had primarily requests from the liberal arts even at schools like Purdue with a strong science & technology focus – so could lead to unequal collectionsNew undergraduates have been found much less likely to request ILL even when they know it’s available - could lead to few lower level titles, as they tend to use whatever is at the libraryDavid Magier, of Princeton University has said that libraries are heading towards an “American Idol-style collection” & that if patron-driven acquisitions had existed in the past that collections would not be as robust – but he isn’t completely against patron-driven acquisitions just thinks it shouldn’t be the only collection development methodNot collecting with future needs in mindBarbara Fister, a librarian at GustavusAdophus College, seems to be among the most critical of patron-driven acquisitions though she does note that she has been proven wrong about other library developments in the past – she believes that librarian-selected books can lead novice researchers to books that would never have even thought to ask for & that patron-driven acquisitions is puts too much faith in the library catalogue – also notes that it doesn’t allow libraries to share with one another to accommodate unanticipated/occasional needsIn 1999, Marion County Internet Library was an early NetLibrary patron-driven acquisitions customer – in 2006 they changed their rules about consortium purchases so that a library couldn’t share its ebookThe not being allowed to share aspect - highlights how the vendors/publishers can change rules – the stability of electronic materials, including patron-driven acquisitions, isn’t clearThough not really relevant to academic libraries, the recent HarperCollins decision for public libraries (a title only accessible 25 times) may be a sign of things to come – perhaps academic publishers were implement something similar with a smaller number of uses? – in that case many titles purchased by patrons may need to be repurchased – print may have been better
- There has been considerable hostility from publishers, as patron-driven acquisitions will likely lead to less sales & e-books in themselves already trouble manyIf patron-driven acquisition becomes the norm, there is a realistic concern about the continued existence of publishing on academic topics with a narrow focus - perhaps they will not sell enough to still be viableEbooks tend to be the same price or higher than hardcovers - patron-driven acquisitions of them, really best use of money?Without some sort of limits a number of university libraries have had patrons exhaust budgets quickly (eg. at Duke Universitya patron-driven acquisitions project’s $25,000 was spent in 14 days with no advertising)With many ebook patron-driven acquisitions plans a library rents books before actually purchasing them - while this can save money if they often don’t reach the purchase threshold, there is the definite possible of spending considerably more money for less books if most rentals eventually turn into purchases
- Librarians in a study of a purchase on demand program at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln raised an interesting concern – the books, being acquired on rush basis had higher costs as they didn’t benefit from the discounted pricing of approval and firm orders – the authors of the study found that these books had “more effective average use value ratios” – yet the books do remain more costly + depending on the library there may be additional costs: rush cataloguing etc. that really do need to be consideredWith patron-driven acquisitions, the quality of a book’s MARC record become increasingly important – if it is inaccurate or incomplete may lead users to either erroneously select it or ignore it when they otherwise would have been interestedFor e-books, the long-term effects are unknown
- With ebooks, vendor selection is a much more important decision than it is with print materialsDifferent vendors offer a different selection of titles & not all titles are necessarily available for patron-driven acquisitions (example only 155,600 of ebrary’s 274,000 titles were available for patron-driven acquisitions when it officially launched last fall)When does the purchase occur (example on the third viewing) - does look at just a page or for five minutes count? Etc.Michael Levine-Clark recommends using multiple vendors initially because, as noted before, the various vendors are have significant differences & this way the users can decide which they prefer - however, I think this may confuse users more than anything & since none of the vendors are all comprehensive & ebooks are still not available for most titles, for the time being it seems better to choose a vendor and then evaluate how it is working - either choose one you already have a good relationship with or which publishers/subject focus seem best for user needs - using one vendor helps to eliminate redundancy of e-book/print editions
- To take advantage of the pros and diminish the cons of patron-driven acquisitions programs, such a program needs to be implemented on a small-scale, at least initially - to make sure it works well for the University Library before spending too much money on the programAs there have been numerous successful patron-driven acquisitions programs, I would recommend implementing such a program at the University Library - if expended more quickly than anticipated there will be more options + it usage should give an idea of the budget that would be need - keep an eye on subjects that are underrepresented: for ebooks, are there even viable options?However, it must be done with caution and it must definitely have clearly defined parameters - especially in regards to price, publication date, publisher - while studies have shown that little non-academic material is purchased (4-5% certainly isn’t nothing) & while it appears not to have happened anywhere yet there is always the possibility of one user going on an insane purchasing spree
- Make sure the new patron-driven acquisitions program is added in the library’s policies and procedures – the Marriott Library, University of Michigan was the only example I found of the program being added to the library’s formal policyBoth print & ebook patron-driven acquisitions, something similar to the University of Denver’s program?Keep using current vendors as much as possible, provided that they are doing a decent job, as it would add stress to introduce a new program & new vendors - plus much more likely to run into duplication issues & such using multiple vendors - likely would also be able to negotiate a better discount & terms using a single vendorI like the idea of a buy not borrow type program for interlibrary loans but it is clearly a separate program & think it would be best to work on establishing one patron-driven acquisitions program at a time