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The Rationale of Taqlid and
the Marja‘iyyah
Camp UK, 2015
Workshop leader: Amina Inloes
Key terms: What is…
A marja` (or marja` al-taqlid)?
A religious scholar who derives religious
rulings, is considered among the most
knowledgeable scholars alive, and who is
followed by others.
Taqlid?
Following the religious rulings and
guidance of a marja`
A mujtahid?
A religious scholar who is learned enough to
derive religious rulings for himself/herself
but who is not necessarily followed by
others.
Quiz: Marja`, taqlid, or
mujtahid?
A marja` (or marja` al-taqlid)?
A mujtahid?
Taqlid?
Basic rules for following a marja`?
What do you follow a marja` in?
• Religious laws/practices (furu`) – yes
• Beliefs (usul) - no
How do you choose a marja`?
• Follow the most knowledgable
• (Known to you, or to others who have
knowledge)
Can you follow a deceased marja`?
• No
• Unless you followed them while they
were alive, in which case you can
continue to follow them and consult
someone else on new issues
What are 2 options to following a
marja`?
• Ihtiyat (precaution)
• Becoming a mujtahid
How do you choose a marja`? What are 2 options to following a marja`?
Can you follow a deceased marja`? What do you follow a marja` in?
Beliefs versus practices
Why do you believe in God? Divine
justice? The prophets? The Imams?
The next life?
How do you know how to say salat?
When to fast? What you are allowed to
buy and sell? Whom you can marry?
Rationale: Qur’an
• “ Nor should the believers all go forth together: if a group of every expedition
remained behind, they could devote themselves to studies in religion, and
warn their people when they return to them, so they may be cautious.” (9:122)
ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ن‬ َ‫َل‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ف‬ ۚ ً‫ة‬َّ‫ف‬‫ا‬َ‫ك‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫ون‬ُ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫ان‬َ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ق‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ئ‬‫ا‬َ‫ط‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ٍ‫ة‬َ‫ق‬ ْ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ق‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ر‬ِ‫ذ‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ين‬ِ‫لد‬
َ‫ون‬ُ‫ر‬َ‫ذ‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ي‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬ ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬
• “So ask those who have [knowledge of] the religion] if you do not know.”
(21:7)
َ‫ون‬ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫َل‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬ ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ك‬ِ‫الذ‬ َ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫أ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬َ‫أ‬ْ‫س‬‫ا‬َ‫ف‬
Bad following in the Qur’an
• When it is said to them, “Follow what Allah has sent down”, they say
“Rather we will follow what we found our forefathers
practicing. Wasn't it the case that their ancestors didn't understand
a thing and were void of guidance?
• Indeed, the vilest of living animals, in God's sight, are the deaf, the
dumb and those that do not use their intellect.”
• And if you obey most of those on the earth, they will mislead you
from the way of God. They follow but conjecture and they only
guess.
• Behold, they will dispute with each other in the Fire! The weak ones
will say to those who had been arrogant, “We but followed you. Can
you then take from us some share of the Fire?”
Is this the
same as
following a
marja`? Why or
why not?
Rationale: Hadith
• “If there is anyone among the fuqaha who is in control over his own self, protects his
religion, suppresses his evil desires and is obedient to the commands of his Master, then the
people should follow him” - narrated from Imam al-‘Askari (A)
‫دوه‬‫يقل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫فللعوام‬ ‫موَله‬ ‫ألمر‬ ً‫ا‬‫مطيع‬ ‫لهواه‬ ً‫ا‬‫مخالف‬ ‫لدينه‬ ً‫ا‬‫حافظ‬ ‫لنفسه‬ ً‫ا‬‫صائن‬ ‫الفقهاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫كان‬ ‫من‬ ‫ا‬َّ‫م‬‫فأ‬‫بعض‬ ‫إَل‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫َل‬ ‫وذلك‬ ،
‫هم‬‫كل‬ ‫َل‬ ‫الشيعة‬ ‫فقهاء‬( .‫الشيعة‬ ‫وسائل‬)
• When Umar Ibn Hanzalah asked al-Sadiq (S) whom the Shia should refer to when they
dispute, he replied: “ They must seek out one of you who narrates our traditions, who is
versed in what is permissible and what is forbidden, who is well-acquainted with our laws
and ordinances, and accept him as judge and arbiter, for I appoint him as judge over you.”
‫جع‬ ‫قد‬ ‫فإني‬ ‫حكما‬ ‫به‬ ‫فلترضوا‬ ‫أحكامنا‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫و‬ ‫حرامنا‬ ‫و‬ ‫حاللنا‬ ‫في‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫و‬ ‫حديثنا‬ ‫روى‬ ‫قد‬ ‫منكم‬ ‫رجل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫انظروا‬‫عليكم‬ ‫لته‬
‫على‬ ‫هو‬ ‫و‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫على‬ ‫راد‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫الراد‬ ‫و‬ ‫رد‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫و‬ ‫استخف‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بحكم‬ ‫فإنما‬ ‫منه‬ ‫يقبل‬ ‫فلم‬ ‫بحكمنا‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫فإذا‬ ‫حاكما‬‫باهلل‬ ‫الشرك‬ ‫حد‬
‫جل‬ ‫و‬ ‫عز‬.
• “As far as newly occurring circumstances are concerned, you should turn (for guidance) to
the narrators of our hadiths, for they are my proof over you just as I am Allah's proof over
them.” – Narrated from Imam al-Zaman (A) at the beginning of the ghaybah sughra.
‫عليهم‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫حجة‬ ‫انا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عليكم‬ ‫حجتي‬ ‫فانهم‬ ‫حديثنا‬ ‫رواة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫فارجعوا‬ ‫الواقعة‬ ‫الحوادث‬ ‫اما‬...
• System of representatives of the Imams (A)
Logical rationale
• Does it make sense to follow an expert in the field?
Discussion questions
•What else does a marja` do besides derive fatwas?
•What benefits does the system of marja`iyyah offer?
•What challenges have the maraji‘ faced in the 20th
century?
•What can we do to try to solve some of the challenges
here?
Face-off!
Choose one or more of these real-life questions to debate.
Remember the rules for debate!
• Do we need a marja` in the West? Why or why not?
• Should the marja`s be forced to agree that one day is Eid? How would this be
done?
• You are part of a think tank which wants to develop an alternative to the
marja`iyyah – what system do you choose?
• You administer an Islamic chat board. A marja` issues a view that disagrees
with your view of what is Islamic, and some people start writing
inflammatory internet posts about them and curse them. Should you allow
this?
• How involved in politics should a marja` be? Should a marja` run the
Documentary
Taqleed: Following a Scholar
Facts:
• Take note of new points. Did you learn anything new about the
marja`iyyah?
• What rationale for the marja`iyyah do they present?
Critical thinking activity:
• What is the subtext of the video? That is, what messages about the nature of
the marja`iyyah or Islamic scholarship is it intentionally or unintentionally
communicating?
• If you were to make a sequel, are there other issues about the marja`iyyah
that you would include?

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The rationale of taqlid and the marja‘iyyah

  • 1. The Rationale of Taqlid and the Marja‘iyyah Camp UK, 2015 Workshop leader: Amina Inloes
  • 2. Key terms: What is… A marja` (or marja` al-taqlid)? A religious scholar who derives religious rulings, is considered among the most knowledgeable scholars alive, and who is followed by others. Taqlid? Following the religious rulings and guidance of a marja` A mujtahid? A religious scholar who is learned enough to derive religious rulings for himself/herself but who is not necessarily followed by others. Quiz: Marja`, taqlid, or mujtahid? A marja` (or marja` al-taqlid)? A mujtahid? Taqlid?
  • 3. Basic rules for following a marja`? What do you follow a marja` in? • Religious laws/practices (furu`) – yes • Beliefs (usul) - no How do you choose a marja`? • Follow the most knowledgable • (Known to you, or to others who have knowledge) Can you follow a deceased marja`? • No • Unless you followed them while they were alive, in which case you can continue to follow them and consult someone else on new issues What are 2 options to following a marja`? • Ihtiyat (precaution) • Becoming a mujtahid How do you choose a marja`? What are 2 options to following a marja`? Can you follow a deceased marja`? What do you follow a marja` in?
  • 4. Beliefs versus practices Why do you believe in God? Divine justice? The prophets? The Imams? The next life? How do you know how to say salat? When to fast? What you are allowed to buy and sell? Whom you can marry?
  • 5. Rationale: Qur’an • “ Nor should the believers all go forth together: if a group of every expedition remained behind, they could devote themselves to studies in religion, and warn their people when they return to them, so they may be cautious.” (9:122) ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ن‬ َ‫َل‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ف‬ ۚ ً‫ة‬َّ‫ف‬‫ا‬َ‫ك‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫ون‬ُ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫ان‬َ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ق‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ئ‬‫ا‬َ‫ط‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ٍ‫ة‬َ‫ق‬ ْ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ق‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ر‬ِ‫ذ‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ين‬ِ‫لد‬ َ‫ون‬ُ‫ر‬َ‫ذ‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ي‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬ ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬ • “So ask those who have [knowledge of] the religion] if you do not know.” (21:7) َ‫ون‬ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫َل‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬ ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ك‬ِ‫الذ‬ َ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫أ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬َ‫أ‬ْ‫س‬‫ا‬َ‫ف‬
  • 6. Bad following in the Qur’an • When it is said to them, “Follow what Allah has sent down”, they say “Rather we will follow what we found our forefathers practicing. Wasn't it the case that their ancestors didn't understand a thing and were void of guidance? • Indeed, the vilest of living animals, in God's sight, are the deaf, the dumb and those that do not use their intellect.” • And if you obey most of those on the earth, they will mislead you from the way of God. They follow but conjecture and they only guess. • Behold, they will dispute with each other in the Fire! The weak ones will say to those who had been arrogant, “We but followed you. Can you then take from us some share of the Fire?” Is this the same as following a marja`? Why or why not?
  • 7. Rationale: Hadith • “If there is anyone among the fuqaha who is in control over his own self, protects his religion, suppresses his evil desires and is obedient to the commands of his Master, then the people should follow him” - narrated from Imam al-‘Askari (A) ‫دوه‬‫يقل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫فللعوام‬ ‫موَله‬ ‫ألمر‬ ً‫ا‬‫مطيع‬ ‫لهواه‬ ً‫ا‬‫مخالف‬ ‫لدينه‬ ً‫ا‬‫حافظ‬ ‫لنفسه‬ ً‫ا‬‫صائن‬ ‫الفقهاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫كان‬ ‫من‬ ‫ا‬َّ‫م‬‫فأ‬‫بعض‬ ‫إَل‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫َل‬ ‫وذلك‬ ، ‫هم‬‫كل‬ ‫َل‬ ‫الشيعة‬ ‫فقهاء‬( .‫الشيعة‬ ‫وسائل‬) • When Umar Ibn Hanzalah asked al-Sadiq (S) whom the Shia should refer to when they dispute, he replied: “ They must seek out one of you who narrates our traditions, who is versed in what is permissible and what is forbidden, who is well-acquainted with our laws and ordinances, and accept him as judge and arbiter, for I appoint him as judge over you.” ‫جع‬ ‫قد‬ ‫فإني‬ ‫حكما‬ ‫به‬ ‫فلترضوا‬ ‫أحكامنا‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫و‬ ‫حرامنا‬ ‫و‬ ‫حاللنا‬ ‫في‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫و‬ ‫حديثنا‬ ‫روى‬ ‫قد‬ ‫منكم‬ ‫رجل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫انظروا‬‫عليكم‬ ‫لته‬ ‫على‬ ‫هو‬ ‫و‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫على‬ ‫راد‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫الراد‬ ‫و‬ ‫رد‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫و‬ ‫استخف‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بحكم‬ ‫فإنما‬ ‫منه‬ ‫يقبل‬ ‫فلم‬ ‫بحكمنا‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫فإذا‬ ‫حاكما‬‫باهلل‬ ‫الشرك‬ ‫حد‬ ‫جل‬ ‫و‬ ‫عز‬. • “As far as newly occurring circumstances are concerned, you should turn (for guidance) to the narrators of our hadiths, for they are my proof over you just as I am Allah's proof over them.” – Narrated from Imam al-Zaman (A) at the beginning of the ghaybah sughra. ‫عليهم‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫حجة‬ ‫انا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عليكم‬ ‫حجتي‬ ‫فانهم‬ ‫حديثنا‬ ‫رواة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫فارجعوا‬ ‫الواقعة‬ ‫الحوادث‬ ‫اما‬... • System of representatives of the Imams (A)
  • 8. Logical rationale • Does it make sense to follow an expert in the field?
  • 9. Discussion questions •What else does a marja` do besides derive fatwas? •What benefits does the system of marja`iyyah offer? •What challenges have the maraji‘ faced in the 20th century? •What can we do to try to solve some of the challenges here?
  • 10. Face-off! Choose one or more of these real-life questions to debate. Remember the rules for debate! • Do we need a marja` in the West? Why or why not? • Should the marja`s be forced to agree that one day is Eid? How would this be done? • You are part of a think tank which wants to develop an alternative to the marja`iyyah – what system do you choose? • You administer an Islamic chat board. A marja` issues a view that disagrees with your view of what is Islamic, and some people start writing inflammatory internet posts about them and curse them. Should you allow this? • How involved in politics should a marja` be? Should a marja` run the
  • 11. Documentary Taqleed: Following a Scholar Facts: • Take note of new points. Did you learn anything new about the marja`iyyah? • What rationale for the marja`iyyah do they present? Critical thinking activity: • What is the subtext of the video? That is, what messages about the nature of the marja`iyyah or Islamic scholarship is it intentionally or unintentionally communicating? • If you were to make a sequel, are there other issues about the marja`iyyah that you would include?

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Add audio
  2. For level-appropriate group with background knowledge of and interest in the subject.