1. DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS & THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE
Chapter#11
Amjad KhanAfridi

2. • A blood group also called aBlood Type
• Classification of blood is based on the presenceor absenceof inheritedantigenic
substanceson the surfaceof red blood cells (RBCs)
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids,depending
on the blood group system.
• The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood
group system) in humanblood transfusion.
• ABOblood types are also present in some other animalsfor examplerodentsand apes
such as chimpanzees,bonobos andgorillas.
INTRODUCTION

3.  Blood is a fluid connective tissue and the most
crucial component of the circulatory system.
 In a healthy person, approximately 5 liters (12 pints)
of blood circulates throughout their body.

4. • KarlLandsteinerdiscoveredthe ABO Blood Group System in 1901.
• Discovered Rh Factor In 1930 along with AlexanderS. Wiener.
• Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello who were working under
Landsteiner discovered type-AB a year laterin 1902 Karl Landsteine
• Landsteiner was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
for his work.
• Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types
(A,B,AB,O) in 1907, which remains in use today.
• Reuben Ottenberg successfully transfused blood between two people at
Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. He was the first person to record pre-
transfusion testing for blood compatibility in a clinical setting. Later in 1954 he
was thefirst to be awardedwithKarl Landsteiner Award.
HISTRY

5. LANDSTEINERS RULE
• If an antigen /agglutinogen is present on the red cell
membrane of an individual, the corresponding
antibody/agglutinin will be absent in the plasma.
• If an antigen / agglutinogen isabsent on the red cell
membrane of an individual, the corresponding antibody /
agglutinin will be present in the plasma.

6. • MAJOR
 ABO
 RH (RHESUS)
• MINOR
 LEWIS
 DUFFY
 KIDD
 KELL
 LUTHERAN
Major & Minor Blood Groups

7. What is ABO blood group system?
 ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited
properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of
the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus
have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. i.e,
 Blood containing red cells with “type A antigen” on their surface has in its serum (fluid)
antibodies against “type B” red cells.

8. ABO blood group system
 If, in transfusion, type-B blood is injected into persons with type-A
blood, the red cells in the injected blood will be destroyed by the
antibodies in the recipient’s blood. In the same way, type-A red cells will
be destroyed by anti-A antibodies in type-B blood. Type-O blood can
be injected into persons with type A, B, or O blood unless there is
incompatibility with respect to some other blood group system also
present. Persons with type-AB blood can receive type A, B, or O blood.
 The test conducted to determine blood group system is called blood
typing

9. ABO BLOOD GROUPING
BLOOD GROUP-A
If you belong to the blood group-A, you have
antigens-A on the surface of your RBCs and
antibodies-B in your blood plasma.
BLOOD GROUP-B
If you belong to the blood group-B, you have
antigens-B on the surface your RBCs and
antibodies-A in your blood plasma.

10. ABO BLOOD GROUPING
BLOOD GROUP-AB
If you belong to the blood group-AB, you
have both A and B antigens On the surface
of your RBCs and no A or B antibodies at all
in your blood plasma.
BLOOD GROUP-O
If you belong to the blood group-O (null),
You have neither A or B antigens on the
Surface of your RBCs but you have both A
and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

12. PRINCIPLEOF BLOOD GROUPING
• Blood grouping is done on the basis of agglutination.
• Agglutination means the collection of separate particles like RBCs into
clumps or masses.
• Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding
antibody which is called isoagglutinin, i.e. Occurs when A-antigen is
mixed with antibody-A or when antigen-B is mixed with antibody-B.
• Almost all normal healthy individuals above 3-6 months of age have
“naturally occurring antibodys” to the ABO antigens that they lack.
These antibodys termed naturally occurring because they were thought
to arise without antigenic stimulation

13. Rh GROUPING
• It isthe most important blood group system after ABO.
• All Rh antigens are controlled by 2 genes –RHD gene– determines expression of D , RHCE–
encodes for C,c and E,e.
• RhD is a strong antigen (immunogenic) and other antigen are less antigenic than D and are of less
clinical significance.
• Therefore , in practice Rh negative and Rh positive depends on presence of D antigen on the surface
of red cells which is detected by strong anti-D serum. Occasionally, anti –C,E,c,e may develop in
case of pregnancy or transfusion.
• Unlike ABO system there isno naturally occurring antibodies against Rh antigensin Rh negative
individuals. Immune ANTIBODYS develop against Rhantigen after exposure to it following
transfusion or pregnancy.
• It can be detected by enzyme treatment or coombs test (antiglobulin test)
• SIGNIFICANCE: Rhincompatibility results in haemolytic transfusion reaction. Haemolytic disease
of newborn.

15. • In Blood Transfusion
• Haemolytic DiseaseOf Newborn.
• Paternity Dispute
• Medicolegal Issues
• Immunology, genetics
• Susceptibility To Various Diseases(Blood GroupO – PepticUlcer, Blood
GroupA – Gastric Ulcer)
Importance of Blood Grouping & Rh Typing

16. Minor Blood Groupsand Significance
1.Duffy blood group- lack glycoprotein DARC,which isreceptor for plasmodium
vivax. So this blood group patients are not susceptible to malaria.
2.Kell blood group- very immunogenic .increased hemolytic disease of new born.
3.Kidd blood group- increased hemolytic transfusion reaction.

17. Universal Donor and Recipient
UNIVERSAL DONOR
 GROUP"O"
 Neither A OR B-Antigens
UNIVERSAL RECEIPIENT
 GROUPAB
 Patient has no Anti-A/Anti-B
PRESENT
.
 Cannot lyse any transfused cell

18. Thank You
31/02/2022