Cascao Slovenia Transboundary Water Resources Power
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2. WATER – Complex Puzzle Agriculture Industry Hydropower Tourism Services Domestic Use Users Politicians Institutions Infra- structures Laws Markets Environment Religion INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
3. WATER – Natural, Political and Transboundary Resource 69 59 57 40 38 263 Transboundary River Basins Source: TFDD Oregon State Univeristy, 2001
4. MIDLLE EAST – 3 HYDRO-HOTSPOTS Nile Jordan Tigris-Euphrates NILE BASIN 10 riparian states JORDAN BASIN 5 riparian states TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN 3 riparian states
5. WATER WARS – Alarmism and Misconceptions ... SCARCITY, WATER WARS, ARMED CONFLICTS, NATIONAL SECURITY... ...WATER, THE OIL OF THE 21st CENTURY, THE BLUE GOLD...
6. WATER COOPERATION – Jargons and Business ... HYDRO-SOLIDARITY, WATER FOR PEACE, WATER CONFLICTS PREVENTION... ... WATER A A CATALYST FOR REGIONAL PEACE AND COPERATION... ... NEGOTIATIONS, AGREEMENTS, BASIN COMMISSIONS, INVESTMENT, INFRASTRUCTURES...
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8. HYDRO-HEGEMONY – Dimensions of Power Geography Material power Bargaining power Ideational power 4 PILLARS OF POWER Zeitoun and Warner, 2006
9. UNRAVELLING POWER ASYMMETRIES EGYPT (HH) SUDAN ETHIOPIA Geography Geography Geography Material power Material power Material power Bargaining power Bargaining power Bargaining power Ideational power Ideational power Ideational power Adapted from Zeitoun and Warner, 2006 TURKEY (HH) Bargaining power Ideational power SYRIA Geography Material power Bargaining power Ideational power IRAQ Geography Material power Bargaining power Ideational power Nile Basin Tigris-Euphrates Basin Geography Material power
10. GEOGRAPHY - A Powerful Tool? Nile Jordan Tigris-Euphrates TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN Hegemon: TURKEY Upstream riparian JORDAN BASIN Hegemon: ISRAEL Midstream riparian NILE BASIN Hegemon: EGYPT Downstream riparian Asymmetric Distribution and Utilisation of water resources ASYMMETRIC POWER RELATIONS HYDRO- HEGEMONY
11. MATERIAL POWER – Economic, Military and Technical “ Resource Capture” Strategy Aswan High Dam (Egypt) Southern Eastern Anatolia Project GAP (Turkey) National Water Carrier (Israel) Israel, Egypt and Turkey 3 major recipients of US economic and military aid 3 Industrialised economies 3 Regional military powers
12. BARGAINING POWER - Who controls the “rules of the game”, controls the water WHO CONTROLS THE NEGOTIATIONS? WHO CONTROLS THE AGREEMENTS? WHO CONTROLS THE NUMBERS? WHO CONTROLS THE AGENDA? WHO CONTROLS THE LEGITIMACY? WHO PLAYS BETTER WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW? WHO HAS ACCESS TO INVESTMENT?
13. IDEATIONAL POWER – Who controls the perceptions, controls the water Asymmetric Knowledge Sanctioned Discourse Incentives Playing with time Silent Co-option Ambiguity Diplomacy/ Cooperation
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