1. Contraception Pregnancy

2. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS HORMONAL METHODS:- PILL– NORPLANT – DEPO PROVERA BARRIERS:- CONDOM – DIAPHRAM OTHERS:- SPERMICIDES – RHYTHM -TUBAL LIGATION – VASECTOMY – INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

3. Hormonal Suppression of Fertility-"The Pill." 3 Administration of either estrogen or progesterone during the first half of the monthly cycle, can inhibit ovulation. The drug is usually begun in the early stages of the monthly cycle and continued beyond the time that ovulation would normally occur. Ovarian follicles do not develop and menstrual flow is much reduced

4. BarrierA. CONDOM 4

5. BarrierB. A DIAPHRAM &SPERMICIDE JELLY 5

6. Female Fertility The ovum capable of being fertilized after ovulation no longer than 24 hours A few sperm can remain fertile in the female reproductive tract for up to 5 days For fertilization to take place, intercourse must occur sometime between 4 and 5 days before ovulation

7. Rhythm method: Avoid intercourse near the time of ovulation if periodicity of menstrual cycle is 28 d, then ovulation should be day 13-15

8. Surgical Methods Sterilization Female Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that seals the fallopian tubes to block sperm. Male Vasectomy is the cutting and tying off of both vasa deferentia.

9. SPERMICIDE GEL 9

10. INTRAUTERINEDEVICE {IUD} 10 Plastic or metal device is inserted into the uterus and prevents the young embryo from implanting

11. Abortion: is the termination of pregnancy that is in progress Mifepristone (RU-486), abortion pills, enables a women to end pregnancy during its first 7 weeks

12. Pregnancy: Refers to the events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until the infant is born Conceptus: The developing offspring Embryo: From fertilization through week 8 Fetus: From week 9 through birth Infant: At birth

15. Acrosomal reaction and sperm penetration Hyaluronidase on the sperm digest the intercellular between granulosa cells The sperm head binds to ZP3 glycoprotein of the zona pellucida Acrosomal reaction involves release of acrosomal enzyme that digest holes in the zona pellucida Acrosomal process binds to the oocyte’s sperm binding receptor Content of the sperm enter the oocyte cytoplasm

18. The oocyte then undergoes its second meiotic division

21. The result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg

22. The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions

25. Three days after fertilization, a loose collection of cells of 16-cell or more called morula

26. The embryo floats free in the uterus by 3 or 4 days after fertilization that consist of 100 cells

28. Implantation of blastocyst Implantation begins 6 – 7 days after ovulation The trophoblast cells overlying the inner cells mass adhere to endometrium The trophoblast then proliferates and forms inner layer called cytotrophoblast

29. The outer layer lose their plasma membrane and form syncytiotrophoblast The implanted blastocyst is covered over and sealed off from the uterine cavity by proliferation of the endometrial cells

30. Implantation of the blastocyst

32. Blood levels of hCG rise until the end of second month, then decline by 4 months till the remainder of gestation

34. Placentation Refers to the formation of a placenta, a temporary organ that originates from both embryonic and maternal tissues

36. Cooperate with cells of the uterus to form the placenta

37. The embryo is surrounded by the amnion (a fluid filled sac)

40. Development After Implantation Figure 16.16

42. Delivers nutrients and oxygen

43. Removes waste from embryonic blood