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.Environmental Sustainability
                                                           Evaluation of Paper 1: Fall 2012
                                                      William Sullivan, Bridgette Moen, Shimon .Zimbovsky
    Name:   ~~C.... ~vSf! ~.."'Z.~                                   ~'So~
    1 Gr.aaing lrlteria ·                                                       '          eroficlent                   B'     Weak or not at an
    Introduction and ·.'·     Cl~arly~iticulat~d          Thesis statement                                                   P~~ily de~eloped.th~sis;
                      '.      thesis; clear and,· • ;,,. son:ewhat d~ar;                                                 .orientation to paper
                              compelling orientation· •. )orientati'on t()' .                                             weak or lacking.     ·
                              to· ·..   i.~~~~/ ~.··~......·. ·. .·.·.·."··..·..a·.rg~m."·.·.e··•. n..t.~t·a·. ~:d: .
                                                  ..·.·.:
                                                      ·~tS,.,..,,                     ···"·•··.·. ··:···:•'
                                                       ·. '···''        ) ,· (3-2 ~bints) .




                           .: .) Clearly describes.hbw 1~oluti~~s identified~;~ Weakor missing•···.
                              . readers can play a role in not all appropriate for solutions; lack of detail;
                             ' . addressing at le~st one I! the challenge hand; solutions are unfeasible,  at
                                . ofthe chalh~nges;;,      ••·•; missing some' details       ·
                                  prg~ides thre~ sp:<:ific~ ; ;:. about, concr~te, feasible (f·Opoints) ..... 
                                  concrete, f,easiblesteps><•; steps that mtght be. . < ;            •., . .
                                · thaf~ight betaken.,· ·· · · ~aken.' !"       ...•.• ~. t~ ~ S(qt:"• '(j.) .
                                                 ·              /...       ;::, •• • <                    <L~ ,tt» ~ s~c.,~<l·~'~"~~
                                                                           ~2 pomts).. . C..W..                                  .   · ·· : ..... .




    Total Points Possible: 20 points

                                            lA.~· ~'?'E.t. ~
,1




Environmental Sustainability


Professor: William Sullivan


Paper# 1


                                                     '··       Changes today


       There is no dnubt whatsoever that climate change is a big issue when it comes to

sustainability discussions. The earth climate has changed, and is changing very fast. That's what
                                             • (<;



we read in newspapers, leam at school and see specialists talking about. The idea of climate

change have been spread all over the world, we even see people valking streets saying "This

summer was hotter than· it used i() be.", or "This year rained much more than the regular average.

That'.s a global wam1ing effect''. In our everyday life we are quite used to this relative new

concept But; what causes these changes? How can we play a role helping society to overcome
                            ·.                                                       ~

this new scenario? The main challenges when it comes to climate changes are population
 ~         .                      ~            '.·             .~.· ..         '                  ..
 ---                             --
growth,·slow environmental response and mternatwnal stalemate.
                                                           "

       Human activities produce a great impact on earth, so population growth means more

people depending on earth resources. The global increases in carbon dioxide, methane and
                                      I<.:



nitrous oxide concentrations (greenhouse gases) are due primarily to fossil fuel use, land use
               ;   •   >




change and agriculture, main activities of countries today. Scenario that might get worse as
                                                                                         '   (.



population grows. Not only population has increased, but also we have a bigger product demand

as our life quality has changed. Although some nations are presenting decreasing birth rates,

many othe~s ~re in fast increase, a~d that is a trend to persist for some decades.
Another v~mportant issue is that ecosystems usually have a slow response to

environmental.changes. Notall changes that we have made in the environment are being felt by

earth's ecosystems. Some of these changes will only have visibleimpact many years from now.

Oceans are a great example of that slow response. In the past years oceans temperature have

increased less than other ecosystems, but twice as much warming is expected for the future. This

slow response is also seen when corrective actions:are implemented, the environment take some

time to show a positive impact of these actions. That fact makes solutions planning very difficult

to policy makers, as their actions may only have an impact several generations from now.

        '           '   '   -   ;   '   <   '   '   -   ~   ,       '   ~   '   •   '   '




       The last great challenge to be overcome is the international stalemate when discussing

alternatives to climate change. Clitnate conferences, seeking global cooperation to tninimize the

effects of environmental pollution, did not generate effective results yet. Usually, they only

reproduce the economic confrontation between world powers for greater production and

consu~ption. One example is the relationshi~ between the u.s. and Chiria. China stands out as
the u.s. effort should be higher because it is a developed cmmtry and the economic foundation

has stabilized. In the other hand, the U.S. claims that China is a competitor by unfair trade goods

with quite currency devalued against the U.S. dollar. The stalemate continues when developing

nations claim for solutions. Countries like Brazil, India and Russia insist that agreements of the

Kyoto Protocol, which sets targets for reducing carbon emissions, should be renewed. Developed

countries refuse to renew until new agreements are made that include developing nations in

carbon emission targets. Therefore, already established agreements may be lost and new

solutions end up being harn1ed by individual commercial interests.


       Finally, although many doubts about climate changes still remain, there is much evidence

that it is real. We already got used to this new concept, but now we need to get used to new
attitudes in our daily life that can be solutions for many current problems, especially when it

comes to our living standards. As population has grown we have to c~an~e how we live so earth

can give us what we need without disrupting. Transportation is one main cause of global

wanning, as many transports use fossil fuel. One way of reducing emissions is using public

transportation, because busses and subways can transport many people with less energy than cars

or motorcycles. Another action is to pay attention in what we ,consume and how much of it,
           •   '   '   •• ,              •          <




simpl~ as it may so'und, we need to stop and think what we really need, as everything we buy

directly or indirectly produce ~1environmental impact.: This impact is mai~lydue to how goods

are produced and shipped to the consumer. One way to solve this is financially responsible

compani~s      and producers for the impact they cause to the environment and induce them to use

more sustainable practices ·within the supply chain, this action may reduce the impact of many

people consuming products. And, most important of all, we have to change the consciousness

that climate changes are a bad issue"but nothing can be done. Many things can be solute on the

future with a simple effort today .
                              . ,, .

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Paper 1 Rewrite

  • 1. .Environmental Sustainability Evaluation of Paper 1: Fall 2012 William Sullivan, Bridgette Moen, Shimon .Zimbovsky Name: ~~C.... ~vSf! ~.."'Z.~ ~'So~ 1 Gr.aaing lrlteria · ' eroficlent B' Weak or not at an Introduction and ·.'· Cl~arly~iticulat~d Thesis statement P~~ily de~eloped.th~sis; '. thesis; clear and,· • ;,,. son:ewhat d~ar; .orientation to paper compelling orientation· •. )orientati'on t()' . weak or lacking. · to· ·.. i.~~~~/ ~.··~......·. ·. .·.·.·."··..·..a·.rg~m."·.·.e··•. n..t.~t·a·. ~:d: . ..·.·.: ·~tS,.,..,, ···"·•··.·. ··:···:•' ·. '···'' ) ,· (3-2 ~bints) . .: .) Clearly describes.hbw 1~oluti~~s identified~;~ Weakor missing•···. . readers can play a role in not all appropriate for solutions; lack of detail; ' . addressing at le~st one I! the challenge hand; solutions are unfeasible, at . ofthe chalh~nges;;, ••·•; missing some' details · prg~ides thre~ sp:<:ific~ ; ;:. about, concr~te, feasible (f·Opoints) ..... concrete, f,easiblesteps><•; steps that mtght be. . < ; •., . . · thaf~ight betaken.,· ·· · · ~aken.' !" ...•.• ~. t~ ~ S(qt:"• '(j.) . · /... ;::, •• • < <L~ ,tt» ~ s~c.,~<l·~'~"~~ ~2 pomts).. . C..W.. . · ·· : ..... . Total Points Possible: 20 points lA.~· ~'?'E.t. ~
  • 2. ,1 Environmental Sustainability Professor: William Sullivan Paper# 1 '·· Changes today There is no dnubt whatsoever that climate change is a big issue when it comes to sustainability discussions. The earth climate has changed, and is changing very fast. That's what • (<; we read in newspapers, leam at school and see specialists talking about. The idea of climate change have been spread all over the world, we even see people valking streets saying "This summer was hotter than· it used i() be.", or "This year rained much more than the regular average. That'.s a global wam1ing effect''. In our everyday life we are quite used to this relative new concept But; what causes these changes? How can we play a role helping society to overcome ·. ~ this new scenario? The main challenges when it comes to climate changes are population ~ . ~ '.· .~.· .. ' .. --- -- growth,·slow environmental response and mternatwnal stalemate. " Human activities produce a great impact on earth, so population growth means more people depending on earth resources. The global increases in carbon dioxide, methane and I<.: nitrous oxide concentrations (greenhouse gases) are due primarily to fossil fuel use, land use ; • > change and agriculture, main activities of countries today. Scenario that might get worse as ' (. population grows. Not only population has increased, but also we have a bigger product demand as our life quality has changed. Although some nations are presenting decreasing birth rates, many othe~s ~re in fast increase, a~d that is a trend to persist for some decades.
  • 3. Another v~mportant issue is that ecosystems usually have a slow response to environmental.changes. Notall changes that we have made in the environment are being felt by earth's ecosystems. Some of these changes will only have visibleimpact many years from now. Oceans are a great example of that slow response. In the past years oceans temperature have increased less than other ecosystems, but twice as much warming is expected for the future. This slow response is also seen when corrective actions:are implemented, the environment take some time to show a positive impact of these actions. That fact makes solutions planning very difficult to policy makers, as their actions may only have an impact several generations from now. ' ' ' - ; ' < ' ' - ~ , ' ~ ' • ' ' The last great challenge to be overcome is the international stalemate when discussing alternatives to climate change. Clitnate conferences, seeking global cooperation to tninimize the effects of environmental pollution, did not generate effective results yet. Usually, they only reproduce the economic confrontation between world powers for greater production and consu~ption. One example is the relationshi~ between the u.s. and Chiria. China stands out as the u.s. effort should be higher because it is a developed cmmtry and the economic foundation has stabilized. In the other hand, the U.S. claims that China is a competitor by unfair trade goods with quite currency devalued against the U.S. dollar. The stalemate continues when developing nations claim for solutions. Countries like Brazil, India and Russia insist that agreements of the Kyoto Protocol, which sets targets for reducing carbon emissions, should be renewed. Developed countries refuse to renew until new agreements are made that include developing nations in carbon emission targets. Therefore, already established agreements may be lost and new solutions end up being harn1ed by individual commercial interests. Finally, although many doubts about climate changes still remain, there is much evidence that it is real. We already got used to this new concept, but now we need to get used to new
  • 4. attitudes in our daily life that can be solutions for many current problems, especially when it comes to our living standards. As population has grown we have to c~an~e how we live so earth can give us what we need without disrupting. Transportation is one main cause of global wanning, as many transports use fossil fuel. One way of reducing emissions is using public transportation, because busses and subways can transport many people with less energy than cars or motorcycles. Another action is to pay attention in what we ,consume and how much of it, • ' ' •• , • < simpl~ as it may so'und, we need to stop and think what we really need, as everything we buy directly or indirectly produce ~1environmental impact.: This impact is mai~lydue to how goods are produced and shipped to the consumer. One way to solve this is financially responsible compani~s and producers for the impact they cause to the environment and induce them to use more sustainable practices ·within the supply chain, this action may reduce the impact of many people consuming products. And, most important of all, we have to change the consciousness that climate changes are a bad issue"but nothing can be done. Many things can be solute on the future with a simple effort today . . ,, .