- Miguel Primo de Rivera resigns as dictator in 1930, leading to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931. - Political and social tensions rise and the Spanish Civil War begins in 1936 after Franco rebels. Franco's nationalist forces defeat the republicans by 1939. - Franco establishes a dictatorship that lasts until his death in 1975, bringing nearly four decades of authoritarian rule and isolation to Spain.

1. Contemporary
Spain:the XX
Century
Social Sciences: Unit 4
MTDC Oxford.

2. • Isabel II leaves Spain
1868
• Alfonso XII Restoration
• Liberals and
conservatives take
turns
1874 • Alfonso XII dies
• Mª Cristina de Austria
Regent
1885
• Alfonso XIII (16): King
• Liberals and
conservatives
• Many problems
1902 • Miguel Primo de
Rivera Dictatorship
1923
My explanation
about Late XIX
and early XX
century

5. Maria Cristina
de Austria
Alfonso XII
Alfonso XIII
Don Juan (no
reinó)
Juan Carlos I
Felipe VI
(actual rey)
Mª Teresa Mª Mercedes
Victoria Eugenia

6. Summary of
the late XIX
century
Do you remember the three Carlist wars??
• 1833-1839: first Carlist war; Isabel II became
the Queen at the age of 3 years. Her mother Maria
Cristina was the Regent.
It was a liberal Monarchy:
• Introduced reformes
• Reduced the power of the Monarchy and the Church.
(two other carlists wars happened in the mean time)
After several years.... in 1868 Isabel II was
forced to leave Spain.

8. Restoration:
1874-1885
Alfonso XII
They alternated in the power. They took turns.
Alfonso XII Restaured the Monarchy. There were two political parties:
Liberals Conservatives
Alfonso XII was Isabel II´s son.

10. Alfonso XIII 1885-
1923
• His father died in 1885,
but he was too young, so
his mother, Maria
Cristina was the Regent
(yes, another Mª Cristina,
as the one that was the
Regent when Isabel II
was too young)
• In 1902 he turned 16 and
became the KING.
Mº Cristina de Austria con sus tres hijos
cuando murió su marido Alfonso XII.
Alfonso XIII es el bebé.
Reina regente Maria Cristina con su hijo
Alfonso XIII

12. Alfonso XIII:
System of
turns and conflicts
• Liberals and Conservatives
continued to take turns in the
government.
• But many problems:
• Other parties appeared:
• Partido Socialista
Obrero Español (PSOE).
• Republican parties.
• Catalan Nationalist
parties
• Vasque Nationalist
parties.
• Strikes (huelgas) of workers
• Morocco (colony) conflict.
RIFT WAR (IN MOROCCO) STRIKES OF WORKERS
SOCIALIST PARTY
(APPEARED IN 1879)
CATALAN AND VASQUE NATIONALIST PARTIES APPEARED

14. Alfonso XIII was
overwhelmed....
so,he supported a
dictator:
Miguel Primode Rivera resigned (dimitió) in 1930.
At the end... Many people (including Alfonso XIII and
the army)were against him.
In 1923,General Miguel Primo de Rivera became a dictator
The Constitution was
suspended
Political
parties became illegal
Freedom of the press
was censored.
Miguel Primo de Rivera (no confundir con Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, que era su hijo mayor)

17. • Isabel II leaves Spain
1868
• Alfonso XII
Restoration
• Liberals and
conservatives take
turns
1874 • Alfonso XII dies
• Mª Cristina de
Austria Regent
1885
• Alfonso XIII (16):King
• Liberals and
conservatives
• Many problems
1902 • Miguel Primo de
Rivera Dictatorship
1923
• Miguel Primo de
Rivera resigns
1930

18. The 2nd
Republic
1931-1939
REPUBLIC:
A State in which supreme
power is held by the people
and their elected
representatives. The country
is ruled by the
president instead of a
monarch.
Video La 2ª
República
(10min)
My explanation:
2nd republic
and civil war

19. • Miguel Primo de Rivera
resigns.
1930
• The 2nd Republic is
proclamed (the 14th of
April)
1931 • 17th of July
• Franco enters Spain
from Morocco
• Beginning of the war
1936
• 1st of April
• Franco enters Madrid
• End of the War
• Beginning of
dictatorship
1939

20. When and
how did the
2nd Republic
start?
• After Miguel Primo de Rivera resigned, new
elections were held.
• Republicans and Socialists won the
elections.
• They abolished the Monarchy
• It began the 14th of April of 1931
• It ended at the end of the Spanish civil war:
in 1939
• Manuel Azaña was one of the presidents.
• Men and women could vote.

21. Other
presidents of
the 2nd
Republic

22. Reforms
in the
2nd
Republic
Men and women
could vote.
Public
schools (free) were
established
(Church lost power
in education)
More regional
autonomy
(Catalan, P. Vasco
and Galicia statute
of autonomy)
The State took
land from big
landownersto
divide it into
smaller pieces and
give it to poor
farmers.

23. Other
changes:
• Equal rights for everyone (men and women)
• Separation of powers. (legislative,
executive, judicial)
• Separation Church and State (Spain is non-
religious) Big problem.
New Constitution:
• 40 hours/week
• Social Security
• Syndicates (UGT, CNT)
Workers reforms:

24. Divisions in politicians and society
Left-wing people:
supported the
changes
Right-wing
people: opposed
to the changes

25. The Spanish Civil War
17th July 1936-1st April 1939
Video Guerra Civil
Española (19min)
Video Guerra Civil
Española (7 min)
Video Spanish
Civil War (3min)

26. What is a civil war?
• It is a war between citizens of the same
country.
• People were figthing eachother,
depending where they had been born.
(and not always because political
convictions)
• Many civil people (non-militars, not
trained), had to fight with weapons.
• Many civil people died.
• A lot of hatred (odio) emerged from it.

27. What were some problems of the Republic?
THe Church had lost a lot
of power (Spain was
non-confesional)
Violence against the
Church (burning of
buildings and killing
of people, priests,
monks...)
Economic depression.
Strikes of workers.
Internal fights in political
parties
A lot of social division.

28. The two sides of the war
• Supported the 2nd Republic
• Supported all the changes the Republic had introduced.
• Supported the legal Government.
• They were supported by the Soviet Union. (dictatorship)
Republicans: Left-
wing
• Started a rebellion, an uprising (alzamiento)
• Opposed to the changes that the Republic had introduced
• Wanted to replace the Republic with a right-wing dictatorship
• They were supported by Germany and Italy. (dictatorships)
Nationalists: Right-
wing

29. The Right-wing
organizes a rebellion
Some militar generals organize and support a militar
uprising (alzamiento)
• Francisco Franco (top left)
• Emilio Mola (bottom left)
• Gonzalo Queipo de Llano (top right)
• Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera (bottom right)
The 17th of July of 1936
Francisco Franco (that was in Morocco)
started the uprising.

30. Territories of
each side
during the Civil
war

31. Some battles
Belchite
Batalla del Ebro
Batalla de Brunete
Batalla de Guadalajara

32. End of the war
• The civil war finished when the Nationalists
entered in Madrid, that was the last city to
resist.
• The 1st of April of 1939
• Franco established a dictatorship
Franco entering
Madrid

33. Consequences of thewar
• 365000 people died in both sides
• People killed and imprisioned in both sides because
of their ideas.
• Nationalists in the Republican side
• Republicans in the National side
• Roads, bridges, railways and buildings were
destroyed.
• People became ill because there wasn´t enough
food.
• Many children (more than 50.000) were sent
abroad to save them and some of them never came
back.

34. • Miguel Primo de Rivera
resigns.
1930
• The 2nd Republic is
proclamed
1931 • 17th of July
• Franco enters Spain
from Morocco
• Beginning of the war
1936
• 1st of April
• Franco enters Madrid
• End of the War
• Beginning of
dictatorship
1939

35. Franco
dictatorship
1939-1975
Video: Resumen
franquismo
español (8min)
My explanation:
Franco
dictatorship

36. What is a dictatorship? (dictadura)
• It is a form of government in
which one person has all the
power (autocracy).
• He has absolute control of
citizens´ lives and concentrates
the three branches of
power:Legislative, Executive,
Judicial.
• There are different types of
dictatorships.
• Franco dictatorship was fascist
and was supported by Germany.

37. When and
how did it
start?
He took complete controlof:
Politics Economy Religion Laws
Franco made himself the head of state and the
governmentand was called "CAUDILLO"
It started the 1st of April of 1939 when the Civil War
ended.

38. The three
pillars of
Franco
dictatorship
The Military
The Catholic Church
• Was a Spanish fascist political
organization founded by Jose Antonio
Primo de Rivera (son of the dictator
Miguel Primo de Rivera) in 1933.
The Falange

39. Characteristics of
Spanish
dictatorship
Constitution was
abolished
• No more democratic
elections were held.
Political parties were
illegal
• And so were any ideas that
were opposed to the
dictatorship.
Trade Unions
(syndicates) became
illegal
• Workers lost their rights
Censorship
• There was not freedom of
expression.
No regional autonomy
• Power concentrated in the
central government
People who opposed
Franco had to leave
Spain or they were
imprisoned or killed.

40. Some consequences of
the dictatorship

41. 3 stages during Franco Dictatorship
Hard living conditions
Problems in communications (no transports)
Problems with housing (houses were destroyed during the war)
Famine and illnesses (cartillas de racionamiento)
International isolation (because Franco supported Hitler)
1st period: 1940–1950(hard)
Some economic reforms: industry- tourism- restoration of cities.
No more isolation
Spain became part of the United Nations (UN- ONU in Spanish)
Some people in exile could come back
Franco named Juancarlos I of Borbon as his successor.
2nd period: 1960`s (middle)
Internal crisis
Reforms in education
Introduce social security
ETA appears: separatist ideas. Killed Carrero Blanco (1973)
3rd period: 1970´s (soft)

42. How was the end of the dictatorship
• Nowadays many followers
of Franco conmemorate
his death that day
The 20th of
Novemberof
1975 Francisco
Franco died
• It was the 22nd of
November, two days after
Franco died.
Juan Carlos I
became king
of Spain Video: Juan
Carlos I became
King (3 min)
Video: Franco ha
muerto (5 min)

45. Spain since
1975
My
explanation
Spain since
1975

46. How is our current
political system like?
It is an indirect democracy:
• People vote every 4 years in Elections to choose their
representatives.
• The representatives make all the decisions for that period.
It is a Parliamentary Monarchy
• There is a King, Felipe VI, (that is the head of the state) but he
has not real power in the government .
• The Parliament (chosen by citizens) choses the President of
the Government.
• In the Parliament, the laws are proposed and voted by their
members.
The Constitution ensures civil rights
There is regional autonomy.
Power is divided into three branches.

47. • JuanCarlosI deniedto be the Headof the
Governement.
• He facilitateda transitionto Democracy.
• First democraticelectionswere heldin 1977.
• A new constitutionwas aprovedby referendum
in 1978
How was this made?

48. How was this made?
Juan Carlos I denied to be the Head of the Governement.
He facilitated a transition to Democracy.
First democratic elections were held in 1977.
A new constitution was aproved by referendum in 1978

49. Political Parties and Presidents of the
Government.
Adolfo Suarez
Leopoldo
Calvo-Sotelo
Felipe González
Jose María Aznar
Jose Luis Rodríguez
Zapatero
Mariano Rajoy
Pedro Sánchez

50. Political
parties and
presidents of
the
government
UCD: Unión Centro Derecha
PSOE: Partido Socialista Obrero Español
PP: Partido Popular

51. Political parties and symbols
PSOE: Socialist
party
PODEMOS
Ciudadanos:
Citizens
PP: People´s
Party

52. Political Parties and representation in the
current Parliament

53. IMPORTANT EVENTS
IN OUR DEMOCRACY
• 23th February 1981: Attempt
of military coup by Alejandro Tejero.
Failed.
• 1986: Spain entered in the European
Union. We vote for the European
Parliament every 5 years.
• 2002: The Euro (€) reemplaced the
peseta (previous currency)
Link Golpe
de Tejero
(10 min)

54. Ask your parents if they remember...
• How much was a loaf of bread? (in pesetas)
• How much was a doughnut, a chewing gum?
• How much did their parents give them for the weekend?
• How much was their first salary?
• Calculate it in EUROS (conversor pesetas-euros)
• Ask them to show you pesetas in coins or bills.
• Curiosity: Los García: advertisements (anuncios) sobre el EURO
• Presentation of Los García
• al loro con los céntimos
• an advertisement for TV

55. Art and Culture
in 20th Century
Surrealism
Cubism
Abstract
Generation of ´27
My explanation:
video about art
and culture in
20th Century

56. Spain was a real
influencer
• Spain has influenced many artistic movements
• Cubism
• Surrealism
• Abstract
• Literature(27th Generation)
• Many famous artists fromthis period were Spanish
• Pablo Picasso
• Salvador Dalí
• Joan Miró
• EduardoChillida
• Miguel Hernández (writer)
• Federico GarcíaLorca (writer)
Reina Sofía collection

57. Cubism
Geometricalshapes
Showsdifferentperspectives
Pablo Picasso (Spanish)
Juan Gris (Spanish)
GeorgesBraque(French)
Reina Sofía Cubism
• What is cubism?(English)
What is cubism?
(better pronunciation)
• ¿Qué es
cubismo? (español) El
cubismo en 60 segundos

58. Surrealism
Imaginary scenes and
fantasies
World of dreams
• Surrealism What is? Watch the
video
• Eugenio Salvador Dalí (song
and paintings)
• Who is
Salvador Dali?. Learn more about
this genious
• Joan Miró (biografía)
• draw a surreal creature.
After you finish,
capture your result and
send it to me.
Harlequin´s carnival
The persistance of memory

59. Abstract art
Second half of 20th
century.
• It represented ideas
rather than reality
• Eduardo Chillida
• Massive sculpturesmade
up of concreteand steel.
• Video
El peine del viento
The comb of the wind (San
Sebastián)
Elogio al horizonte
Eulogy to the horizon (Gijón)

60. Generation of ´27
• It was a group of Spanish Poets and writers.
• Why that name?
• They were conmemorating the III century of the death of Luis the Gongora
(another Spanish Poet from the Spanish Golden Age) in 1927. A tribute was
celebrated in Córdoba.
• Many of them knew each other from the Student´s residence.
• Experiment with new styles of poetry and artistic expression
• Poems with music
• Miguel Hernández, Rafael Alberti, Pedro Salinas
• Federico García Lorca, Gerardo Diego, Damaso Alonso, Luis Cernuda.
• Women in the generation of ´27 :Maruja Mallo, María Zambrano, Margarita
Manso, Concha Méndez, Rosa Chacel
• Las sinsombrero

61. " Las sinsombrero"
• Un día, en el Madrid de los años 20, Federico
García Lorca, Salvador Dalí, Margarita Manso y
Maruja Mallo pasearon por la Puerta del Sol
quitándose el sombrero.Esta actitud transgresora
pretendía romper la norma y, metafóricamente,
en ausencia de la pieza que tapa la cabeza, liberar
las ideas y las inquietudes.