Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)

Unit 0: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1

Name:____________________________ Period:_____ Date:_________

1. An observation is:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening
around you, paying close attention to detail.

Examples:
i. The rock is smooth and round.
ii. Our Classroom has only one blackboard.
iii. Make an observation: ____________________________________________

2. An inference is
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

In other words, when you infer, you form a conclusion based on something you
____________________.

Examples:
i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.
ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail, he must be happy.
iii. Make an inference: ______________________________________________

3. A prediction is:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Examples:
i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream.
ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.

4. Classification: _________________________________________________
We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common
characteristics.

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5. Measurements: The purpose of this guide is to guide you through converting units
in the metric system!

a. What are some measurable properties?
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________

b. How do we make measurements?
•Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more
detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and
telescopes

c. The Metric System & Unit Conversion:
The fundamental units of the metric system are:
For Mass ______________________
For Length ______________________
For Liquid Volume __________________

By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will
use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.)

_________ _________ _________ basic unit ________ ________ _________

You can remember this by the following sentence.

__________ ________ _________ _______ ________ ________ _________

To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between
them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction.

Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___

How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter(m)? ___________

How many millimeters(mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are
100cm in a meter and 10mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________

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Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric
system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below!

Length Mass Liquid Volume
meter__________ gram__________ liter__________
millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______
centimeter______ -------------- -------------kilometer_______
kilogram_______ kiloliter________

Let’s practice some unit conversions now! Convert the following!

1. 10 mm = ________________ cm 2. 1 km = ________________
m3. 1000 ml = ________________ L 4. 12 g = ________________ kg

5. 3.9 kg = _________________ mg 6. 89.3 cm = _______________ mm

6. Rounding:The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where
that place is located. You must remember these place values:

2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1

Rounding Procedure:
Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky.
Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss.
Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round
the Sparky up one value.
Here is a rhyme to help you remember:
“Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove”
For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3

Practice: Round to the nearest Round to the nearest
Round to the nearest tenth: hundredth: ones:
1) 29.45: _______ 4) 0.745: ________ 7) 30.19: __________
2) 711.319: ________ 5) 1.67234: _______ 8) 8,799.99: ________
3) 9.999: _________ 6) 10.4637: _______ 9) 2.94: __________

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7.
Mass:_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

•It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of atoms in it.

a. How do we measure mass? Can we count the atoms one by one?
Nope!!! Instead we use a triple beam balance that gives us a value usually in grams.

b. Is Weight the same as Mass?

Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object
on the Earth. Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You
would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even
though your mass did not change.

To play with an interactive virtual triple beam balance like we did in class go to:
http://www.touchspin.com/chem/DisplayTBB.html

To find out your weight on other planets and moons visit this site:
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

8. Inertia:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

We will learn more about this concept when we learn about Sir Isaac Newton and his
three laws!
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9. Temperature:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of
matter the hotter it is. Let’s model this with our hands!

There are 3 different systems to measure temperature:
1) English Units: Fahrenheit Degrees (F°)
2) Metric Units: Celsius Degrees (°C)
3) Kelvin Units (K)

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Water Freezes
Water Boils
Absolute zero

10. States of matter

What variable determines the 3 states of
Matter? ________________________

The three phases of Matter are:

___________________
___________________
___________________

See page 13 in your ESRT!!!

11. Area:
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Formula for Area= L x W
L: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters,
centimeters or millimeters.

W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object.

Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2

Lets practice finding the area! Always follow these Steps:

Step 1: Write the formula Step 3: Plug in the numbers,
Example: Area = L x W WITH UNITS.
Example: A=4mm x 2mm
Step 2: List all the variables
including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Step 4: Calculate WITH
Example: L = 4mm W= 2mm A= ? UNITS.Example: A= 8mm2

7 cm 4m

9m
7 cm
Step 1:__________________ Step 1:__________________

Step 2: _________________ Step 2: _________________

Step 3: _________________ Step 3: _________________

Step 4:__________________ Step 4:__________________

12.
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Volume:

-The amount of _______ an object takes up!
-For solid cubes and boxes Volume is equal to: ____________. Depending on the size
of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.
-But for liquids, volume is measured in _________ using a beaker or graduated cylinder.
There are rules to reading beaker or graduated cylinder:

1. Read it at eye 2. You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate
level result. Due to cohesion (sticky) properties of fluids, the
edges of the fluid touching the glass will slightly rise.

Meniscus: 73 mL

Factors that affect Volume: Fluid Displacement
1)Temperature •It is easier to measure irregular
Heating a material will cause it to expand and shaped objects using fluid
take up more space because the molecules need displacement.
more room to move around. Therefore
increasing temperature will increase volume.
_________________  In order to
Cooling a material will result in the opposite. measure this irregularly shaped
So decreasing temperature will decrease rock you would drop it in a beaker
volume. ____________________ filled with water and measure the
Think about how your rings fit in the winter… change in volume.
they seem to be bigger!
2) Pressure:
Increasing pressure will force molecules closer
together there by decreasing volume.
______________________
Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to
spread out and take up more space thereby
increasing volume. _________________
Let’s model this with a sponge.
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13. Density:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are.If
they are packed tightly, the density is high.

•The unit for measuring density is
grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³

•Density = Mass
Volume

So how do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula?

Step 1:Write the formula
Example: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V

Step 2:List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS.
Example: D=?
M = 38.0g
V = 12.0cm3

Step 3:Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS.
Example: D=38.0g/12.0cm3

Step 4:Calculate WITH UNITS.
Example: D=3.2g/cm3

Example: If an object has a mass of 13.4 grams and a volume 5.7 cm3 what is the
density? Write out each step next to the corresponding number
1. 3.

2. 4.

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14. More on Density:

•Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify
that material at room temperature.
•For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1
gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml.
•Solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.
-Fluids tend to layer based on their density, with less dense fluid on top of more dense
fluid. Can you think of any examples? ____________________________

Let’s check out this video:
•http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid=
17500&fileitem=4738&catfilter=445

Factors that affect Density
A. Temperature: Why does density matter?
•Cooling a material causes its If a warm gust of wind meets cold air,
molecules to move closer together, will the warm air go above or below the
making its volume decrease and cold air?
causing its density to increase. •Since hot air is less dense it will rise!
___________________ •And Cold air sinks because it is denser
•Heating a material causes its than warm air
molecules to move apart making its •A similar process happens when
volume increase and causing the you boil water
density to decrease.
___________________
•Note that Mass is staying the same!!!

B. Pressure:
•Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on
a material causes its molecules to get
pushed closer together, decreasing 
the volume, making the density This rising and sinking of fluids due to
increase. __________________ density and temperature differences is
•Decreasing the pressure causes the called _________________________.
opposite effect, since molecules move We will touch upon this concept many
further apart, it becomes less dense. times through out the year.
•Again, note mass remains the same!
______________________________________________
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15. Density at Different Phases

•As a material is heated, it changes from solid to liquid.

• More heat changes the liquid to gas. The molecules move farther apart, so the volume
increases, causing the density to decrease.

General Rule of Thumb: Solids are most dense, gases are least dense

The ONLY exception to this rule is water!!!
•As water cools, its volume decreases until it
reaches 4° C.

• As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually
increases, so it becomes less dense again.

•Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid.

•This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you
will meet him in Chemistry

•Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than
water, so ice floats!!

•Water is the only material whose solid form will
float in its liquid form.

•This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes
first.

16. Does size affect density of an object?
•You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces.
•Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore
each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.

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17. Let review some crucial relationships!!!

•Temp. Volume Density l •Pressure Volume Density
l
l
•Temp. Volume Density l •Pressure Volume Density

You must understand and know these by heart!!!

18. Graphing:

•Direct Relationship: •Inverse Relationship:Variables
both variables “move in the same “move in opposite directions”. One
direction” They both increase or variable goes up and the other goes
both decrease. down.

•Constant Variable: •Parabola:
One variable changes, but the other remains As one variable increases, the
the same. other increases and then
decreases.

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Error! Reference source not found.

19. More on charts and Graphs:

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20. Percent Deviation:
This tells us how much error is in some measurements when it is compared to the true
measurement. We find the amount of error using the formula:

Percent Deviation = ----------------------------------------------------------------

This formula is on the front page of the ESRT.

Example #1
A student determines a room to be 17 ft long, but the blue print for the room is
15 ft long. Find the % Deviation.

17-15ft /15 ft X 100% = ____________

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Example #2
•A student weighs himself on his bathroom scales at home where he is 125 lbs.
At the Dr.’s office he actually weighs 135 lbs. What is the % D. of the
bathroom scales? Show your work:

Example #3
•A student calculates that the density of galena is 7.0 g/cm3. Use the back of
your reference table to calculate the % deviation. Show your work:

21. Change:
•When something observed is different

Cyclic Change Non-cyclic Changes:
Frames of reference to study change: Rate of Change:

•Changes that repeat over and over in a •Changes that do not repeat at all or do
•What has caused the change? •How fast did the change happen?
known period of time. not repeat in a known period of time.
•Time and Space.
•Examples are: seasons, sun motions,
•An example is: The Earth’s moon How much a measurable aspect of the
moon and tides •Some examples are:Earthquakes and
changes because we observe it in environment, called a field, is altered
•Most changes are cyclic and they are Hurricanes.
different locations in the sky and in over a given amount of time – years,
very good to use when we are trying to
different phases at different times hours, or seconds.
make predictions
during a month.
Cyclic: repeats at known intervals
Formula:
Rate of = ________________
Change

•Formula is on p. 1 in ESRT Page #___
“Change in Field Value” is the difference
in what you are measuring.


from when it was last observed
21. Interfaces:
•Changes cannot take place unless there is a flow of energy from one location, which
loses its energy, to another location, which gains the energy.
•The energy flows across a boundary where the two materials or systems meet.
•This boundary is known as the INTERFACE

Sharp Interface: Diffuse Interface:
•These interfaces are very easy to •Some interfaces are not easy to see.
locate.
•An example of an sharp interface •An example is the boundary between
is the line where a wall meets the the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific
floor. Ocean.

22. Dynamic Equilibrium:
•Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science
test grades: some high, some low, but they even out.

•This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
Pollution:
•When the amount of ANY substance,
•Our natural environment is normally in a
found ANYWHERE, becomes high
state of dynamic equilibrium, but this
enough to affect people, their
balance can be upset. It is easy to
properties, or plant or animal life.
temporarily upset this balance, especially
on a small, local scale as can happen just in
the town of Long Beach.

Unfortunately, human activities tend to
cause permanent disruptions, especially
when we pollute …

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Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)

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