Total Weather (in progress)

1. 1.WEATHER

2. Weather is… THE SHORT TERM CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

3. Weather is the result of the interrelationship between the following 4 ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES: TEMPERATURE <ul><li>HUMIDITY

4. AIR PRESSURE

5. WIND</li></li></ul><li> 1.Air Temperature: <ul><li>measures how much kinetic energy the air molecules have</li></li></ul><li> 2. Air Pressure: <ul><li> caused by the weight of atmosphere pushing down</li></li></ul><li>3. Wind:Horizontal Movementof aircaused by differencesin pressure

6. 4. Humidity:Moisture content of the atmosphere

7. In what layer of our atmosphere does our weather occur? Troposphere

10. What is our atmosphere made of?

11. Argon 0.93 % Carbon Dioxide 0.03 % Water vapor 0.0 to 4.0 % 0.01 % Neon Helium Methane Krypton Hydrogen Ozone Xenon Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% Other 1%

12. See Front Cover of your ESRT!!!

13. 1.Air Temperature: <ul><li>measures how much kinetic energy the air molecules have</li></li></ul><li>

19. Each time a molecule hits the thermometer bulb energy is transferred and the temperature rises

22. Air molecule COLD HOT

23. WHICH SAMPLE HAS MORE KINETIC ENERGY? Motion COLD HOT

24. WHICH SAMPLE HAS MORE KINETIC ENERGY? Motion HOT COLD Energy transferred

25. COLD HOT

28. HOT COLD

31. HOT COLD Hot air rises because of increased kinetic energy

32. Three scales are use to measure temperature: <ul><li>1. Fahrenheit

33. 2. Celsius

34. 3. Kelvin</li></li></ul><li>WE WILL USE THIS THERMOMETER TO CONVERT FROM CELSIUS TO FARENHEIT TO KELVIN SEE REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 13

35. Each notch Is worth 2 degrees Each notch is worth 1 degree 95 190 85 355 170 Each notch is worth 1 degree 345 150 335

36. ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS READ ACROSS AND USE A STRAIGHT EDGE ICE BOILING WATER 1. FARENHEIT 2. CELSIUS 3. KELVIN 32 212 0 100 273 373

37. 158 70 CELSIUS = FARENHEIT = KELVIN 343

38. 82 180 FARENHEIT = CELSIUS = KELVIN 355

39. ABSOLUTE ZERO (ZERO DEGREESKELVIN) Lowest possible temperature NO KINETIC ENERGY THE MOLECULES ARE NOT MOVING

40. Quick Energy Review!

41. REVIEW QUESTONS: WHICH SKIIER HAS THE GREATEST KINETIC ENERGY? A B D C

42. WHICH SKIIER HAS THE GREATEST POTENTIAL ENERGY? A B D C

43. DURING ENERGY CHANGES, IF ONE BODYIS LOSING ENERGY, THE OTHER IS _______ ENERGY: Gaining THE WAVE LOSES ENERGY: THE SAND GAINS ENERGY

44. DURING ENERGY CHANGES, IF ONE BODYIS LOSING ENERGY THE OTHER IS GAINING ENERGY: THE WAVE LOSES ENERGY: THE SAND GAINS ENERGY

45. DURING ENERGY CHANGES THE TOTAL ENERGY REMAINS THE SAME ENERGY ALWAYS FLOWS FROM HIGH TO LOW (source to sink)

46. THE ENERGY WILL FLOW FROM: THE FLAME TO THE FINGER

47. ENERGY WILL FLOW FROM ICE THE FINGER TO THE ICE

48. THE LIQUID LOSES ENERGY AS THE ICE GAINS ENERGY

49. WHEN WILL THE EXCHANGE OF ENERGY STOP? WHEN EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED THE LIQUID AND THE ICE REACH THE SAME TEMPERATURE

50. The Affects of Air Temperature

51. Imagine two open containers of air: One is filled with hot air and the other is filled with cold air HOT COLD

52. Which container has more kinetic energy? HOT COLD

53. Which container has higher air pressure? HOT COLD

54. Which container has greater density? HOT COLD

55. Air molecule Water molecule Which container can hold more water? COLD HOT

56. Air molecule Water molecule HOT COLD

57. In summary: <ul><li>Hot air has more kinetic energy

58. hot air has less pressure

59. hot air can hold more water

60. hot air is less dense

61. hot air rises</li></li></ul><li> 2. Air Pressure: <ul><li> caused by the weight of atmosphere pushing down</li></li></ul><li>As altitude increases Pressure decreases

62. Indirect Pressure Altitude

64. Indirect Pressure Temperature

65. A barometer measures pressure in inches of mercury or millibars see reference table page 13

66. Standard pressure is 1013.2 millibars or 29.92 inches of mercury

67. Each notch is worth 1.0 Each notch is worth 0.01 1039.0 30.65 1038.0 1037.0

68. Convert 1040.0 millibars to inches of mercury

69. 30.71

70. Atmospheric Pressure: Effected by water vapor

71. Water vapor is very _________ compared to dry air: light (Nitrogen is heavier than hydrogen and oxygen)

72. SO: When water vapor is added to dry air the air pressure ___________ decreases

73. Because the air is lighter Decreases in air that is full of water vapor Pressure

74. Indirect pressure Humidity

75. Summary HOT: COLD: <ul><li>less dense , lighter

76. less pressure

77. holds more water

78. Heavier

79. more dense

80. more pressure</li></li></ul><li>What will happen? If you add water vapor to the inside of a container and seal it, what will happen? SIT BACK AND WATCH!

81. equilibrium The Earth is always trying to achieve_______________

82. high Energy is constantly being re-distributedflowing from _______to _______ low

83. How can we decreasepressure without changing our elevation? Increase temperature Increase humidity

84. Warmer and Wet Low pressure High pressure Cooler and Dry

85. Latitude…. Earth Poles low Temp: pressure: density: humidity: high high low EQUATOR high temp: pressure: density: humidity: low low high

86. WIND:

87. Come from Winds are described by the direction they ___________

88. <ul><li>Winds distribute energy</li></ul>high <ul><li>They blow from _______ pressure to______pressure</li></ul>low

89. ISOBARS White lines are

90. WINDS BLOW FROM HIGH TO LOW

91. FASTESTWINDSOCCURWHERE THE ISOBARS ARE_________________ Close together

93. N 30.0 29.8 W S FASTEST SPEED 29.6 NE WIND E

94. 29.6 29.8 SW WIND 30.0 N W E FASTEST SPEED S

95. 29.8 FASTEST SPEED L 29.6 30.0 N W E Winds blow Toward The center S

96. 4. Humidity and CLOUD FORMATION

97. The Formation of Clouds A. Define cloud:large group of H2O droplets suspended in air B. Steps involved in cloud formation: warm moist air rises expands cools condenses

98. 1. Describe the mass of air that would lead to cloud formation in terms of temperature, humidity, density Warm Moist Low density

99. 2. The air will risebecause of low density 3. Describe what the air does as it rises: expands cools condenses

100. 4. Clouds will form if this rising moist air a. cools to the dew point temp. b. has condensation nuclei available. (dust, pollutants etc..)

101. C. Basic Cloud Types: 1. Cirrus: high and feathery (fair weather) 2. Cumulus: white and puffy (fair weather) 3. Stratus: covers the sky like a blanket (precipitation probable)

102. Cirrus Clouds

103. Cumulus clouds

104. Cumulonimbus clouds

105. Stratus clouds with fog

106. D. Effects of aMountain Range: OrographicEffect (adiabatic cooling)

107. Condenses Dry air cools Sinks expands Wind compresses warms Moist air rises mountain

108. 1. The side of the mountain with the moist prevailing winds is called the _____________ Summary: Windward side moist air rises expands cools condenses Wind

109. 2. The air descends to the otherside of the mountain which is called the ______________________ Summary: Leeward side dry air sinks compresses warms Wind

110. D. Precipitation A. Describe what causes precipitation: Precipitation forms around Dust particles (pollutants) droplets combine (coalesce)become heavy and fall

111. B. Explain why precipitation cleans the atmosphere: as precipitation forms around dust/pollutants…they are removed from theatmosphere as precipitation falls

112. When the dew point temperature and air temperature approach each other what happens to the chance of precipitation and why? The chance of precipitation increases because the air is more saturated

113. E. Complete the chart below: Warm moist Rise Expand Decrease Decrease Cool Sink Compress Increase Increase

114. Dew Point and Relative Humidity!

115. Dew Point Temperature The temperature at which the air is holding the ____________ amount of water. The air is _____________ Maximum saturated

116. Relative Humidity: The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air, to the maximum amount it can hold. It is usually expressed as a __________. As the temperature increases, the maximum absolute humidity _____________ but the relative humidity will decrease percentage Stay the same,

117. The dew point and relative humidity are determined by using an instrument called a _______________________ sling psychrometer

118. The psychrometer has two thermometers, a dry bulb and a wet bulb. The psychrometer is whirled in the air so that evaporation will occur.

119. The lower the moisture content of the air, the ________ evaporation will occur from the wet bulb and the wet bulb temperature will be _________ more lowered

120. Use your ESRT to fill in the chart…The answer the questions

121. Do Now: Read the “Structure of the atmosphere notes” and answer questions 1 through 6 using your reference tables.

122. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knots Wind direction SW

123. Synoptic Weather Maps Atmospheric variables are collected from thousands of weather stations around the world four times each day.

124. 1. Station Model Provides a summary of the current atmospheric conditions in an area.

126. Additional symbols used on weather maps and station models

127. <ul><li>The circle represents the actual weather station at its location

128. The shaded portion of the circle represents the % cloud.

129. The line represents the direction the wind is coming from.

130. The feathers represent the wind speed. Each whole feather is 10 knots and each half feather is 5 knots. 1 knot = 1.15 m/hr.

131. The number in the upper left represents the current temperature in Fahrenheit degrees.

132. The symbol * represents the present weather.

133. The number to the left of present weather is visibility in miles.

134. The bottom left number represents the dew point in degrees Fahrenheit.

135. The top right number represents the barometric pressure in short hand millibars. 196 = 1019.6 millibars.

136. The middle right number represents the barometric trend. A steady 1.9mb rise in the past 3 hours.

137. Bottom right is the amount of precipitation in the last 6 hours</li></ul>Weather Station Models 196 28 6 * +1.9/ 27 .25

138. The Barometric Pressure on a Station Map is in code… The number 9 or 10 has been omitted from the front

139. Rule for converting the code into millibars: 1088.7 887= ___________ Because if the first digit is 5 or greater add _________ and place a decimal point before the last digit. A 10 in front

140. Rule for converting the code into millibars: 916.5 2. 165= ___________ Because if the first digit is less than 5 add ________ and place a decimal point before the last digit. a 9 in front

141. Change the following to abbreviated form: 956.4:______________ 1014.3: _____________ 564 143

142. Change from abbreviated form: 964:______________ 126: _____________ 996.4 1014.3

143. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C = Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knots Wind direction SW 68°F 68

144. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb = Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knots Wind direction SW 0 996 68 960

146. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C =64 °F Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68

148. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C =64 Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68 64

149. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68 64

151. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68 64

153. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots Add sleet 960 68 64

155. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots Add sleet 960 68 64

156. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots Add Rain a steady 1.9mb rise in the past 3 hours 960 68 +1.9/ 64

157. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: 75% clouds winds from the N.W. wind speed 35 knots air temperature 28F, dew point temp. 20F visibility 5 miles barometric pressure 1032.5 barometric trend 1.1 falling steadily present weather is snow 325 28 5 * -1.1br />20

158. 5. The Greenhouse EFFECT

159. Video: The Greenhouse Effect Handout: label the diagrams

160. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

161. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT HEAT IS TRAPPED BY THE GLASS OF THE GREENHOUSE Incoming is Short wave outgoing is Longer wave Energy absorbed

162. What are the Greenhouse gases? CO2 H20 VAPOR INFRARED METHANE GAS

163. The Earth Receives Energy from two sources:

164. SUN

165. Radioactive Energy CORE

166. Electromagnetic All matter radiates some__________________________ Energy

167. ALL The sun emits energy in _____ wavelengthsof the electromagneticspectrum

168. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

169. infrared The Earth radiates_____________ (heat)

170. Each type of energy differs in its __________ wavelength 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

171. 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

173. SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE: MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE GAMMA OZONE

175. SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma, X-RAYS OZONE

177. SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma, x-rays, UV OZONE

179. OZONE VISIBLE LIGHT : PASSES THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE WITH THE GREATEST INTENSITY

183. 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

184. Sun emits all wavelengths (heat) infrared Earth re-radiates

185. Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & The Environment:

186. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ABSORBTION - UV ABSORBED by OZONE IN STRATOSPHERE INFRARED ABSORBED BY CO2&H2O vapor methane, nitrous oxide REFLECTION SCATTERING REFRACTION TRANSMISSION - BY CLOUDS, ICE, SNOW & WATER - BY AEROSOLS, WATER DROPLETS, ICE CRYSTALS, AIR POLLUTANTS, DUST, POLLEN LIGHT IS BENT AS IT MOVES THROUGH VARIED DENSITIES WHEN ENERGY PASSES THROUGH A MEDIUM

187. 1. ABSORPTION 2. REFLECTION 3.SCATTERING 4. REFRACTION 5. TRANSMISSION

188. half Less than ______of the incoming solar radiationis receivedby the Earth’s surface

189. Surface properties of the Earth and Absorption of Energy:

190. Reflection vs. Absorption & Radiation Color: Texture: Light (white) reflects dark (black) absorbs Rough surface absorbs smooth surface reflects

191. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: LAB 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

192. 6. How does too Much contribute to Global warming? CO2 CO2 H20 VAPOR INFRARED METHANE GAS CO2 absorbs infrared

194. I. Air Masses-

195. A. Air Mass: large amount of air with the same temperature and humidity

196. B. List the characteristics that an air mass picks up from its place of origin: 1. 2. temperature humidity

197. C. Types of Air Masses: Describe the Air Mass Origin Symbol c Over Land Dry - Heavier Continental m Over Water Moist - Lighter Maritime Low Latitudes T Warm - Less Dense Tropical High Latitudes P Cool - More Dense Polar Very High Latitudes A Arctic Cold - Very Dense

198. Name and Description Describe the Air Mass Symbol ContinentalTropical cT Dry and Warm mT Moist and Warm MaritimeTropical Continental Polar cP Dry and Cool Maritime Polar mP Moist and Cool Continental Arctic cA Dry and Very Cold

199. E. Types of Air Masses: cP mP mP cP cT mT mT

201. Local wind <ul><li>Caused by the unequal heating of land and water.

202. This creates density difference.

203. Draw the diagrams in your notes.</li></li></ul><li>Planetary Wind Belts Reference Tables Page 14

204. Planetary wind Pattern If The Earth Didn’t Rotate

205. Cold air would_______ at the poles and flow along the surface of the Earth toward the__________ sink equator

206. rise low Air would then warm atthe equator and_____________(due to ___________ density) and flow back to the_____________ poles

207. this would create two great _________ cells over the Earth convection

208. II. Earth’s Rotation Effect On Wind Patterns: convection

209. Coriolis (Rotation) right ___________________ effect causesthe winds to deflect to the __________ in theNorthern Hemisphere

210. Right in the Northern Hemisphere Intended Actual due To coriolis (rotation)

211. Left in the Southern Hemisphere Intended Actual due To coriolis (rotation)

212. Left And to the __________ in theSouthernHemisphere

213. two convection cells tobreak into ________convection cells 6

214. Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere Dry NE Wet 60°N SW Dry 30°N Horse latitudes NE Doldrums Wet 0° SE Dry 30°S Horse latitudes N NW Wet 60°S W E SE Dry S

216. Use your ReferenceTables Page 14 to describe the wind for the following latitudes:1. 42ºN _______2. 23º½N _______3. 23º½ S _______4. 70º N _____ SW NE SE NE

217. 5. Which planetary wind belt is New York State Located? Dry NE SW Wet 60°N SW Dry 30°N NE Wet 0° SE Dry 30°S N NW Wet 60°S W E SE Dry S

218. 6. Complete the following:The Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the __________________ in the N. Hemisphere right

219. To Summarize: In high pressure winds blow In low pressure winds blow In or Out In or Out Clockwise or clockwise counterclockwise or counter clockwise L H

220. The arrows show the wind direction: Is this a High or low pressure system? Does it carry moist or dry air? L moist

221. Practice Questions:

222. 29.6 29.8 30.0 N Is this a high or low Pressure system? W E S

223. 29.60 29.80 30.00 N W E What is the pressure at the inner isobar on This map? S

224. 29.6 H 29.8 30.0 N Is this a high or low Pressure system? W E S High

225. 29.60 H 29.80 30.00 N W E What is the pressure at the inner isobar on This map? S 30.20

226. Which direction do winds curve in theNorthern Hemisphere? right Why?

227. Earth’s Rotation Coriolis Effect

228. Is this clockwise or counter clockwise?

229. The arrows show the wind direction: Is this a High or Low pressure system? H

230. Does this carry moist Or dry air? H Dry

231. What planetary windbelt do we live in? SW

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