2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture student should be able to
define
Exercise Physiology
Discuss why you need to study it.
Can differentiate between Physical activity and
Exercise
Physical Fitness and its types
3. HOW DO YOU DEFINE EXERCISE?
It is a Planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful
physical activity that maintain or improve one or more
of the components of physical fitness.
e.g.: training for or performing athletics and sports
4. What is Physical Activity?
It is the Body movement produced by muscle action that
increases energy expenditure.
Physical activity includes exercise as well as other
activities which involve bodily movement and are done
as part of playing, working, house chores and
recreational activities, shopping, gardening, swimming,
house keeping and work-related activities, etc
5. Physical activity is a bit broader term that includes not
just exercise but things like
Walking to class, work, or the store
Walking for pleasure
Walking downstairs or down a hill
6. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The term “physical activity” describes many forms of
movement, including activities that involve the large
skeletal muscles.
Activities that involve the small skeletal muscles (e.g.
playing board games, drawing, writing) are important, but
they do not provide the health benefits of activities that
involve the large skeletal muscles and require substantial
energy expenditure.
7. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS DEFINED BY ITS DURATION,
INTENSITY, AND FREQUENCY
Duration is the amount of time spent
participating in a physical activity session
Intensity is the rate of energy expenditure
e.g. light or moderate intensity activity
Frequency is the number of physical activity
sessions during a specific time period (e.g.
one week).
8. FITT FORMULA
Frequency
Number of sessions each week
Intensity
Degree of effort put forth by the individual during exercise.
Time
Duration of activity
Type
Mode of exercise being performed
9. WHAT IS EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY?
The study of how exercise and physical activity
alters the structure and function (physiology) of
the human body
OR
The study of how the body (cell, tissue, organ,
system) responds in function and structure to
acute exercise stress and chronic physical
activity
OR
It is the study of the acute responses and chronic
adaptations to a wide range of exercise condition
10. ACUTE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
How the body responds to an individual bout of exercise
such as running on a treadmill for an hour or undergoing
a strength training session.
An individual bout of exercise is called acute exercise and
response to that bout exercise called acute response
Acute exercise response: What immediately happens
when you begin your routine work out.
Your heart rate will go up. Same as your stroke volume
(how much blood is pumped from one ventricle during
each heart beat) and blood pressure. Body temperature
will increase
11. RESPONSE VS. ADAPTATION
Short term change caused by a stimulus
Long term change cause by a stimulus
A chronic adaptation refers to the long term affects on
one or more of the bodies systems as a person sustains
their exercise habit.
12. WHY EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
To understand how the basic physiological functioning of
the human body is modified by effects of short- and long-
term exercises as well as the mechanisms causing these
changes.
Provide quality physical education programs in schools
colleges and universities that stimulate children and
adolescents both physically and intellectually.
To become lifelong exercisers, students need to understand
how physical activity can benefit them, why they take
physical fitness tests, and what to do with fitness test
results.
13. Apply the results of scientific research to maximize
health, rehabilitation, and/or athletic performance in
a variety of populations.
Respond accurately to questions as well as
recognize myths and misconceptions regarding
exercise. Good advice should be based on
scientific evidence.
14. IN SHORT WHY EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Understand the Effects of various exercises on various
systems of the body
Relationship of energy metabolism to performance
Effectiveness of training programs
Effects of environmental factors
Effects of individual differences on fitness development
and performance
Identification of factors that limit performance
Effectiveness of various rehabilitation programs
Health and therapeutic effects associated with exercise
Effects of nutrition on performance
15. SCOPE
The scope of practice ranges from apparently healthy
individuals with no known medical problems to patients
with documented cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic,
rheumatoid, orthopedic, and/or neuromuscular diseases
and other conditions
Consider the physiological systems:
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Renal, GI,
Temperature Regulation, Endocrine, Muscle, Bone,
Skin, Immune, Metabolism
Exercise tends to disturb homeostasis
Adaptations of physiological systems tend to
minimize this disturbance
16. WHAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS?
Physical fitness is a general state of health and
well-being and, more specifically, the ability to
perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily
activities.
Ability of the body’s systems to function efficiently
and effectively.
17. PHYSICAL FITNESS
One is “physically fit” if they have the ability to:
“Carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness,
without undue fatigue, and with enough energy
to enjoy leisure-time
Participating in physical activity is beneficial to
people of all ages. Physical activity contributes to
fitness, a state in which people’s health
characteristics and behaviors enhance the
quality of their lives
Divided in to two areas
21. HEALTH RELATED FITNESS
Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart,
blood cells and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to
the working muscle tissues and the ability of the
muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for
movement
Ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to
supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained
physical activity.
22. Regular exercise makes these systems more efficient to be
pumped with each stroke, and increasing the number of
small arteries in trained skeletal muscles, which supply more
blood to working muscles.
Exercise improves the respiratory system by increasing the
amount of oxygen that is inhaled and distributed to body
tissue.
Aerobic activities includes
Jogging
Running
Walking
Dancing
Biking
Swimming
25. BODY COMPOSITION IMPROVEMENT
Decreasing percentage of fat
Decrease caloric intake through diet.
Increase caloric expenditure through physical activity and
exercise.
Moderate decrease in caloric intake and moderate increase in
caloric expenditure.
26. Muscular strength:
Muscle strength refers to the amount of force a
muscle can produce with a single maximal effort.
Size of muscle cells and the ability of nerves to
activate them are related to muscle strength.
The extent to which muscles can exert force by
contracting against resistance (e.g. holding or
restraining an object or person)
Muscular endurance:
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or
group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions
against a resistance for an extended period of time.
27. Flexibility:
It is defined as the range of motion of your joints or the ability
of your joints to move freely.
It also refers to the mobility of your muscles, which allows for
more movement around the joints.
Range of motion is the distance and direction your joints
can move.
Mobility is the ability to move without restriction.
Can prevent muscle injuries; improve low-back pain
Decreased flexibility can be caused by:
Sedentary lifestyle (lack of use of muscles)
Age
High amounts of body fat
Stress
28. PERFORMANCE-RELATED FITNESS
Agility:
Ability to change the body's position efficiently, and requires the
integration of isolated movement skills using a combination
of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength,
and endurance.
Agility is the ability to change the direction of the body in an
efficient and effective manner
29. BALANCE AND COORDINATION
Balance is the ability to stay upright or stay in
control of body movement, and coordination is the
ability to move two or more body parts under
control, smoothly and efficiently.
There are two types of balance: static and dynamic
30. REACTION TIME
Reaction time is the interval time between the
presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the
muscular response to that stimulus.
A primary factor affecting a response is the number
of possible stimuli, each requiring their own
response, that are presented.
31. Power:
It is the rate of doing work.
It is the ability to exert maximum muscular
contraction instantly in an explosive burst of
movements.
It is equivalent to an amount of energy consumed
per unit time.
The unit of power is the joule per second (J/s),
known as the watt
32. WHAT EXERCISE DO
The repeated use of exercise to improve physical
fitness
Adaptations to Exercise
Acute adaptations
The changes in human physiology that occur during
exercise or physical activity.
Chronic Adaptations
The alterations in the structure and functions of the
body that occur in response to the regular
completion of physical activity and exercise.
33. WHAT DOES TRAINING DO?
Permits adaptations within the physiological
systems to minimize the disturbance to
homeostasis resulting from exercise
34. WHAT IS CLINICAL EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY?
A sub-component of exercise physiology that involves the
application of exercise physiology principles, knowledge
and skills for purposes of the prevention, rehabilitation or
diagnosis of disease or disability in humans.
Clinical exercise physiologists are responsible for: Exercise
testing and evaluation and supervision of safe and effective
exercise programs in a healthcare setting