2. Bathygraphic mapping
• Underwater land survey that maps features and
ocean depth.
• Continental shelf and slope
• Abyssal region (Oceanic floor)
Largest cover more than 50% earths surface.
Flattest and least explored regions on earth
• Oceanic Ridge and Hadal System
Peaks and troughs
5. Shore/Splash
• Small bodies – surface area : volume ratio
• Thicker shells – reduces evaporation rate
• Muscular foot - fixation
Intertidal
• Algae – holdfast prevent washaway
• Byssal threads – fastening
• Congregate together - prevent dessication
Subtidal
• Crabs – recirculate water over gills prevent dessication
• Urchins – hollow out in rock cavities
• Algae – hollow stipe acts as air bladder - buoyancy
6. Physiological tolerance
• Temperature
• Water quality
Larvaland adult preferences
Competition for space
Predation
7. Littorial:located at splash zone and king
tides height -edge of }intertidal
Palegic: open water - beginning at
{intertidal zone at high tide
Neretic: includes {intertidal and subtidal}
Oceanic: Begins at end of subtidal{
• 600ft – Euphotic
• 3,000ft – Disphotic
• 10,000ft - Aphotic
9. Close to continental shelf
• Shallow seas
• Few 100m deep
• Most diverse
• Covers 7-8% of total ocean area
Abyssal
• Ocean floor - 7-11kms deep
• covers 50%
Ridge & Hadal System
• Trenches and troughs caused by erosion
11. Plankton:drifting organisms that live in the
water column with limited locomotion
ability.
• Defined by ecological niche rather than taxonomic
classification.
Phytoplankton:autotrophic component of
the plankton community.
• Usually single celled and invisible, but when multi-
cellular looks like a green blur.
12. Zooplankton:non-autotrophic organisms
with locomotion ability.
• Feeds on
phytoplankton, plankton, nekton, bacteria.
Nekton: actively swimming organisms
• Primarly tiny algae and bacteria, small eggs and
larvae of marine animals.
• Larger and stronger than plankton.
• Eg. Squid marlon
13. Neritic: Horizontal province containing
intertidal and subtidal oceanic zones
Epibenthic: Benthic region of the
epipalegic zone
Infauna: Organisms that reside in the
epibenthic substrate
• Bivalves
• Tubeworms
• Crabs
14.
15. A woody plant community in saline
sediments, often inundated by tides.
• Location: tropics and subtropics
True:
• Only occur in mangrove forests
Associates:
• Found elsewhere
Rainforest
16. Sponges
• Facultative mutualism
For habitat and carbon energy; enhances root growth and
protection
Sea-squirts
Gastropods
• Decomposers and nutrient cycling
Crabs (mudskippers)
• Nutrient cycling
Habitat for threatened and endangered
species
• Brown pelican and green sea turtle
17. Verticle branches
• Snorkel
• Knee
• Plank
• Props
Root system
• Pneumataphores – above ground spongey tissue
roots with small holes allow oxygen transport in
anoxic sediments
• Salt removal – reverse osmosis
18. Tough succulent leaves
• Excretes salt
• Move leaves out of direct sunlight
• Stomata open/close to sunlight/water loss
• Sacrificial leaf – salt collected and dropped.
19. Low tidal range
• Dominance of freshwater flow
Seasonal flood plains that are inundated
with freshwater
Salinity is reduced during wet season
20. Seasonal influx of salt water
Inter-tidal
• High wave action along bays and lagoons
“Fringing” mangroves
• Pioneered to occupy intertidal mudflats
Vertical profile
• snorkle
21. Most common community type
Inland depressions
• Irregularly flushed by tides
Salinity variable
• evaporation/rainfall
Contributelarge amount of organic debris
to adjacent waters
22. Protect shorelines
• erosion
Provides habitat
• Nursery ground
Improves water quality
• Filtering pollutants
Heavy metals
Renewable resource
• Harvested for water-resistant wood
Nutrient-source to organisms in systems
• Leaf litter
23.
24. All coastal seas.
• Minus Antarctic regions.
• 7 species in Victoria
Angiosperms:
• Sexually, or
• Asexually
Majority are diecious
Hydrophilous pollination
• Pollen dispersed by water movement
25. Ecological importance
• Resource
Nursery ground
Food supply for small grazers
Shelter
Mitigateeutrophication
Bind organic pollutants
• CO2 -> O2
26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wydM5X-HRDY
Aim: To detect seagrass health outside natural
variability.
Information collected is used to track how
seagrass habits change over time to help inform
how they are managed.
Seagrass monitored in two ways.
(1) Seagrasses mapped annually in 6 areas within
the bay using aerial photography.
(2) Seagrass health including cover, height and
shoot density measured by scubas quarterly within
sites of mapping regions.
27. Information collected is then analysed
against historically seagrass data dating as
far back as 60 years in the case of aerial
photographs.
Results show health vary between sites
and seasons changes observed between
„08 and „09 were within natural
variability, consistent with changes
observed prior to channel deepening in the
Bay.
28.
29. System Scenario
Ecosystem Kelp forest
Keystone species Sea otter
Prey Sea urchin
Removal Sea otter
Consequence Urchin populations increase and
reduce the kelp forest, creating urchin
barriers
Further consequence Decline in sea otters = increase in
urchins = kelp decrease
31. A species whose conservation confers
indirect protection among numerous co-
occuring species.
32. Removal of a species that has dis-
proportianal large effects on its
environment relative to its abundance.
Conservationmaintains the structure of an
ecological community.
33. Predators residing at the top of the food
web with no predators of their own.
Crucial role in maintaining health of the
ecosystem.
Affects prey species population dynamics.
34. System Scenario
Ecosystem Seagrass meadows
Keystone species Tiger shark
Prey Dugong
Removal Tiger sharks
Consequence Dugong populations increase and
reduce the seagrass meadows
Further consequence Decline in tiger sharks= increase in
urchins = kelp decrease
35. System Scenario
Ecosystem Oceanic province
Keystone species Plankton
Predator Blue whale
Removal Photosynthetic process
Consequence Blue whale populations decrease
because reduced photosynthetic
processes decrease plankton
abundance
Further consequence Decreased photosynthesis =
decreased plankton population =
decreased blue whale population =
decreased Japanese population
38. Addition of nutrients and chemicals into
water
Disturbance to wildlife
Damage to reefs
Crowding, noise, litter
Reduction in endemic species richness
Habitat fragmentation
Introduction of pest species
Sustainable tea-bagging
39. Public educational resources
Limit visitor numbers and tour-operators
Limit number of tourist sites
Develop sanctuary areas
Ensure hospitality industry is
environmentally friendly
Develop guidelines/regulations
Ensure tour operators comply to conditions
in their permit by enforcement
40.
41. Transportation
• Boats, ice breakers etc…
Dredging and construction
Hydrocarbon and mineral exploration and
recovery
Geophysical surveys
• airguns
Ocean science studies
• Seismology, acoustic propagation
42. Physiologically
• Temporary/Permanent transition shift (TTP/PTS)
• Rupture of gas bladders
• Hemorrhaging
Behaviorally
• Increase stress levels
limit of feeding, breeding, nurturing of young behaviours
• Put animals off sonar path
• Increase stranding
43. Shut down procedures
Signals should have a gradual increasing
source level onset, to allow the animals
sufficient time to displace themselves from
the source to a safe distance
Observers to look for large marine fauna
44. 6 Consequences:
• Temperature increase
• Acidification
• Shifts in wind and radiation regimes
• Hydrological cycle modifications
• Alterations related to oceanic circulation and
stratification
• Irregular occurrence of extreme events such as
storms
45.
46. H2O is bipolar as it has a +ive and –ive
end
Structure of H2O allows for
tension, viscosity and solubility
H2O can dissolve salts and nutrients
Density of H2O > ice = float (8% lighter
than H2O)
47. Maximum density at 4 C
• Ice acts as insulator
• Life continues
Salt increases density
• Freshwater is 3% less dense than seawater
48. High specific heat
• 4.8 kj/kg/ C
Low heat transmission
• Water conducts heat poorly, therefore heat is
localized if molecular diffusion is only route for
mixing (e.g. when filling bath)
49. Highest element surface tension (except
for mercury)
Adhesion attraction
• Hydrophilic; cohesive forces < adhesive forces
• Hydrophobic; cohesive forces > adhesive forces
Influencedby temperature and organic
chemicals, decreased by:
• Intense algal blooms
• Stained lakes
• Aquatic plants
At 10 C
51. Fast-flowing streams that drain
through elevated or mountainous
country, often onto broad alluvial
plains where they become lowland
rivers.
52. Problem:
• large number of minor
order streams may join
to a larger order
channel, increasing its
discharge but not order.
53. Problem:
• Difficult to compute.
• Depends heavily on
mapping scale used to
identify streams.
54. DISCHARGE CHANNEL SHAPE
Base flow Depth, width and shape
• Continuous groundwater influence flow velocity.
flow • Altering river flow influences
pool & riffles.
Rising/recession limb
• Fluctuating flashy levels.
Inundation of desert streams
55. SUBSTRATION DRIFT
Boulder are rarely moved Despite
except by rare extreme adaptations, organisms can
flows. become detached.
In constrast, sand and silt Downstream drift could
dislodge by current easily. result in depopulation of
upstream reaches.
Epilithon covers rocks
Bacterial, fungi and algae
biofilms.
Epi = above
Lithon - rock
56. Permanent attachment
• Mainly underside
• Eg: freshwater sponges
Boundary layer – turbulance protection
• Ideal for small organisms and stress toleraters
• Static: no nutrients, no oxygen
Morphological existence
• Streamline bodies
• Long appendages for orientation
• Movable spines to lock into crevacies
• Temporary attachment
• Silk attachment - larvae
Behavioural
• Laying eggs upstream
57. Bacteria is ¾ of upland stream biomass.
Organic Processing:
• Day 1: leaching of DOM (dissolved organic matter)
• Day 1-7: Microbial colonisation
• Day 7+: Invertebrate consumption, continuous
physical fragmentation
58. Pollutants
• Heavy metals
• Sewerage
• Acids and alkilines
Removal of Riparian Zone
Climate change
Eutrophication
59. The general more
turbid, warm, slow-flowing waters
and fine sediment beds that
channel from fourth order streams.
60. Largeorder stream
Bounded upstream
• By upland reaches
Bounded downstream
• by ocean tides
River is:
Deep
Wide
Slow flow
Meanders across floodplains
Frequently turbid
• Draws water from large catchment
62. Zonebeneath and alongside a stream bed
where mixing of ground water and surface
water occurs.
Important for fish spawns.
63. Majorly angiosperms
Recent re-invaders of terrestrial taxa
Reduced root systems
Large internal air-space
Little woody tissue
Thin cuticle
64. Low light reaches roots
High light surface
Susceptibility to flooding/drying
65.
66. Major uses:
• Initially transport
• Irrigation
• Recreation
• Hydroelectric power
• Vital role for providing peak demands in
emergencies
• Harvest of riparian zone
55% of Adelaide‟s drinking water
67. 2,500 kilometres long
Discharge of 600 cubic metres per second
Amazon discharges a days worth of water
compared to what the Murray discharges
in a year.
Aussies utilise rivers better than all other
major river flows.
68. Clearing of riparian zone
• Risks flooding
Weed invasion
• 1/3 of species in Murray floodplain are exotic
Grazing
• Exotic cattle reducing native growth
Salinity
• Influx from oceanic tides
69. Decreasing total flow
• Diversions
Decreasing variability
• More constant
Decreasing peak salinities
Loss of downstream estuaries
Change in sediment load
Altered seasonality of flows
• inundation
70. A model for classifying and
describing flowing water in
addition to the classification of
individual sections of water after
the occurence of indicator
organisms
71.
72. Predictschanges in attributes such as
functional feeding group representation
with changes in stream size.
Different organisms at different structural sites along water
flow
4 major food types:
• Shredders (herbi/detrivores)
• Collectors (herbi/detrivores)
• Grazers (herbi/detrivores)
• Predators (omnivores)
73. SHREDDERS COLLECTORS
Feed off CPOM Feed on fine particulate
Small sections of leaves organic matter (FPOM)
• Adapted to filter feed
Invertebrates that eat
detritivores Filters of FPOM
• Mayfly • Fly larvae
• Stonefly • nematodes
74. PREDATORS GRAZERS
Feed on other organisms Feed on biofilm
and plants in the river • Periphyton
system. Complex mixture of
algae, cynobacteria and
Omnivores detritus attached to substrate
• Fish
• Invertebrates
Biofilm accumulates on rock
substrates
• Frogs
• Snails
• Birds
• Caddisfly
75. CPOM at Riparian zone
• 35% Shredders
• 35% Collectors
• 25% Predators
• 5% Grazers
P:R < 1
• Photosynthesis : Respiration ratio is less than 1.
Large allocthorous
• External carbon production
77. Collectors
become strongly abundant in
more lowland streams
• 80% Collectors
• 20% Predators
P:R <1
• Photosynthesis : Respiration ratio is less than 1.
Continuous autocthorous
• Internal carbon production (collector f/feeders)
78.
79. Consumption of decaying organic material
• Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM)
• Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
Breakdown of leaf cannot release
phosphorus
80. 1. 2.
Dead Organic Detritivores
Matter (eg, fungi, bacteria
(eg, leaves, poop) ) feed on detritus
4.
Predators feed on 3. Invertebrates
invertebrates, poo feed on detrivores
p.
81. Invertebrates would rather feed on the
detritivores rather than the decaying matter
because it obtains a higher accumulation
of energy
• Bacteria that feed on detritus have a
nitrogen:carbon ratio of 1:10
• Leaves have a nitrogen:carbon ratio of 1:1000
Thus, less bacteria are littly sacks of nutrients
82. For Marine and Freshwater Ecology Revision
We accept Arnott‟s Tim Tams in gratitude