3. MOTIVES
• A motives means ‘which moves’.
• A motive may be considered as an energetic
force or tendency working within the
individual to compel or inspire him to act
for the satisfaction of his basic needs or
attainment of some specific purpose.
4. Definition
• A need gives rise to one or more motives. A
motive is a rather specific process, which
has been learned. It is directed towards a
goal.(Carol-1969)
• A motive may be defined as a readiness or
disposition to respond in some ways and not
others to a variety of situations ( Rosan,Fox
and Gregory-1972)
5. Concepts of motivation
• Motivation is generated through basic needs or
drives.
• It compels an individual to respond by creating a
kind of tension or urge to act.
• It is goal directed activity, pursued till the
attainment of the goal.
• Attainment of goal helps in the release of tension.
• We experience motives as feeling of want,
• need and desire.
• We cannot see motive directly, but must
• infer them from the behavior of people.
6.
7.
8. TYPES OF MOTIVES
• Physiological or primary motives
• Physiological motives are called biological or organic
motives. These include:
• Hunger motives
• Thirst motive
• Respiratory motive
• Need for rest and sleep
• Need for elimination of waste
• Sex motive
9. • Social or secondary motives
• Human beings are not only biological, but also
social. Therefore, human behavior is activated by
social motives such as,
• Affiliation motives
• Need for status
• Power motive
• Social approval
10. • Personal motives
• Personal motives are allied with physiological
needs and common social motives. They are our
wants and aspirations, which are not shared
commonly by others. The personal motives are:
• Need for achievement
• Vocational ambitions and life goals
• Levels of aspiration
• Force of habit
• Interests and attitudes
• Curiosity
• Fear
11. • Unconscious motives
• Unconscious motives are those of which we are
not aware of.
• They may be in the form of our repressed desires
or wishes or complexes.
• According to freud, it is the unconscious mind that
guides, directs and motivates dreams.
12. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
• Instinct theory of motivation
• Drive theory
• Arousal theory of motivation
• Incentive theory of motivation
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
14. 1. Instinct theory of motivation
• According to instinct theories, people are
motivated to behave in certain ways because they
are evolutionarily programmed to do so.
• William James created a list of human instincts
that include:
• Attachment
• Play
• Shame
• Anger
• Fear
• Shyness
• Modesty
• love
15. 2. Drive theory
• Also known as push theory of
motivation.
• By Clark Leonard Hull in 1943.
• People are motivated to take certain
actions in order to reduce the internal
tension that is caused by the unmet
needs.
• Human and other animals are
motivated by four drives: hunger,
thirst, sex and avoidance of pain.
18. 3. Arousal theory of motivation
• Arousal is the level of alertness,
wakefulness and activation caused by
activity in the central nervous system.
• People take certain actions to either
decrease or increase levels of arousal.
• Ex. arousal level get too low When
person watching an exciting movie.
Arousal level get too high while reading
and meditation.
19.
20. 4. Incentive theory of motivation
• pull theory of motivation.
• By Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson and BF
skinner 1977.
• The incentive theory suggests that people
are motivated to do things because of
external rewards.
• Ex.- a student is motivated by the
incentive of good grades and teacher is
motivated by the incentive of a promotion.
24. Motives and behavior
• Motives act as the immediate force to energize,
direct, sustain and stop behavior.
• Motives are a powerful tool for explaining behavior.
• Motives help us to make predictions about behavior.
• Motives do not tell us exactly what will happen, they
give us an idea about the range of things a person
will do.
• Motives are inner forces that control an individual’s
behavior.
