1.
WORLD TUBERCULOSIS DAY
MARCH 24
Dr. ANJALATCHI M.SC(N) MD(AM)
MBA(HA)

2.
Theme of the year 2021
• The theme of World TB Day 2021 - 'The Clock
is Ticking' –conveys the sense that
the world is running out of time to act on the
commitments to end TB made by global
leader

3.
KEY FACT ABOUT TB
• A total of 1.4 million people died from TB in 2019
(including 208 000 people with HIV). Worldwide, TB is one
of the top 10 causes of death and the leading cause from a
single infectious agent (above HIV/AIDS).
• In 2019, an estimated 10 million people fell ill with
tuberculosis(TB) worldwide. 5.6 million men, 3.2 million
women and 1.2 million children. TB is present in all
countries and age groups. But TB is curable and
preventable.
• In 2019, 1.2 million children fell ill with TB globally. Child
and adolescent TB is often overlooked by health providers
and can be difficult to diagnose and treat.

4.
Continued
• In 2019, the 30 high TB burden countries accounted
for 87% of new TB cases. Eight countries account for
two thirds of the total, with India leading the count,
followed by Indonesia, China, the Philippines,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.
• Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a public
health crisis and a health security threat. A global
total of 206 030 people with multidrug- or rifampicin-
resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) were detected and notified
in 2019, a 10% increase from 186 883 in 2018.

5.
Continued
• Globally, TB incidence is falling at about 2% per
year and between 2015 and 2019 the
cumulative reduction was 9%. This was less than
half way to the End TB Strategy milestone of
20% reduction between 2015 and 2020.
• An estimated 60 million lives were saved
through TB diagnosis and treatment between
2000 and 2019.
• Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the
health targets of the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).

6.
INTRODUCTION
• Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often
affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and
preventable.
• TB is spread from person to person through
the air. When people with lung TB cough,
sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into
the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of
these germs to become infected.

7.
DEFINITION OF TB

8.
TUBERCULOSIS

9.
CAUSES OF TB

10.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
• About one-quarter of the world's population has a TB infection,
which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not
(yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit it.
• People infected with TB bacteria have a 5–10% lifetime risk of
falling ill with TB. Those with compromised immune systems, such
as people living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who
use tobacco, have a higher risk of falling ill.
• When a person develops active TB disease, the symptoms (such as
cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss) may be mild for many
months. This can lead to delays in seeking care, and results in
transmission of the bacteria to others. People with active TB can
infect 5–15 other people through close contact over the course of a
year. Without proper treatment, 45% of HIV-negative people with
TB on average and nearly all HIV-positive people with TB will die.

11.
Global impact of TB
• TB occurs in every part of the world. In 2019, the
largest number of new TB cases occurred in the
WHO South-East Asian region, with 44% of new
cases, followed by the WHO African region, with
25% of new cases and the WHO Western Pacific
with 18%.
• In 2019, 87% of new TB cases occurred in the 30
high TB burden countries. Eight countries
accounted for two thirds of the new TB cases:
India, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan,
Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.

12.
GLOBAL BURDEN OF TB

13.
GLOBAL SITUATION

14.
NATURAL HISTORY OF TB

15.
EPIDEMIOLOGY FACTORS

16.
AGENT FACTORS

17.
HOST FACTORS

18.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

19.
SOCIAL FACTORS

20.
CONTINUED

21.
TB TRANSMISSION

22.
CONTINUED

23.
INCUBATION PERIOD

24.
The risk of developing active TB
is higher in:
• anyone with a weakened immune system
• anyone who first developed the infection in
the past 2–5 years
• older adults and young children
• people who use injected recreational drugs
• people who have not received appropriate
treatment for TB in the past

25.
Risk factors
• Chronic diseases
• HIV
• alcohol
• Smoking
• Other conditions
• Some other health issues that weaken the immune system and
can increase the risk of developing TB include:
• low body weight
• substance abuse disorders
• diabetes
• silicosis
• severe kidney disease
• head and neck cancer

26.
TYPE OF TUBERCULOSIS

27.
EPTB

28.
TRANSMISSION
M. tuberculosis bacteria cause TB. They can
spread through the air in droplets when a
person with pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes,
spits, laughs, or talks.

29.
Symptoms and diagnosis
• Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with
sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight
loss, fever and night sweats
Symptoms
• Latent TB: A person with latent TB will have no symptoms,
and no damage will show on a chest X-ray. However, a
blood test or skin prick test will indicate that they have TB
infection.
• Active TB: A person with TB disease may experience a
cough that produces phlegm, fatigue, a fever, chills, and a
loss of appetite and weight. Symptoms typically worsen
over time, but they can also spontaneously go away and
return

30.
CONTINUED

31.
Early warning signs
• A person should see a doctor if they experience:
• a persistent cough, lasting at least 3 weeks
• phlegm, which may have blood in it, when they
cough
• a loss of appetite and weight
• a general feeling of fatigue and being unwell
• swelling in the neck
• a fever
• night sweats
• chest pain

32.
Beyond the lungs
• TB usually affects the lungs, though symptoms can
develop in other parts of the body. This is more
common in people with weakened immune systems.
• TB can cause:
• persistently swollen lymph nodes, or “swollen glands”
• abdominal pain
• joint or bone pain
• confusion
• a persistent headache
• seizures

33.
PATHOGENESIS

34.
Diagnosis
• A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, but the infection can
show up on tests. People should ask for a TB test if they:
• have spent time with a person who has or is at risk of TB
• have spent time in a country with high rates of TB
• work in an environment where TB may be present
• A doctor will ask about any symptoms and the person’s medical
history. They will also perform a physical examination, which involves
listening to the lungs and checking for swelling in the lymph nodes.
• Two tests can show whether TB bacteria are present:
• the TB skin test
• the TB blood test
• However, these cannot indicate whether TB is active or latent. To test
for active TB disease, the doctor may recommend a sputum test and
a chest X-ray.
• Everyone with TB needs treatment, regardless of whether the
infection is active or latent.

35.
Treatment
• TB is a treatable and curable disease. Active,
drug-susceptible TB disease is treated with a
standard 6-month course of 4 antimicrobial
drugs that are provided with information and
support to the patient by a health worker or
trained volunteer. Without such support,
treatment adherence is more difficult.
• Since 2000, an estimated 63 million lives were
saved through TB diagnosis and treatment.

36.
MANAGEMENT OF TB

37.
CONTINUED

38.
CONTINUED

39.
DOTS

40.
CONTINUED

41.
TB WITH PREGNANCY

42.
NEW DRUGS

43.
TB vaccination
• In some countries, children receive an anti-TB
vaccination — the bacillus Calmette–Guérin
(BCG) vaccine — as part of a regular
immunization program.
• However, experts in the U.S. do not
recommend BCG inoculation for most people
unless they have a high risk of TB. Some of the
reasons include a low risk of infection in the
country and a high likelihood that the vaccine
will interfere with any future TB skin tests

44.
BCG VACCINE

45.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES

46.
CONTINUED

47.
TUBERCULOSIS INFOGRAPHIC

48.
WHO strategic priorities:
• WHO is working closely with countries, partners and
civil society in scaling up the TB response. Six core
functions are being pursued by WHO to contribute to
achieving the targets of the UN high-level meeting
political declaration, SDGs, End TB Strategy and
• Providing global leadership to end TB through strategy
development, political and multisectoral engagement,
strengthening review and accountability, advocacy, and
partnerships, including with civil society;
• Shaping the TB research and innovation agenda and
stimulating the generation, translation and
dissemination of knowledge;

49.
CONTINUED
• Setting norms and standards on TB prevention and care
and promoting and facilitating their implementation;
• Developing and promoting ethical and evidence-based
policy options for TB prevention and care;
• Ensuring the provision of specialized technical support
to Member States and partners jointly with WHO
regional and country offices, catalyzing change, and
building sustainable capacity;
• Monitoring and reporting on the status of the TB
epidemic and progress in financing and
implementation of the response at global, regional and
country levels.

50.
FUTURE CHALLENGE
• The political declaration of the UN high-level meeting
included four new global targets:
• treat 40 million people for TB disease in the 5-year
period 2018–2022;
• reach at least 30 million people with TB preventive
treatment for a latent TB infection in the 5-year period
2018–2022;
• mobilize at least US$ 13 billion annually for universal
access to TB diagnosis, treatment and care by 2022;
• mobilize at least US$ 2 billion annually for TB research.

51.
As requested in the political
declaration:
• WHO finalized and published a Multisectoral Accountability
Framework for TB (MAF-TB) in 2019. WHO is supporting countries
to adapt and use the framework to translate commitments into
actions and to monitor, report, and review progress, with the
engagement of high-level leadership, all relevant sectors, civil
society and other stakeholders.
• In 2020, a progress report of the UN Secretary-General to the
General Assembly was developed and released with the support of
WHO.
• Examples of high-level leadership on multisectoral
accountability include Presidential or Head of State End TB
initiatives and formalized mechanisms for the engagement and
accountability of stakeholders in India, Indonesia, Pakistan,
Philippines and Viet Nam as well as national campaigns to drive
progress such as the “Race to End TB”.