Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory that human motivation is based on five basic needs arranged in a hierarchy: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The theory states that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can be addressed. Physiological needs are basic physical requirements like food, water, warmth, and rest. Safety, love and belonging involve feeling secure, connected to others, and part of a group. Esteem and self-actualization center around personal growth and fulfillment through achievement, respect, and living up to one's potential.
2. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in
psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs,
often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before
individuals can attend to needs higher up. From the bottom
of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety,
love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
3. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow,
which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic
categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and
self-actualization.
In order to better understand what motivates human
beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized
into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete
needs such as food and water to abstract concepts such as
self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is
met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of
attention.
4.
5. These refer to basic physical needs like drinking when thirsty
or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these
needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need
for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in
different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body
temperature of 98.6°).
Maslow considered physiological needs to be the
most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more
than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these
physiological needs first. For example, if someone is
extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides
food. Another example of a physiological need would be the
need for adequate sleep.
6. Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next
need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are
apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for
safe and predictable environments and typically react with
fear or anxiety when these are not met.
Maslow pointed out that in adults living in developed
nations, safety needs are more apparent in emergency
situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also
explain why we tend to prefer the familiar or why we do
things like purchase insurance and contribute to a savings
account.
7. According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy
involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes
both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends
and family members. It also includes our need to feel
that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need
encompasses both feeling loved and feeling love
towards others.
Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to
explore how love and belonging needs impact well-
being. For example, having social connections is related
to better physical health and, conversely, feeling
isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has
negative consequences for health and well-being.
8. Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about
ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include
two components. The first involves feeling self-
confidence and feeling good about oneself.
The second component involves feeling valued by
others; that is, feeling that our achievements and
contributions have been recognized by other people.
When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel
confident and see their contributions and achievements
as valuable and important. However, when their esteem
needs are not met, they may experience what
psychologist Alfred Adler called “feelings of inferiority.”
9. Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we
are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-
actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one
person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for
another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or
creative field.
Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing
what we believe we are meant to do. According to Maslow,
achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his
examples of famous self-actualized individuals
include Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa.
10. 1. They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty;
2. Accept themselves and others for what they are;
3. Spontaneous in thought and action;
4. Problem-centered (not self-centered);
5. Unusual sense of humor;
6. Able to look at life objectively;
7. Highly creative;
8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional;
9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity;
10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience;
11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a
few people;
12. Peak experiences;
13. Need for privacy;
14. Democratic attitudes;
15. Strong moral/ethical standards
11. (a) Experiencing life like a child, with full absorption and
concentration;
(b) Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths;
(c) Listening to your own feelings in evaluating
experiences instead of the voice of tradition, authority
or the majority;
(d) Avoiding pretense ('game playing') and being honest;
(e) Being prepared to be unpopular if your views do not
coincide with those of the majority;
(f) Taking responsibility and working hard;
(g) Trying to identify your defenses and having the
courage to give them up.
12. Maslow's (1962) hierarchy of needs theory has made a major
contribution to teaching and classroom management in schools.
Rather than reducing behaviour to a response in the environment,
Maslow (1970a) adopts a holistic approach to education and
learning.
Maslow looks at the complete physical, emotional, social, and
intellectual qualities of an individual and how they impact on
learning.
Applications of Maslow's hierarchy theory to the work of the
classroom teacher are obvious. Before a student's cognitive needs
can be met, they must first fulfill their basic physiological needs.
For example, a tired and hungry student will find it difficult to focus
on learning. Students need to feel emotionally and physically safe
and accepted within the classroom to progress and reach their full
potential.
Maslow suggests students must be shown that they are valued and
respected in the classroom, and the teacher should create a
supportive environment. Students with a low self-esteem will not
progress academically at an optimum rate until their self-esteem is
strengthened.
13. Maslow (1971, p. 195) argued that a humanistic educational
approach would develop people who are “stronger, healthier,
and would take their own lives into their hands to a greater
extent. With increased personal responsibility for one’s
personal life, and within a rational set of values to guide
one’s choosing, people would begin to actively change the
society in which they lived”.
