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IPv4 Network Fundamentals
1.
Addressing the Network –
IPv4 Network Fundamentals – Chapter 6 ITE I Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
2.
Objectives Identify the structure
IP addressing and demonstrate the ability to convert between 8-bit binary and decimal numbers. Identify an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how it is used in the network Identify how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and within networks by administrators Identify the network portion of the host address and explain the role of the subnet mask in dividing networks. Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculate the appropriate addressing components. Identify common testing utilities to verify and test network connectivity and operational status of the IP protocol stack on a host. ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
3.
IP Addressing Dotted
decimal Structure An IP address structure in dotted decimal form can be seen by inspecting the TCP/IP properties of a PC as below: ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
4.
IP Addressing Dotted
Binary Structure Dotted decimal IP addresses can be expressed in dotted binary form. Each octet is simply converted to its binary equivalent ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
5.
8 bit Binary
to decimal conversion 1 Write down the 8 bit binary number 2 Write down the decimal value above each bit 3 Add only decimal values above a 1 bit (Ignore values above 0 bits) 4 The total for all 8 bits is decimal number ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
6.
Decimal to Binary
(using short division) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
7.
Decimal to Binary
(using short division) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
8.
Decimal to 8-
bit binary ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
9.
Network, Broadcast and
host Addresses An address can represent: The Network only (Network Address, Wire Address) All hosts i.e. PC’s, Servers, Printers, Router interfaces on the network (Broadcast Address) e.g DHCP request, ARP request or Routing update (RIP) A single host on the network (Host Address) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
10.
Example Determine the
network, broadcast and host addresses for a given address and prefix combination ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
11.
Example 172.16.4.32/28 (28
Network bits 4 Host bits) Network address is 172.16.4.32 Subnet mask is 255.255.255.240 First Useable host address is 172.16.4.33 Last Useable host address is 172.16.4.46 Broadcast address is 172.16.4.47 i.e. all host bits are set to 1 ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
12.
Calculations (Convert both
numbers to Binary) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
13.
Calculations (Work out
the range of numbers in the host portion) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
14.
Calculation (Add the
host values to the complete address) Useable addresses = Total addresses – 2 = 24- 2 (where 4 is the number of bits in host portion) = 16 - 2 = 14 ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
15.
Address communication types
Unicast – 1 to 1 communication Broadcast 1 to all network host communication (Directed or Limited) Multicast 1 to a group of hosts on the network communication ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
16.
IPv4 Addresses usage
Address ranges reserved for special purposes in the IPv4 protocol Legacy Class A,B and C Used for hosts Multicast address used for Routing Protocols Exchange, Software distribution, Audio and Video Broadcasts ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
17.
Public and Private
addresses Public addresses can move across the internet in packets Private address must remain within a network ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
18.
Classes of IPv4
Addresses Packets with Private address (Link-Local and Test – Net) are not routed on the internet ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
19.
Classify and Define
IPv4 Addresses In the early 1980s IPv4 addresses were divided into classes ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
20.
Assigning Addresses Addresses
can be public or private and assigned manually, automatically by server or automatically by hosts operating systems in a peer to peer network ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
21.
Configuring Addresses TCP/IP
setting allows to setting of IP addresses ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21
22.
Assigning Addresses Network
hardware can have IPv4 addresses also ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
23.
IANA, Regional agencies
and ISPs Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), Internet regional agencies and ISPs manage the allocation of IP addresses to organisations IANA manage addresses overall and the registries manage the addresses for particular geographic regions ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
24.
ISPs and the
Internet Backbone All ISPs are connected to the internet back. Tier1 directly, Tier 2 through Tier 1 and Tier 3 through Tier 2 The bigger the company the closer it is to the back bone ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
25.
The subnet mask
can be used to find the network for an IP address To calculate the network address of a given IP address the logic ANDing of any 2 bit values must be understood AND Truth table for two bit values ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
26.
Logically AND each
bit in the IP address with its subnet mask bit, the result is the network bit ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26
27.
Another Example ITE 1
Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27
28.
Subnetting a Network
address Subnetting is the process of borrowing bits from the left hand side of the host portion of the address and subnet mask and reassigning them as network bits, in order to create smaller subnets within a network address. Networks can be subnetted on the basis of subnets required or hosts per subnet ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28
29.
Subnetting use a
table ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29
30.
Subnetting a Network
address Extend the subnet mask to divide a network into smaller networks ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30
31.
Subnetting Starting point To
begin we have the address 192.168.1.0/24.This gives us 1 network of 28 = (256 – 2) = 254 useable hosts ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
32.
Subnetting – decide
the network needs The network requires 2 separate networks for each router interface We therefore borrow 1 bit from the host portion of the subnet mask changing it from /24 to /25 Borrowing 1 bit gives 21 = 2 networks ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
33.
Subnetting- look at
the host portion The new host portion is now 7 bits wide. This give us 2 1 = 2 networks each of 27=128 – 2= 126 useable hosts The addresses for each subnet can be determined by the decimal weighted value of the last subnet mask network bit This bit has been borrowed from the host portion and converted to a network bit ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33
34.
Subnetting – examine
the octet Each octet in an IP address and subnet mask have bits worth: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 Octet of subnet mask) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (4th In the example we can see that the decimal weighted value is 128. This means that our subnet addresses will increase in steps of 128 hosts This gives the 2 subnet addresses of: (Note 2 subnets because 1 bit was borrowed i.e. 21 =2 subnets 192.168.1.0/25 192.168.1.128/25 ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
35.
Subnetting work out
the host portion ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35
36.
Subnetting- calculate the
addresses in each subnet The host addresses on each subnet are calculated as before: For 1st subnet 192.168.1.0 =(Network + all host bits are zeroes) 192.168.1.1=(Network + First useable value in host portion) 192.168.1.126 =(Network + Last useable value in host portion) 192.168.1.127 (BC) =(Network + all host bits are ones) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36
37.
Subnetting- calculate the
addresses in each subnet For 2nd subnet 192.168.1.128 =(Network + all host bits are zeroes) 192.168.1.129=(Network + First useable value in host portion) 192.168.1.254 =(Network + Last useable value in host portion) 192.168.1.255 (BC) =(Network + all host bits are ones) ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37
38.
IPv6 protocol Improve
packet handling via simplified header, scalability via 128 bit addressing scheme, QOS via Flow labeling and integrated security ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38
39.
Summary IP addresses
are hierarchical (have structure) with a network, host and sometimes a subnet portion. All IPv4 addresses can represent a complete network, a specific host, a group of hosts or broadcast address of the network Addressing authorities and ISPs allocate address ranges to companies. Companies can then divide the address ranges into subnets by extending the subnet mask and reassigning host bits to network bits Networks can be subnetted on the basis of subnets required or hosts per subnet or both If networks are being subnetted based on hosts required. Always start with the largest host requirement Planning makes the best use of the addressing scheme IP network addresses can be tested by using Ping and Tracert IPv6 is a new layer 3 protocol with new protocols at various layers to support it ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39
40.
Labs IPv4 Address
Subnetting Part 1 Network address Network broadcast address Total number of host Number of hosts IPv4 Address Subnetting Part 2 The subnet address of a subnet The broadcast address of a subnet The range of host addresses for a subnet The maximum number of subnets for a subnet mask The number of hosts for each subnet The number of subnet bits The number of a subnet ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40
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