1. Anatomy and Physiology:
Volume 1, Issue 1
Newsletter Date
CFS:
Inside this issue:
The entire surface of
Inside Story 2
the central nerv- lateral ventricles.
ous system is 2) Foramen of Monro third Inside Story 2
bathed by a clear, ventricle
Inside Story 2
colorless fluid 3) Aqueduct of Sylvius
called cerebrospi- Inside Story 3
nal fluid (CFS). 4) Fourth ventricle
4
The CFS is con- 5) Foramina of Magendie
Inside Story
tained within a Inside Story 5
system of fluid- 6) And Luschka
filled cavities Inside Story 6
7) Subarachnoid space
called ventricles.
over brain and spinal
CSF Circulation:
cord
1) Starts at the
8) Reabsorption into ve- Special points of
interest:
The Three Meninges:  Briefly highlight your
point of interest here.
The brain is protected by the Dura mater: Toughest of the arachnoid space which is
skull, cushioned by the CSF, membranes that surround the filled with CSF and contains  Briefly highlight your
protected by the blood-brain brain. In several places the the largest blood vessels point of interest here.
barrier, and also by the menin- dura mater extends inward to serving the brain.  Briefly highlight your
ges - 3 connective tissue mem- anchor brain to skull and limit point of interest here.
branes on the outer surface of excessive movement in the Pia mater: Composed of
the brain and spinal cord. The cranium. delicate connective tissue.  Briefly highlight your
three meninges are the dura Clings tightly to brain, fol- point of interest here.
Arachnoid mater: Forms a
meter, arachnoid, and the pia lows every convolution.
loose brain covering. Beneath
meter.
the membrane is the sub-

2. Structure and Function of the Spinal
Cord:
Major reflex center: spinal the body regions they serve.The
reflexes are initiated and cord has two obvious enlargements
completed at the spinal (cervical and lumbar) where the
cord level. nerves serving the upper and lower
Pathway for nerve impuls- limbs arise. The lumbar and sacral
es to and from the brain. spinal nerve roots angle sharply
Spinal cord is protected by down ward and travel inferiorly
bone, CSF, and meninges. through the vertebral column for
31 pairs of spinal nerves some distance before reaching their
arise from the cord by foramina. The nerve roots at the in-
paired roots and exit the ferior end are called the cauda equi-
column via the interverte- na (horse's tail). In cross section,
bral foramen to travel to gray matter appears in a shape of a
butterfly (consists of neuron cell
bodies, unmyelinated axons, and
dendrites) and white matter is exteri-
or (myelinated axons of tracts).
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4. The brainstem is
the part of the brain
that contains the
midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata
The cerebellum is
the second largest
part of the human
brain and is respon-
sible for the produc-
tion of normal
movements
The diencephalon
is the part of the
brain between the
cerebral hemi-
spheres and the
midbrain.

5. The thalamus is the
mass of gray matter
located just above the
hypothalamus. It
helps produce sensa-
tions and associates
sensations with emo-
tions.
The hypothalamus is
an important auto-
nomic and neuroen-
docrine control center
located inferior to the
thalamus in the brain.

6. Sympathetic Nervous System
Belongs to autonomic nervous system.
Starts from the spinal column running towards the middle part of
the spinal cord in the lateral horn
Originates at the spinal cord’s first thoracic segment and extends
to the third lumbar segment.
Primary function of this nervous system is mobilization of the
body’s nervous system due to fight or flight response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Division od the human autonomic nervous system
Innervates the smooth muscle and glands and cardiac muscle and
regulates the automatic reflexes and automatic activities
Composed of 4 cranial nerves that originate from the brain stem
Most involved nerve in PNS activity is the vagus system.