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Congenital and acquiredCongenital and acquired
Hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia
Classification of
hemolytic anemia
1 Congenital hemolytic anemia
(intracorpuscular defect)
2 Acquired hemolytic anemia
(mostly extracorpuscular
defect)
CONGENITAL H.A.
[ INTRACORPUSCULAR DEFECT ]
1 Hemoglobin defects
a. heme:cong.erythropoietic porphyria
b.globin:
Quantitative:Îą and Îē Thalassemia
quanlitative:hemoglobinopathy[HbE,CS]
2. membrane defect:
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary elliptocytosis
Hereditary stomatocytosis etc.
3. Enzyme defects
A. energy potential defects
EMH:anaerobic,ATP-producing pathway
Hexokinase,Pyruvate kinase def.
B.Reduction potential defects
HMP:aerobic,NADPH-producing pathway
G6PD deficiency
6PGD deficiency
Glutathione reductase def.
Glutathione reductase def.
Acquired H.A.
(extracorpuscular defect)
1.Immune HA
A.Isoimmune: HDN
Incompatible blood transfusion
B.AIHA
2.Non-immune
A.Idiopathic
B.secondary
secondary
1. Infection:viral,
bacteria,parasites
2. Drugs and chemical
3. Hematologic diseases and
malignancy
4. MAHA: TTP,HUS,Kasabach’Merit
syndrome
Congenital
spherocytosis
â€Ē Common cause of hemolytic anemia
Abnormalities of spectrinspectrin or ankyrinankyrin
( major components of cytoskeleton
responsible for RBC shape )
â€Ē Transmitted as autosomal dominantautosomal dominant ,
rarely autosomal recessive
â€Ē 25% of patient have no previous
familial history
Clinical manifestations
â€Ē NewbornNewborn : anemia , hyperbilirubinemia
â€Ē Infant & childrenInfant & children : severity is variable
- asymptomatic
- pallor , fatigue, exercise intolerance
- spleen enlarged, jaundice, anemia
- pigmented gallstones as age 4-5 yr
- profound anemia, high output heart
failure, hypoxia, cardiovascular collapse
,death
Laboratory findings
â€Ē Reticulocytosis
â€Ē Indirect hyperbilirubinemia
â€Ē Blood smear : spherocyte > 15-20%
polychromasia
â€Ē Marrow : erythroid hyperplasia
â€Ē Osmotic fragility test
â€Ē Acidified Glycerol lysis test
â€Ē Autohemolysis test
â€Ē Membrane protein analysis
normal CS
normal
OF
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Dehydrogenase
deficiency
( G-6-PD )
â€Ē G6PD is the first enzyme in PPP in glucose
metabolism
â€Ē Deficiency diminishes the reductive
energy of the RC and result in hemolysis
â€Ē Severity depends on quantity and type of
G6PD and nature of hemolytic agents[an
oxidation-reduction mediator]
â€Ē X-link recessive transmission by
a gene X chromosome
â€Ē Disease expressed in hemizygous male
and homozygous female
NADPH.
(PPP/HMP)
6PG
Glucose
F6P
(EMP)
ATP
Pentose phosphate Pathway
Glycolysis
G-6-P
G-6-PD and theG-6-PD and the
RBC metabolismRBC metabolism
pathophysiologypathophysiology
Hb
G-6-PD
(Sulf-Hb)
HEINZ’ BODY
HEMOLYSIS
INFECTION/DRUGS
CATALASE
H2O
O2H 2
GLUCOSE
GSH GSSG
NADP NADPH
G-6-P 6-PG
LACTATE HMPS
GSSG RX
Genetics of G6PD
āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡ G6PD āļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡
āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļšāļš
X-linked [XY or XX]
G6PD gene āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™ chromosome X
-G6PD (+) normal
-G6PD (-) deficient
normal hemizygote (XY) - Gd+
deficient hemizygote (XY) - Gd-
normal homozygote (XX) - Gd+/Gd+
deficient homozygote (XX)- Gd-/Gd-
** heterozygote (XX) - Gd+/gd-
āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ›āļāļ•āļī Gd+/Gd- ratio = 100
: 0
āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡ G6PD =
0 : 100
āļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ carrier =
50 : 50
āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™āļīāļ„
āđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ variant āđāļĨāļ°
āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ
1.Acute hemolytic anemia (AHA)
most common
2.Neonatal jaundice (NNJ)
3.Congenital nonspherocytic
hemolytic anemia (CNSHA)
lifelong, rare
Acute hemolytic anemia (AHA)
 āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢ
 āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš Oxidative stress
āļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāļē āļšāļēāļ‡
āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđāļ”āļ‡āđāļ•āļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡
āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 24-48 hr.
 āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļš Intravascular
hemolysis āļ‹āļĩāļ”, āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡, āļ›āļąāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āļŠāļĩ
āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļĩāļ”āļģāļē, āļĄāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ‚āļ•
Drugs –induced hemolysis
in G6PD deficiency
â€Ē Analgesics and antipyretics:acetanilid
â€Ē Antimalarial agents:primaquine
â€Ē Sulfonamide:sulfanilamide
â€Ē Nitrofurans:furazolidine, nitrofurazone
â€Ē Sulfones:diaminodiphenylsulfone[DDS]
â€Ē Miscelleneous:
naphthalene,phenylhydrazine,toluidene
blue,nalidixic acid;
āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„
 āļ—āļēāļĢāļāđāļĢāļāđ€āļāļīāļ” āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡
āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2-3 āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ”
 āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ‚āļ•/āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļ‹āļĩāļ”āļĨāļ‡
āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™
āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļĒāļē,
āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°
āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ—āļĢāļāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™
RBCdestruction hyperkalemia
āđ„āļ•āļ§āļēāļĒāļ‰āļąāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™ (acute tabular
necrosis)
āļĢāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡ āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩ CHF āđ„āļ”āđ‰
1. Newborn ABO,
sepsis
2. Hb H disease c
anemic crisis
3. AIHA
āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ
āđāļĒāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„
 Hb, Hct↓
hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria
 blood smear :
Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis
polychromasia, NRC
RC with Hb leakage
RC with contracted Hb
ghost cells ,burr cells
bite cells
Lab. Investigation
 reticulocytes may reach 30% or more
 Heinz bodies +ve transiently, first3-4
days
 G6PD Screening test
 quantitative G6PD assay
** young RBC have significantly
higher enzyme activities. G6PD activity is
within the low normal range
management
1. PRC transfusion when Hb â‰Ī7 gm%
2. Check fluid- electrolyte ,
urine output [ARF,K↑]
3. Vital signs[shock, CHF]
āļ„āļģāļēāļ–āļēāļĄ: āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡ G6PD
āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļšāļĢāļīāļˆāļēāļ„āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ
â€Ē āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāđƒāļ™āļ™āļģāđ‰āļēāļĒāļēāļāļąāļ™
āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩRBC survivalāđāļĨāļ°
viabilityāļ•āļģāđˆāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ›āļāļ•āļīāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ
â€Ē āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĒāļē
āļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™
phenacetin,sulphonamide,
vitamin K , primaquine āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰
āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļēāļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđāļ”āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰
â€Ē āļ„āļģāļēāļ•āļ­āļš: āļ„āļ§āļĢāļ‡āļ”āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļˆāļēāļ„āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āđ„āļ›
AIHAAIHA
Autoimmune hemolytic anemiaAutoimmune hemolytic anemia
AIHA Autoimmune
hemolytic anemia
â€Ē āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ‹āļĩāļ”āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ
āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡autoantibodyāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļšRBC
membrane āļ—āļģāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĨāļ‡
āđāļ•āļāļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ° hemolytic
anemia āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļąāļ
āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™extracorpuscular defect
Classification of
AIHA
1.āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ thermal sensitivity āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”
āļ‚āļ­āļ‡autoantibody
1.1 warm-reactive AIHA most common
autoantibody(IgG) āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļš RBC-
antigenāļ—āļĩāđˆ37o
C
āļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒ fix complement āļ—āļģāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”
extravascular
hemolysis
1.2 cold-reactiveAIHA āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆcold-agglutinin
disease āđāļĨāļ°paroxysmal cold
hemoglobinuria
rare in Thailand.
autoantibody (IgM) āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļšRBC-Agāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4C.
fix complement āļ—āļģāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”intravascular
hemolysis.
1.3 mixed type āļžāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ 30% āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ
2.āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ
2.1 primary AIHA: idiopathic āļžāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰30-50%
warm-reactive autoab(IgG):most common
paroxysmal-cold hemoglobinuria(IgM)
cold agglutinin disease.
2.2 Secondary AIHA :
* Collagen disease : SLE, RA, thyroiditis.
* Malignancy: HL, NHL, Leukemia, Solid
tumor
* Immunodeficiency
* Infections: Mycoplasma Pn., EBV, CMV,
HIV
* Drug-induced -20% of cases
penicillin, cephalosporin,quinine,
quinidine, Methyldopa
* Thalassemia- āđ„āļ—āļĒ
warm-reactive disease
IgG antibody
fixed to Ag
Adherence
to Fc receptors
on macrophage
Pathogenesis
cold agglutinin
IgM fixed to Ag
fixed complement
Adherence
to complement
receptor
lysis by
complement
intravascular
hemolysis
spleen
other RES
cell mediated
destruction
splenic
entrapment
spherocytes
AIHA āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ
Pirojsky (USA) āļĄāļ‡āļ„āļĨ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļđ
199 āļĢāļēāļĒ 100āļĢāļēāļĒ
â€Ē Primary 44 31
â€Ē Secondary 190 69
SLE 10 42
Lymphoma 25 4
Leukemia 77 3
Thalassemia - 6
Clinical manifestation
acute onset : prostration, pallor, jaundice
pyrexia & hemoglobinuria
abdominal pain-less commonly
gradual onset-fatiques & pallor
the spleen is usually enlarged
Lab investigation
* Hb < 6 g/dl
* spherocytosis, polychromasia, NRC,
fragmented RC
* reticulocytosis ( 10-20%)
* leukocytosis - common
* platelet count - normal
* DCT strongly positive, ICT +ve
TREATMENT
1. Blood transfusion āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļģāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļĢāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‹āļĩāļ”āļĄāļēāļ āđ†
āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē incompatible crossmatch
āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ auto antibody/alloantibody
2. Immunosuppressive drugs
glucocorticoid : prednisolone 2 mg/kg/d
non-steroidal drug : azathioprine,
cyclophosphamide
3. Intravenous immunoglobulin
(IVIg)
4. Splenectomy
indication - āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­ steroid
- steroid dependent
- relapse
- āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰
āļœāļĨ
unC:WINDOWShinhem.s
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Editor's Notes

  1. HB
  2. G6PD
  3. G6PD
  4. G6PD
  5. AIHA
  6. AIHA
  7. AIHA
  8. AIHA
  9. AIHA