1. jD1.-Ta-f
2 o'f 10
. - quc
Iquot;Aw
$Lf c opuql'l ' lo N-' ' r()c lt lMI NA I '
j i ,,,,.'ffic[w|ric|lctrtltritvcttcs[ltclirwa lrc |w|ric lr, ln iry . t rc f b ||o wc c |b y
ol'
cclrtviction'
lilllowing
coltsc(ltlcllcc,
praccccliirgs IlrclttcrrclariI
witlr
irr,,.i,quot;inor
lri.osccutio,
punis lt t t t c t tl .
Ln)'y?
LuRP0sl6-0Fclt IMINnt' l trttltl rci r prttl tcrtylitlrtt ltat'ttt
)
proltcrl.Y
Phlttcct ilr t li v i tl trl rl s
i
irl c c
Uquot;
l)hisc.t't'cot'tlct' itt stlcie t.'
(/:
l) y r t is lt t lr t ls c t l' lt t l tl c s c l 'v g l ) t l l l i s l t t t t c t l t
rT -
as (:ttlMl,l. :
( l( l. t v t t '
lf l,l,lM liN: , l] . i O 'Ff - n
l:,l1 lr , lYllr l' S l r , . A clcllcttts which
s t a l g t l l : al'lirirs),tltcro arc lquot;wo
3,
ot'lillict liabilitl
(cxccptct'itttcs s t r ir : l lin L r i l i t v i t t r c l
. , . i, . r , . cnl'
rcus
Forquot; crirrtcs
ull tllc itctus
clcrtt€ttts arc collcctivcly crtllcd
'l'ltc
rrrirstlrc llrovcd i;;ih- proscctrl'it-ltt.
s t:rtc i s c rr'lvsic*l tttcl ts rei t.
Il ctltl tc
it r t c t lt c ilc c o l l rl ):rn i c tl,n .:,tta I
| fr.
'thc
lncans l:i
ttonJitci'quot;rcun.t mcttssit rca'whiclr
ttisi I
ucrus
,[.rrcsc rllaxiui,
corlc tr.our&Latin
tcrnrs
Llnl0ss witlra guiltymindquot;
Ut-
clonc
grrilt '{,
actitscll'clocs constihtc
not
i:' '
6,:.
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ct;AS S IlrlcA Tw
4.
:i'-.'.'ffi'l;l::quot;');j;.l,,,.-rriab|ctlttlyitrt|rctlragis.|'rittoscoltrts.[.g.tcclrrrica|
crowncourts'
cittrcr rhc r,','agistrate the
or in
in
canbc tr.iccl
^i,jtiW*-wtrictr
;;tou't
E'g'
-..r^i^r. r,.i,rtrln in thc crowncourts ifidictrnent'
E.g.thcli on
.,r,,
whiclr arc triablcnrrlv tltr
only
tf|inrc.-o|.|,crrccs
Itttlit:ttttlk:
c)
nrurclct', nslittt tcrrf,'lllo
gh
ttta
clrl vllNAl- c
5.
l-lol.islloi: LORDS
t
CRIYINAL DIVISION
COLJ OF API)I]AI-
t{.I.
I
DIVISION
QUEIIN's tlllNcl{
t
COURT
. CI{OWN
t
MAGISTITAI' ES' COURT
.I'YPESO F CITIMR
'nto two catcgortcs:
call Dcoiviclcd
Criiues
ES
CRIM
LT
RESU
DUCT
CON
CRI M ES
CRIMTS
#
Phone
Bangladelh'
Dhaka'1209'
House 77, Road r,lA,Dhanmondi' theeq
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#
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lre
Barrister SaYed-Ul-H;rc1
itself'
conduet
Irirst,tlrc'c ilrc con(luctcrinrcsi,vhcrc actusrcusis thc prohibited
tlrc
q.
t;orcxalttplo,rr'..,.t,ffi|jbrrccol.clangcrousclrivittgissirrrp|y''drivinga
placcquot;(s2 Road'frafficAct 1988)'
vclriclc a ro{lcl otltcrprrblic
or
on
propcllccJ
rrrcclrarically
drivillgnccdbc cstablisl,cd'
N9 Sarpr oopsc(prcr:lce clartgcrrrits
ol'thalquot;
or
oJ'fcncc
.l-hc typc urc linclrvrr rcsult crimcl whcrc thc actusrcus ol'thc
as
q scccl*cl
rcqurir.csproo.|.tIlattligcotrc.|ttctcitt'tscd.u@o*lrr|torconscqucncc.Ilorcxarnplc,the bc
rntrst
lrolorrgirrg itrrotlrcr
to
rllnrlgc'istlratpropcrty
o[,cr.inrinal
ol'tlrc
act's rcLrs
'l'fbrcc ( I ( l|ir r r ir r ; r l l ) l t r t l i t g c A L : t I 9 7 l ) '
(s I
()r' r lir r r ilr gc c l )
clcstr.oyc c l
Actus ltqtrs ,l
I
i
lnustbc provcdto havc' I
liatrility crirninal is thattlrcdcf'cndant
law
in
quot;fhegcrrcral basis inrposing
{br. I
!
ol'tnirtd'
.o,n'iquot;,ittcclglilty act wltilsthavirg ltacj gtriltyslquot;atc
a
a
mdntal state
rcus and the accompanicd
Thc physicitlclcmcntsitrc collcctivclycalled thc actus
is cirllcdtltc mclts rc:r.
poi nt of ti rne w i th thc act w hi ch causes
I t is geuc r ally s a i c lth a t th e l rc n s re a n ru s tc o i nci dc i n
401.' is said to embody a
urt rtisi-mens s.tt-
r:e
tlre actus rers. Tlrc Latirr rrraxirn quot;gt:ttts rrttrr,frtsit
the l rri nd i s gtti l ty'
pcrtoi r grri l ty trnl css
* ol c
o l ' c ri rn i rrn ll a rv , * r,' * * m *r,l .-J
c ar c lir al
tlrat quot;...quot;(tpcrsoncunnot be convictcdof acrime
rl',*g*,',*ralrulc is
As l-orcl'Coclclarel las statccl,
r i' c ipa l C.f
ctefault but also '.' a wrongful intention ar
uttless lre ltct.r not onllt contntiilert i.ft,rtticlclcn ctet or
lo hitttquot; TYetttgg,ltushafdv Luflig (.1949) )'
blartrewrtrth)t conclitiorr e.f ntinrJ ,r,,n bL itrtlst.trccl
ltx?nrplc:Thclt
cc AlL
' appro;rrialcs''- ucI
cotid
J
' piop.i'ty' circutnstancs
-
o
' b c l o n g i rrgto a n o th c r' - c i rc t ttrrstancc
U
cE Mtt
d i s h o rre s tl y l n e n ta ls ta teo f thc accused
-
A
thc other o1' [property]' - mental state of the
.i rrte n ti o no { . p c rn ra rrc rrtl c l c pr.i vi ng
y
1A
accusccl
Burdgn of Pr:qof
doubtthat D hascaused actusreus
the
rcasonablc
havcto provcbeyorrd
ce'crally, the prosccurtion time' This is thc rule
crinrcat thc approprlgtq
ol. the crinrc a'd had thc rcq,irccl'rcns rca lbr thc (t,2']fl Ac-462'
ol'l.,orcls lv(xt!minsittnv D-.ll'Pquot;
irr
laiclclorvri tlre I-lorrsc
[:y
.ltisthefunclanrcntalclr,rtyol.tltgp,mentsoftheoffencetothe
doubt. In the absenccof suclt proof thc
satisfuctiorr tlic .iudgc or .iury bcyonclrcasonatrlc
oF
clelbndant bc acqrrittccl.
will
ygl,uryJ'AltY
Vltis'r.BE
'Lr-t4 RllIlS
ACTUS to ittcurliability'It rnaybe
,quot;*tt bC quot;r,OIrttltilr)rquot; quot;li'ccly willcdquot; if hc is
Or
quot;l1r- ,tC.tlquot;adlr i,r*l*t
i r t v olt t t t t ar y a v l ri c ty tl l -rc a s tl trs :
lbr
''$JATE,o{ AFFAIttsquot; cAslls
o1'voluntary areoftcnrcferrcd asthe
to
acts
irrtcnns
cannot cliscussccl
bc
whiclr
one group cascs
ol. doing positivc
a
irtrt. dcfcndant
,'statc.l.afhirs,,cascs. crinrcs clclrrrccl in tlrcscnsc
quot;l'lrcsc rrot
arc
etc'
or quot;bcing chargcquot;
in
ittposscssiottquot;
quot;bcirig
lburrdquot;,
quot;trcing
clcltnclant
actbutco'sisting ttrc
in
rhe ,rn^il1ilori';,,}ir'rlii!;,H:f
Fquira, L:,:';.,;::quot;j,1j11;il,ilffi*ffi:ffi;ffradesh'.Phone#
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3. ;5C-f.tuyo
4of10
B ar r i s teS a Ye d -U a q u e
l -H
r
ol'tlrc factualcircunrstanccs'
necds provcarc thc cxistcncc
Lo
L sor'c suchcascs thc;rrosccution
all
(l9r?3.) Crlnp
24
ol'rhsstatcof al'fbirs,l!.Y,|-ut3lltrlnenr
wlriclrconstitrrtc crirnc- ttrc{rxistgrcc
tlrc
of'Kent ( 198-?l .'firrrt',r Mu,rcl,
28
The
II,7l. WirrZttrv Cltit,f Ctt.nsluhle
OM ISSIONS
to
ol'thc {irilurs
g'rcrnl rrlc is tlurlrhcrccan lrc rroliatrilitylbr lailingto ilct,ttnlcss tltc tit].lc
at
-l-6c
'lquot;hcrc rtoovcrallduty to actcg to
is
action.
ttl tlkL ;rositivc
lcgalclr.rty
act t5c clclbrrcllrrt urrclcr.r
wus
(unlikcl?r'ancc cxarnplc)'
lbr
s.rvc chilctelrow'i'e. 'lquot;hcrc no'.Coocl S*nraritanquot; in linglancl
law
is
a
idcntificd'
quot;l.5isrcflcctst6e llw'l rcspcct irrclividr,ralautonorlty requircs duty to bc
a
and
ibr
poirrts trakc hcrc include:
to
Possiblc
piii, is thcrc no gcricral act'?
clirtyto
Wc pay taxcslbr paidprolbssionals do itto
U
clangerOui
to lrclp,cxaccrbatc alrcacly
an
pcoplclllay, in tryirrg
Orclinary
O
sitttatiott
too
pcoplcnrayput tlrcmsclvcs dangcr
itt
Orclinary
o
intcrvcnc, don't?Are thcy
but
. who corrld
of'pcoplc
what il.thcrcarc clclzcns
o
all liablc'?
to
or... tlrc con1l110l1 itnposes duty rrpon person
a
a
law
,,urrlcss stntutespecilically proviclcs,
so
a
to crirninal
a msrc onrissionto act [cannot lcad
way towards another
4ct in a particr.rlar.
liabilityl.quot;(R yMlltcf f I2[3 ')
was lrighlighted the 4lund c(se.[1993]'
in
nncronrissions
a,cts
rrosi-tiyq
Trrc rriffqrcncc...r?ehyc.ch t
,h
heldthat
whcrc the Houseo{'l-orcls . .ir.
i ';,
'{r'
a drugto 'i'
stcps cnd a patient's suchas administering
li{b,
to
ol'positivc
cc cutSanasia r.r1sa11s
by 1
!
ACT).
(POSITIVE
aboiriliis ctcath, uttlawfitrl
is
brirrg
includingartiflcial fccding, fionr an insensate
treatnrcnt,
rrrcdicar
cr I-lowcvcr,wit6clr.awing
would bs thatthe patient
whcn it washnownthattttc rcsutt
witS ,o hopcol.rccovcry
paticnt his life
bcst intcrests to'pl'olong
not
would soon clic, is lawlirl il, ii was in thc paticrtt's
(OMISSIOn).
tnanslaughter'
oi'rcnces bc conrrittcd Llyomission(murder,
.l..lte carr
acrtts rausol''rany crinrirrirr
are:
cases
examples). leading
The
bcingotrvious
daniagc
crimirial
(lgAU 19'f LR 37
v Pit(woott
It
v Stone& Dobirtsonl19771QB354
ll
r' lt4illcr I l9tt3| 2 AC' 16l
It
v Ailutrutko 19951 AC 17|
|
Il |.
[2004] EWCA Crinr 3365
v Lltittrtughby
R
when2 qucstions a'swercdin theal'firnrative:
are
will o'ly bc irrrposccl
I_iability
collltl'littcd otlrissioll?
by
L ls tlrc ol'l'eir..ttp*frtc ol'beirrg
,
2. Was thc D ttnclcr lcgalclrrty act?
to
a '
ci,c.,'nsta,rccs:
c|trty actcxistsilt tlrc lbllowing
to
A positivc
StatirtorY
n
'n Contractuitl
relationshiP
SPccial
n
Voluntarilyassurnedduty
il ,
. r ,.r:r^
whcrcbylifc or prOporty at
are
situation
w6crc D i'advcrtcntlycrcarcs dangcrous
a
n
risl <
#
r g l a d e s h 'h o n e
P
r'- n r l l 1 / A 'D h a n m o r
#
The Equ it as : Cham ber t lEsquot;' . ' knFloor ) ' H o u s e # 7 7 'R o a d # l 'l / A 'D'Veb:www'thee+qi-tas'cqm a n
|l4r h a n m o n d i 'D h a k a - 1 2 0 9 'B
fmuit- info@theequitas.com,
glztAOZ, A61I4SSG;6+,

4. :::.;,;r,ilmquot;*{;,.iy.f ,.
i6#nrtpl'*+iro,t-'
,f.
oL'ra-P
5ofl 0
l-H ue
Sayed-1..tac1
Barrrister
A c l rrty l o i l c t, l rt' c l cl t o l quot; uvl ri cl t givcs risc lquot;o liability Ior a conrnon law
[i
r t ti s rl c ttrc l l tl ()t.
It'
(u)
i- iabilir y l' o r l i ri l i n g ttl u c t w i l l b c i rn p osctivvhcrctl rc cl cl ' cncJant t bc sl i orvnto havc becn undcr a
cal
. s t at r r t opy u tyto tl i l i c p o s i ti v c a c { i c l n A Icucl i rrg unpl c o1' sucl t casc i .sprovi cl cci thc C hi l rl ren
b)i
a
cxl
-
cl
ur r d l/ ot r rrgP(r,s ' o tt,s ,' l c 9 .l .J ,.n ' h i c :lcrcl tl c.s tc cl l ' l cncc ' rvi l l trl l y rrcgl ccti ng chi l d. I-l cnccby
a
tl ol
lt t
s ir r r ply f ir i l i n g to p ro v i c l c l i > o rll i rr' { quot; l rc ri l tl . or l i ri l i rrgt< lobtai n appropri atcrl tcdi ci l lcarc, a parcn t
cl
c oglc l bc h c l c lc ri rrri rL rl l y ;' ,5 1 cl i rr u rry ltrrrtt tl rl t rcstrl ts. A rtothcrcxarnpl oi s thc Il oad l ' ral frc A ct
l
rvhcrrrcqui rcdto do so and I' ai l i ng
l9, 8t jr . v [ ic [ c rc a tc sth c o l ' l ' c l rc c rtl ' l a i l i ng to provi dc a spcci ttrctr
s
rvltctt rccltrit'ccl do so. Scc also: Gracrrar v DPP.
[o
anclaclclrc.ss
tcl givc lr corrcct n{.lntc
(b) DIITY AIilSINCJlrltoM A CONl'ltAcl'
his
undcra contract,
o1'liisobligations
WScrca pcrsonis unclcla piisitivc utyto acl bccausc
cl
clut,v clLrcstion lbrnr thc basisol'criminal liability.i? v
cilt't
in
corrtractual
Iailureto pc;lbrnrthc
(1902) I9 'fLR.
Pittvt'ood
clutl' thcirpaticnts.
to
rrurscs a contlacluai
cc arrcl owc
Doctors
l i fb regardl css ol ' tl te
tlle llaticttt's
(r Doctors ilrc rtttclct' l.lo lrbsoltttc clttil' lquot;tl lllolong
circutttstarr c c s ( Air c t lit lc Nt lS quot;l' r ' us t v l i l : l e
)'
(c) SI'}E,CI L, llllLA-l-I-ONSHI P
A
(l ff99))
Cllos c lir r r r i l yr.c l a ti o rrs l ri l rrra yg i v c ri sc tri a cl rrtyc.g. l l ctw ccrt:pl rrctttattclchi l d (S crri or
rs
i n l oco parcrtl .i s.
ar r c (- iiLllti rrs :rl rrlI,r' o q !_ o r' (l 9 l l J ).).u ty cxtcttdsLothosc
D
l(
ttnlil lhc child relchc' l8'/ Or lcave's,fttll'tino
Doc:,tit !u,s't
lct,yt'/
ik,r, long(lpt,,s',s'rtc:ltrlttt.yt u
ct
ctltrculiort'/
I8
(1862),lto dttly was held to bc owcd by a parcntto hcr quot;entirclycntancipatedquot;
Ip SlrcpircrtJ
parcnt?
owc a cltrty attcldcrly
to
clrilcl
Might an aclLrlt
clauglrter.
)/carquot;olcl
ruttl wili'
cr tlttsbuttcl
uncl car,and B ?nnvnl nn (1?42) i n rvhi ch a dutY
S c c S n ri fi r (1 9 7 9 ), w [i c l r l e l i th e l rosi ti orr
n ,.
,;.,:..'
g, as i, . , . , 1to so in a h u s b a n rlb u t tl ri s i s n o t a gooclruthori ty as hc w ets so hi s w i fc' s doctor.
al
quot;i iF.*t:,b'i'
l) r o l ra b l ytto c l ttt,r' s c l ra rl tc c l '
if
n
(L llctwcctt colrabitccs'?
I.stltcrc a clLrty
rc l a ti o rrs h i p x i s ts b e l w ccn si bl i ngs(W i l l i am S nri tl f (l 1126).).
c
cc No sp c c i a l
A s l i t IM l )1 ' l o N o F l t E S I)ON S Il l l l ,l TV /l l E l ,l A N C Il ,
( c l) / ot , t lNl ' A l tY
and
def,cndant
betwcen
Thercis a cornprorr cluty carcwircrcthercis a relationship rcliance of
of
iaw
responsibility anotherpersolrthen they also
for
assurnes
volurrtarily
Thus if sorleorrc
'ictim. t6e positivccluryto act lbr thc gcrrcral wcllare of that pcrsonand may be liable for
asssrre
[1974. Ruffall(200-i)
I)rthirrsott
lrrtrrl. t',llrtrrt'rrrrt!
lI
r.r,lriclr
rrrrrissiorrs lrrrrvc
t)r lquot;r'YDtIIi 1 ' O I) OIT E N I)A N ' I' ' SP It I()IT C ON D 1IC T
bccotncsaw arc o1'
hartn,and sr' rbsccl trcntl y
I l, t hc c J c f b n c l a rrt c i c l c rrta l l c o rl n ri l quot; s r r l rct l l rat caLl scs
a
ac y
Thc duty i s to
t 5c eJ angch c h a s c rc a tc c l tl tc rc a ri s c sa dri t,rz act rcasonabl y avcrt that dangcr. to
ro
,
r
at ri sl t'
t llic r . c as o n a b ls te p sto p rc v c rrlo r rc d u cc i l i rttti ci al l ]ogc pcrsonsor propcrty
to
.
c
.
lglf.ll t AII !:l( 978, Dl>lt v,lutiturru-Rumnder(2(l(l.ll
Il i,,4'lillt:r..1
B angl adesh'P hone #
T h c E q u i t a s:Clr a m b cr lt' EsB ( 4 ' h F lo o r ) . Ho u se i l 77. R oad l l 11/A ,D hanmondi , D haka-l 209,
Em a i I- i nl-o*f0th-qg$li ta s.co m, Web : www. th eequ i ta s.coln
9 1 2 1 AO7 .0 1 9 1 4 5 5 6 4 6 4 .
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:

5. 'r ': i' ,!iii '
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-
.D C Ta-F
Barrister
Sayed-Ul-Haque 6of10
D IAC ITA M l : OMIS S ION
OMIS S ION
liltlACIquot;l OI; l)tiquot;f' quot;l'O iC'|quot;
('.!,-0.a/:tt'/:ugfiS)
Ut v-lDtIpn!
()lj
:i, AjistJlvll''l'lON CrltllljOlt
l. DLi'l''At{tstNC or
otj'[ ANO]'|lHt (&vll.tlan) (4J
CONl'ltiCquot;f (ll v PiItwoot) Stoneancl Dobinson)
4. CREATiONOF A
t'1'1' Oi:
2. Dt, riilSINCOiJ'Iquot; DANGfltOUS SITUrTION
(B.J
l{Et-,,1r0Nsl-rIP Qi v.lt'tillcr]
glt
Gi ttbi rt.s d Proct.or)
Rv
may owe each other a duty of care (R v WackerQAll,
engagedon a joint enterprise
Ci'inrinals
a
Willoughby). this fair?
ls
whethera duty exists(R v Willoughby).ls fair?
thls
ln casesof doubt,it is the jury'stask to decicJe
a
C]A ISA'TION
T
dcath(although dcltndatll's nccd
act
thc
musl bc provcdto havc causccl victirn's
thc
l'lrc dclbrtdanl.
iauscol'dcallr),
thc rnairt
nol lrc thc soleor
I
Sitrtatirtrt-
{/',t.cJeath
)
l)'s crc: (.rtult lt i ng,)
|
Catrsatirtttcsttthli'rtteil.D will he tiahle.
Sitt!g!irtn-2
D,.yacI(stab|sing)rtt:|of',[,l,(ttnlhtt|unc:cdriver)
deatlt, Ite will be liabtc
D wil he !irthte.fttr stuhhitti; ottly. If antltulurtcatlriver trc{:ligenriy cuuses
r g ross ncgl igencc nrunsluughlcr,
fo
Two mattcrsnccdto bc corrsidcrcd:
and
clicl clclbndarrt l:rctcittlsctlrevictinl'sdcatlt,
irr
lt tlrc
can ltc bc lrclcl[o lravccatr.scd irl lnr'r'?
it
i1'soquot;
ft
CAUS{I]ION xN FACT
A)
cstablishedinv llltittt4 mustbeapplied. rnust
It
R
causation l'act, quot;But lbrquot; Tcs;t
the
in
To cstablish
occurred:
wouldnothave
oi'thevictinr
that,burt thcdcl'endant's th.:cJcath
acts.
for
beprovcd
drink.Shsdrankthe
oontaining mothcr's
his
poison a glass
in
placccl
-Thc clgfbnclant
R r, lyltitrs
Thedcfendant
tr'cfbrc poison couldtakeeflbct.
the
lirilirre
ol'tlrc glass, dicclof lreart
but
conrplrls
With rcgard causation fact,the
in
to
nturder.
ol'attcrlptccl
rquot;or'lTiurs,cct rnurdcr convictcd
but
with
cause deuth.If one
her
drink rlirtnot in any w.uy
ttct in p!ucingpois'ort his nutlhcr':;
in
tteJ'c)tctnnits
a rhP n #
e
de ho
rh Eqa n
e u quot;' ifi
*
;sl,:'& rii !;,Hff ffiJ.Tiild,ffi 1ffi, ,ifrdtrr
?l tffi
;i; ti
quot;Yg'

6. ' Qc-na'r1
7 of 10
Sayed-Ul-Haque
Barrister
woUld obviously
ltavccliccl'?quot;, attswcr
tltc
rlc{bnrllrnt's woultllrislttotltcr
ucl
quot;[]uI lirr.tlrc
,vcrc irsl<,
tel
oattsittion Iact.
ilt
6avcto be ycs;sIc woukl havctlicdanyr,vay. disprovirtg
tlrus
hoiling his girlliicncl a slticldand firingat thc policc
as
'lrtrIlirrquot; thc tlclbrrctant
ln []lgr:tt il,)8:) 1
i'-
sltcrvould ltavcdiccl.
not i
v
E C N I, C A T ISN' I' I()N
t]) i
i
cause the
of
nrustslror,v iilegalactionwas tllorc thatra trlinitrral
i.
thc
tlc
In aclcjitiorr llt.osccution
that thc dcl'cndant's was an 'operativc
act
cstiiblislrcrl slrowing
lrv
carrlrc
i'.iury. Causation lar.v
in
oiluscol'thc c()nscqucncc tltat tltcrc wils llo ittLcil'cning (novusactus
act
lnri
and .substantial'
intcrvcnittltlnrr,,quot;ti:rl
sorrrctlring trivial.l'his is ltnownas tltc'dc nrinimust
prorctharr vcry
rricans
rulc
$
C )p c ra ti v c i s ta k c n to l rc a l t s i grri l i cant tttost,i tn;rortant
or !
f t.
.l'hc conscqucncc
tt ot l ti tvc to l tc tl rc sol c cl tl l sc ol ' thc spccilrcd
c J c l ' c n c l a rrt'o ti o n tl o c s
as
cc i..
:'
(Bansa).
.a
IlkGttA M 2i CAIquot;ISATION t
I.
i
CAI J 5ATI O N
i
I t i( : A t .( 'A t l s A 'r l o N
4. NEID NOTIJESOLI
3. D N,IIJS'I.,Iquot;AITI V AS I.II:
I'IIS
CAUSE
FINI)S l'llliI(lt v tllaue)
.fI_I,,NINII{AL
N{
2. IvIOItE
(BJ
(Il
CIAIJSE v Dx:-orr)
Aelgm,s)
quot;l 'l 'l l ttl )
a ) ACl' ION S Ol j
(ll v IJPtTgg)
l'Al('flLS
tlrc deathoccur6
aftcr thc clclbndant's llrcrc is alr irrtcrvcning or cvcltt U.lor.
act
act,
Sornetirncs,
act'
consider tcgalcffoctof an intervening
the
wlrichcontrib.rtes thc dcath.Wc rnustthcrclbrc
to
subsequent
rvherc victirndicsas a rcsultof son're
tlre
Thc clef,cndeurt r-csponsiblc thc dcatlr
1'or
is not
on own evenif the
wit6 t6e dgfbnclarrt's wlriclrrvouldhavecaused death its
the
act,
act,Lrlcornected
clulblrclant rrotilllictccltheorigillalilrjrrrl'otl victirn'
thc
lracl
fi'onr liability lbr thc subsequcnt
act will rclicvc tlrc dcfcndarrt
evcry intcrvurirrg
Flowcvcr,
death. 'ot
Cortt bi n;t t iolt r lf t : itt t s c s
ol'twocauscs, thedcltnclant's rcmains operating
quot;an
act
and
If,t5cdcatS caused a conrbirration
by
is
bc liable, v Mntfhgrek Couftof Appeal
thc
R
ciluscquot;, thcclcfundant still
wiII
thcn
ancl srrbstanfial
a
inflicted the
by
'lrcld wounds
t6c opcratirrg substantial of dcath been original
iire,
lrad
causc
ancl
that
in
injuries
iroldthe effect the:
of
to
nrachine merely
was
deltndanr. e{.fbct rlrelifb support
of
Thc Phone# radesh'
ras, o* uquot;
rhe ui . nu' * ur r*;!ffJ},
Eq iltrffi
H:li tildffi#,lffi
:Qt

7. F' I)('NtuP
Bof10
I L Ja rris t c S; r Yed- U Flc t uc
l- cl
r
I thc
conti l l Ll cd caLl sc
t0
sw i tcl rccl ' f' tl tc ori gi rralw oLl l l cl s
ol
sL tsp cttsioll ; as s ooll as t lt c t r r lt c lt it t c r v as
I ot' thOl l l achi l l c' s sconnccti ott,
di
cvcll il'dcathfbllowcd thi n scconcl s
rvi
ol'thcviclittt.
clcaih
I
.,,,ir., o l ' l )'
ii. N i tl tl t' :tl
,l':'l
btrt I' orthe act
not hrl vcoccrtrt' cd
rvhi cl tl vtl ttl cl
, 1. 5c
r ]1 a y l i c u s rl rc r.c s u l o l ' s o n rc nct or cvurI
t
c
is - tl rat i s' i t w as
tct
cortsccl Ll cl l oc' tl tc t[ctl ;ncl ant'
tl l
' ic [ ir r
c ior c b1,t lr c c i c rc ri l .' t ' n c l ri ,h i c h i s l r. ri rr.rrntl w i l l sti l l
c()urscol ' cvcttts. l tt sttcl tl l ci l sc' thc cl cl ' cncl ant
lir r . c : ; c c at rllrs Il 1 c l 1 ,[()()c c L rr.i rr c r:()r' nr.rl
th
c
lr c lic lt l Lt llr l v c c i trts c cth c c l c a tl r'
l
l br tl tc
l yi rrg i rr Il rc r.ad.' l ' l tc.ttacl i cr w i l l bc rcspo' si i rl c
r ; r lr . c x ar ' 1 rrca rrr.r.rs a i l quot; u c k c c rrc l rc ri
i
, w o.ttrds'or i l ' hc i s rul l ovcr
^ cxl ]ostl t' c' i rrl bcti orr ' tl tc
ol
Ittt
c lc at hif ' t lr c trra tltl i c s l l ' o rl l l o s s .[' b l ' :rc l c l ' t l i ghtcrti rrg'ti l l ed by
l
rrurl rc l i abl c i l ' thc nri utw { ' l sstt' trclby
b; , . , ^, , , . .llo i v c v c r.,tl rc c l c l c n c l u rrt. )L rrcl
wi
bui l cl i ngcl rquot; rri rrg cai ' thqual < c'
an
a' or S c r . as s a i l r| 1 t r l i i l l c c l b y a c o l l a p s i rr g
o
of
clonc-1'or purposss
thc
lvlacr.cconr;ists a Ibrcsecablc instirtctivcly
act
irr
it
intcr'entior,
i-lrir'an
docs brcak chain causation: of
thc
cruty, rrot
sclr._prcscrvatior,thccxcc,ticr'of rcgar
a
or in
at
andshot
arrest, a gi'l in f.ontoihim asa shicld
rrcld
rarvrirr
to rcsist
prga*:.I rrcctcrcrrclant,
II t,, cotrrt ol ' A l rpcal hcl d
thc gi rl ' ' l ' hc l i l l ccl
l racl i
iir . r r c c1l' lic c .rc rr.' l quot; i i c l ro l i c c i rs ti rrc ;ti ' c11,' 1i ' ecl tl,' ,.1 l l ri rclparty by w ay
l quot;
rl c.ti r.rrr[ th:quot; rt tc rcasorratrlic ons ol ' a
cti
t lr . t t lr c c lc : l i :' c l u rrr,s t l rrc l c a rrs c cti rc
l
ilc (trcw act irrtcrvcrring)'Tltc
irtlet'ttcttiarr'r
crclu,s
rs a //(/v tt,s'
rrl.sclf.-clclcrcc ctlurlrl rrtlt [rc r.cgr'clccl of hi s
act had bccn a fbrci ceabl c corrscqLl cnce
c l c a th l s th c il ' l tcrvcni ng
c lc l. c ' c lar rh a c l c u u s c c l rc
ti
t
dcl ' cndant as l i abl c l br mansl aughtcr'
w
oc t ior l ar c l h a c i* o r [r* l l ..c nth c c h a i ' c l l ' c arusati on.' i l hc
Clt l ra c tc ri s ti c tl l ' ti tc -v i c ti l n
ttl
andwill
thcnit cic'cs havcto bc fbrcsccablc
tlot
ol'thcvictirtr
Il.t'c irrr.crvcri'r: is chrr..s1c.i5t;c
uct musttake
dcfbndant
tlquot;rata
quot;'l'hinSkullquot; Rule,which providcs
'
rrotbrcart crrii'.[.causatio,,,.--i't.,r
thc headrviththc dcgree lbrcethat
of
'i'ir., i.s,
iID rritsv on the
urrply
iri*, r,r,irr
rrisvicri' as irc trrrcrs V hasan unLlsLlally skull
thin
slightbr,isirrg, bccattsc
but
tlrarr
rr'thirrg,r.rof.
cirr-rsc. rcll' 6''' cviclcncc v's pltysical
u,orlciusuallv of
brii'cra'ragi D can'ot
riiictrrr.cci ;,rrcr
rl..',tt
crr's!:s rtl srr-rcr.a
V cxat'ple:
nt-t'tt'quot;tiorr becnbrOkc''For
ltas
chairr
slro'tcotrrirrgsslrorl'thc
[o
l<icl<cd shc collapsed
hcr'
arrcl
i'to trrcstrcctslro'tirg thrcats
* r, f[.itlttt,orrr. rrurrcrrasccl rvirc
rris and
A exertion
rur.cptiblcto physical
pcculin,ty
hcr
corrclitiorr irr',,','rr,rc
rnl
rr.o'ra trryroicr
a'cr crlgd
or
rncdicar ncnt' chain
trcat the
iil Yihi -J.o,,,. chooscstoseck ltclp'and bccausc must
not
hc
;ll; :l;;;;1il:[$] D
to scclt
borhlrccarisc rvasundcrno cluty
V
will rrclt brol<cn,
bc
'i.lusr.rtiorl as ltc llrrds'hittt:
tal<c victirl
lris
andshe
witncss,l3 titlres'
wrrow0: o Jcrrovah's
trrc
, Bruua.-r.rrc
dcrb'crarrl stabbecr 'ictirrr,
trad have a blood
R did ttot
torcrrrcr ir',^*,tquot;,. rvo'ld dit it' shc
croctors
r.r,rrcrc al l cr' Thc
was rusrrccr rrospitar
to
arrcl i ccll i rl rrt Il ct' rvot' tnclshortl y
s
cl
g,' n,' ,,' r.l *
o rr r.c l igi .rrs
lr . lr ' s r ir s i.rr..r.l rc i ,.j ti ,r r.c Irs c tl
v rcsl ronsi bi l i ty) d appcal cd
a'
ot' cti ' ni ,ri si i cd
.[-' ra ' s l a u g rrcr.cn,r gro,quot; ,,i cl s had brol tcn the chai n of
dc r c . c la' t rv a s c o rv i c r.c c r
.,,i c i i rrquot; r,sri rs i r oI trcat' rcrrt,rrci ng unr.oi nobl c,
rc
o. - ,t r r c gr o rquot; rrrc r trre r
trrrrquot; hcr' meani ng not
rrJ to takcl ri s vi cti rn as l tc fbrrnd
l -..1 c td tl i a t tl rc c l c l trrci ant
h that his
r . r ius ar ic l' L a rv to rr not argutc
. coulcl
cicttnclant
rrcr'crigio,.,bclicfs.rnc
corrcritiou. r.rrso
rrur of'treattncntwere
.j.,strrcr prrl,sicar ccftain l<inds
hcr fl'onracccpting
rcligio's Lrclicl!rvhich inhibitccl was thc stab
causcdthc dcatlr'Thc answcr
c-lrcsrquot;io, crccisiorr what
was
'icti*,s ror
Lrr.casor.blc..-r-6c
wottrtcl
cgl i gcrrt nredi c al
iv .
t*,lrlcttts ,i n t6or
tc ,rr.i nrc
.affii
ji:i,iiJl,jiquot;;i;
Arrortrcr ut,Til.---I
scr ;ll]::.:i:quot;tl::::::;lJi'lL*,,Ji.,circunrstanccs
'n,1,quot;*,.
liiJii::,':l' 'quot;i;ll;;;rquot;i;.-t;J::, s;:ll:i,il#**quot;:quot;ri:?iHllquot;'
r'r:^quot;Tr'quot;':j*quot;,: phonef
Dhaka-r20g.angradesh'
B
r - t o u sr t 1 7 , - R 7 a d # 1 r / A , D h a n m o n d i ,
e
Thc Eq uir as ;ham bJ rr r r . , J B64' r , Fr oor ) , web : www' th ecqqi cem
c tos'
s 121 oo7' o',' o ui o;' E; quot;; i i-nj-e@lheesstlel'sqm'
quot;
,'
lj:
W
i
i, .i
...
,rri:
.',,'
',ir::;'.'
.?,:

8. Q|''Ta-P
9of10
ue
Ba rristerSay ed- Ui- Haq
t'cccivcd a victint.Iollowingan attacl< thc dcl'cndant. rclicvchirn
will
by
by
lrcatrttr:tit
thc nrcclical
dics.
ol'liabilitylbr lrolnicicJc victirttsttbscqttcntly
il'thc
and dicd eightdays I, .'
itabbccl victirnwho was adtnittcd hospital
to
thc
R r, ,lrt{ilrttr.
]-hc clclbrrclant ;' '1{
F
tlrat
ol'two cloctors allowcdto tltccl'fbct
was
cvidcrrcc
fl'csh
tlrc
latcr,Ilr lhc Courtof'A1l1lcal, i'1
quot; '.:
r--
I
which was lnaittlylrcatcd the
at
wottttcl,
clusccl tltc sLab
by
(a) ip t6cir opilrionclcatlr not,
lracl bccrr
trcatrrlcl]t,
tinrcof tttccloath, lry tltc tttcclical
[rtrt
(b) tlrc victilr hacllrcerlgivcrrilt'l anti-biotict<l r,vlticlt was allcrgicancl largc amountsof
hc
uncl
Iiquid;
iptr.aygrcous
wrongquot;,andthe directand immediate
arccorcJirrg cviclcnce, quot;;ralpably
wa$
to thc
(c) tSistrcatrncnl.,
causc l' dcath(prrcrrlrrorr
ia).
o
causcof death
was rncrclythc scttingwithin which another
helcltlratthc stabwouncl
The cour.t
jury rnightnot havcbccnsatisfied the
that
Thoy lrcldthata
opcratccl, qLlashccl corrviction,
thc
ancl
cvidcncc cxperl'opinion.
and
cleatS caLlsccl thc stabr,vound thcy hacl thc rncclical
all
hact
by
was
particular
distipggisliccl thc Courtol'Appcalin R tt Sntith|959] 2 QB 35, asa quot;v.cry
by
.lortltsrwas
cxnctfitctsquot;.
casccicpcrrcling its
uport
the
duringwhichhc stabbcd
Tlrc clcfcrrcllrrt involvccl a tightr,r,itlt lbllorvsoldicr
a
irr
was
R r,,gntitlt.
where died
he
statiolt
bcingtal<en the mcdical
to
resultirrg thc victirtr
in
witlr a bayeslst,
quot;quot;ti'iti*ice lror.rr argucd that the chain of
thc defcndant
witlr rtturclcr
latcr. On bcirrg clrargccl
about or-rc
and tlre dcatlrhad bccnbrolicnby the way.in whiclrthe victim had
bctwccnthc stabbing
caLtsariotl
bccnfr'Catcd, ltrrticular facttlrat:
tltc
itt
carricd thc tncclical
to statiott;
tlcing
twiccwhil.st
clroppcd
(a) thc victinrlracl
bccrr
olficcr.who was dcalingwitlr a scricsol'crnergcncies, not realisc serious
the
did
(b) thc nrcclical
artd
cxtutt of thc wounds; ,
of
(c) t6c treartrncnt gavc hirrrwas quot;thorourghly and nrightwell haveaffbctedhis chances
bad
hc
'l'hcdel'crrclarrt convictcd unsuccessfully.
ol'ttrttrdcr appcalid
and
rvas
rccovcryquot;.
was thc i'operbting causequot;of the
and substantial
stal'ltrillg
The cour-t6elclt6at thc clcltnc'lant's
caused thc stabwounds
by
loss'bl'bioocl
IL'ortr
clcarlquot;r,clicct
dcatlr,ln tlriscascthc victirrr
victirn's
Only il'rhc originalwoundcouldbc saicl havcmerclyprovided the
to
ip{-lictcd thc dclcpcllnt.
by
did not resultfrom
could it bc saidthatthc death
opcrartccl
ol'clcatlr
settingin which anothcrcaLlse
tltc rvound.
slrot thc victirn twicc who was taken to hospital and died two months
R tt Cheslrire. Tlre clel'errdant
arrestdue to gunshot
t r iquot; l, th c c a L ts e Ith c v i c ti rrr' s e ath.u,as vcn as quot; cardi o-respi ratory
gi
d
o
lat r . A t
lv ounds quot; anc l tl :c d c l c n d a rrt u ,a s c o n v i c t cd ol ' nrttrdcr.Thc del bndant appeal edand i ntroduced
c x pc r t c v ic lc n c cto th c c l l b c t th a t
causcclby a rarc corrrplicarionrcsultirrgli'olrr the rrtcdicaltrcattllent hc had
(a) t5c ctcatS6acl Lrccrr
r c c c iv ed,and th a t
(thc doctors had
( ir ) . t lr c c lr air r9 [' c a u s l rl .i o n ra rl l rc c n b n l l i .crr ry tl rc ncgl i gcrttrttcdi caltrcatrtrctrt
l
l
qrrickly).
morc
blockagc slrorrld rcactcd
ltavc
and
llilcclto rcalisc scri()g:j;tcss rcspiriltory
ol'il
tlrc
Phone#
Bangladelh.
Charnber# E5Bt4rr'Floor). House# 77, Road # lllA. Dhanmondi,Dhaka'1209.
The Equitas:
Email-rdo@JhegUilelgot1]. $Ueb:Wr+rw.theeqgitas'c9,fn
g1210A7.01914556464.
,F