1.
Lecture 15-28

2.
Topic: Open (Relevant)
Members: 3-4
Marks: Group-20, Individual-10
Time: 6-8 Minutes
Slides: Not more than 8
Must be present in the class
Must take part actively in the group

3.
Learn, compare, collect the facts! Always
have the courage to say to yourself - I am
ignorant.

4.
 How to set your speech goals?
◦ Organizational Goals from the speech.
◦ Audience Goals from the speech
◦ Speaker’s Goals from the speech
 How to read your audience?
 How to set up your place?
 How to use the A/V Aids?
Three major kinds of supporting materials
are---Examples, Statistics and Testimony.

5.
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious
situation or even a similar event somewhere.
 Brief Examples: Specific Instances.
 Extended Examples: Illustrations, Narratives, or
anectodes by telling a story vividly or dramatically.
 Hypothetical Examples: Factual or Hypothetical
relating a general principle.

6.
 Use examples to clarify your ideas.
 Use examples to reinforce your ideas.
 Use examples to personalize your ideas.
 Make your examples vivid and richly textured.
 Practice delivery to enhance you extended
examples.

7.
 Statistics refers to numerical data with number, table, graph
and chart etc. Statistics can be found in reputable books,
journals, govt. publications and websites.
 Understanding Statistics:
 Are the statistics representative?
 Are statistical measures used correctly?
 Are the sources reliable?
 Guidelines for using statistics:
 Use statistics to quantify your ideas.
 Use statistics carefully
 Identify the sources
 Explain effectively
 Round off the complex data.

8.
Expert Testimony: When we refer to acknowledged
experts in particular fields, it makes things more
reliable .
Peer Testimony: Opinions of people like ourselves
are also of good use as they may have relevant
experience.
Quoting/ Paraphrasing: Direct quotation or
explaining the gist of someone’s speech/quote can
be very useful.

9.
Accountability: Who is responsible for the site?
Accuracy: Is the information correct?
Objectivity: Is the site free of bias?
Timeliness: Is the site current?
Usability: Do the layout and design of the site
facilitate its use?
Diversity: Is the site inclusive?

10.
 Books
 Periodicals
 Newspapers
 Online Databases
 Reference Resources
 Government Documents
 Special Services

11.
 Organizing ideas topically
 Predominance
 Recency
 Complexity
 Ordering ideas chronologically
Forward in time
How to explain
Backward in time
Organizing ideas to show cause –effect
Organizing ideas to show effect- cause

12.
 Organizing ideas by problem/solution.
 Organizing ideas by solution/problem.
Subdividing Your Main Ideas

13.
 Prepare your supporting material
 Organize your supporting material
 Primacy/recency
Specificity
Complexity
Soft/hard evidence
 Incorporate your supporting material into your
speech

14.
Purposes of Introductions
 Get the audience’s attention
 Give the audience a reason to listen
 Introduce the subject
 Establish your credibility
 Preview your main ideas

15.
To make sure it
does . . .
 Use an illustration, a
startling fact or statistic, a
quotation, humor, a
question, a reference to an
historical event or to a
recent event, a personal
reference, a reference to
the occasion, or a
reference to a preceding
speech.

16.
To make sure it does…
 Tell your listeners how the
topic directly affects them.
To make sure it does…
 Present your central idea to
your audience.

17.
To make sure it does…
 Offer your credentials. Tell
your listeners about your
commitment to your topic.
To make sure it does…
 Tell your audience what you
are going to tell them.

18.
 References to recent
events
 Personal references
 References to the
occasion
 References to
preceding speeches
 Illustrations or anecdotes
 Startling facts or
statistics
 Quotations
 Humor
 Questions
 Reference to historical
events

19.
 Be Prepared
 Take a deep breath
 Slow your breathing / pause between sentences
 Get the audience engaged
 Tell a joke, use a quote, use a poem to begin your
speech
 Walk around – use your energy
 Find your own way to reduce nervousness
 Face your fears.

20.
 Highlight the central theme of your speech.
 Briefly cover the main points.
 Provide the audience with a feeling of satisfaction
that you accomplished what you promised.
 Closing statement.
 Thank the audience for their attention.

21.
The soul never
thinks
without a picture.
~Aristotle

22.
Presentation aids---
 enhance understanding
 enhance memory
 help listeners to organize ideas
 help to gain and maintain attention
 help to illustrate a sequence of events or
procedures

23.
Benefits of using Overhead Transparencies and PowerPoint
Slides :
 Easy to prepare
 Can include a wide variety of images using different animations
 Can include charts and maps
 Easy to re-arrange
 Organizes information for both audience and speaker
 Easy to modify (for slide shows)
 Can be used instead of flip charts
 Easy to carry around

24.
Figure 14.1
Two-Dimensional
Presentation Aid:
Map

25.
Figure 14.2 Two-Dimensional
Presentation Aid: Bar
Graph

26.
Figure 14.3 Two-Dimensional
Presentation: Pie
Graph

27.
Figure 14.4 Two Dimensional
Presentation Aid: Line
Graph

28.
Figure 14.5 Two-Dimensional
Presentation Aid: Visual
Symbols

29.
 Make it simple
 Keep your presentation professional
 Unify visuals
 Choose fonts carefully
 Choose colors carefully
 Allow plenty of time to create visuals
 Control attention with PowerPoint slides

30.
 Very interesting and attracts attention
 More dynamic
 Useful for persuasion
 Can be prepared by the speaker
When using videos movies and videos:
Dos Don’ts
Make sure it
doesn’t contain
unsuitable scenes
Don’t use too
much
videos/movies
Check the sound
and picture of the
Video
Don’t use home
made videos
State the goal
behind the video
before watching
unless you want to
surprise the
audience
Don’t describe the
movie in details
before watching
Comment / discuss
the video after
watching
Don’t stop in the
middle of the video
and comment
unless it is a big
one.

31.
 Make them easy to see
 Keep them simple
 Select the right presentation aid
 Do not use dangerous or illegal presentation
aids

32.
 Prepare carefully and practice with aids
 Maintain eye contact with audience
 Tell about the presentation aid
 Don’t pass objects
 Be careful with animals
 Use handouts and technology effectively
 Control your audience’s attention

33.
Characteristics of effective A/V Aids
Suitable for the point in
concern and the
audience
Make sure that the Aid is conveniently related to the point.
Make sure that the aid is as relevant to the subject as it’s attractive
Adequate in content and how much fun it includes
Proper for the subject,
audience and points
discussed
Use charts and slides for the specialist audiences.
Use simpler aids when speechifying an audience of common people.
Use well selected paints/ pictures in occasional/ religious speeches.
Attractive and numerous
Make sure that the Aid is well prepared, organized and eye-catching one
Make it innovative and creative
Make numerous to keep the audience attentive
Simple
Don’t overload one aid with all the points, try to divide them across several aids.
Use for every major point a separate aid.
Clear and well sized
Make sure that it’s well seen by the last row of attendees, otherwise, it will be
disturbing for the audience.
Don’t use a visual aid, the audience can’t see or read its contents, you would
waste time reading and explaining it.

34.
 First Impressions – made in the first 7 seconds
◦ Hair style, accessories, shoes, breath
 Who is your audience – dress appropriately
 How you dress will reinforce your authority
◦ Clean
◦ Neat

35.
 Use variation in
◦ Loudness: Helps provide emphasis and attention
◦ Pitch : Low and high pitch
Creates interest
◦ Quality : Provides emotion and feeling
◦ Rate : Holds the attention of the audience

36.
Posture
Shows confidence
Not too rigid – locked knees = chance to meet the
floor / Relax……
Facial Expressions
Smile/ enjoy yourself and your audience will also
enjoy themselves
Be serious when necessary

37.
Eye Contact
Helps establish a relationship with your audience
Makes them feel included
Too nervous – look directly above their heads
Look for signals from your audience – do they look
confused? bored? Excited?
Keep head up – Don’t talk to the floor
Gestures
Use your head, hands and arms – helps to emphasize
ideas and feelings
Should come naturally

38.
1. The size of the room has to be suitable for the
expected number of audience.
1. Big Rooms with a small number of audience, indicates failure.
2. Small Rooms get crowded easily and make you lose part of the
audience.
2. Avoid Speaking in open areas, as there will be a lot of
distraction and people will lose focus easily.
3. Make sure that you distribute the seats appropriately,
in order to match the type of the speech.

39.
1. Try to get comfortable with the place before the
speech’s start ( at least by 2 hours)
2. If you are new to the place, get familiar with the
setting before you start.
3. Try sitting on the last seat in the room, to check
the screen and the audio’s clarity to everyone.

40.
 Make Sure That:
◦ The Seats are comfortable
◦ The microphone, speakers and the audio tools are working
properly.
◦ Restrooms are suitable.
◦ There is enough drinking water for all of the audience.
◦ Direction Sign to the Room.
◦ The Room Temperature is suitable (Air Conditioning)
◦ There are Suitable passages and exits.
◦ Electric plugs are correctly plugged-in.
◦ There are tissues.

41.
 Make sure that your voice reaches everyone.
 Make sure that everyone is able to see the
visual aids.
 Encourage participation and conversations
 Make sure that there’s a name label in front of
everyone.
 Allow interruptions.

42.
 Make sure that there’s no echo in the room.
 Ask the audience to be seated in the first rows, and
explain the benefit of it.
 Make sure that the microphone is working properly.
 Use big visual aids (it’s preferable that you do not
use big flip charts, instead use presentation
screens)
 Do not let anyone stand in front of others
(photographers, …etc.)

43.
 Positives:
◦ Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
◦ Suitable for Individual
Exercises
◦ Contains large number of
audience
 Negatives:
◦ Hazy vision at the back(last
rows)
◦ Not Suitable for Group
Exercises.
◦ Side Talks at the back.

44.
 Positives:
◦ Suitable for Individual
Exercises
◦ Contains large number of
audience
 Negatives:
◦ Eye Contact is difficult to
maintain
◦ Not Suitable for Group
Exercises.
◦ Difficulty in focusing at the
sides.

45.
 Positives:
◦ Clear Vision
◦ Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
◦ Suitable for Individual
Exercises
 Negatives:
◦ Contains smaller number of
audience.
◦ Not suitable for group
exercises.

46.
Positives:
 Clear Vision
 Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
 Suitable for Individual/Group
Exercises
Negatives:
 Contains small number of
audience.
 Side Seating for some of the
audience
 Side Talks are possible

47.
 Positives:
◦ Excellent for Conversations
◦ Easy movement for the
speaker.
◦ Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
◦ Clear Vision
 Negatives:
◦ Contains small number of
audience.
◦ Not Suitable for Group
Exercises.

48.
 Positives:
◦ Eye Contact is easy to maintain
◦ Suitable for Individual Exercises
◦ Contains large number of
audience
◦ Easy movement for the speaker.
 Negatives:
◦ Hazy vision at the back (last rows)
◦ Not Suitable for Group Exercises.
◦ Side Talks at the back.

49.
General Tips to adjust your speech time:
 Speech timing depends on the subject or type of
speech :
◦ Occasion speeches (less than 20min)
◦ Lectures (less than 1 hour)
◦ Training sessions (depends on the time of the course yet
try to give out a break every 2 or 2 & half hours)
 Finalize your Speech.
 Don’t exceed the time dedicated to you.

50.
 Stop when the subject is done and don’t go on just to fill the
time gap.
 Try to finish before closure and don’t extend it.
 Try to sum up all similar points into 1 main point, as the
more the points increase the more the understanding
decreases.
 When people ask for a break, do grant them a break.
 Time is a major factor that controls your speech, so you
have to put a plan to get the best out of it.

51.
 Do
Speak on a topic you have earned the right to talk about
Speak on a topic that you are interested in – be enthusiastic
Talk from your heart – not from your mouth
Be sincere
Be honest
Be eager to communicate your information
Keep it simple
Make brief notes of what you want to say
Use pictures or examples to support your opinion
Know more about your topic than you will use
Rehearse the points of your speech through normal conversation
with friends
 Don’t
Memorize your speech
Imitate others, be yourself
Preach or scold

52.
 Give yourself enough time
 Practice before making speaking notes
 Time your speech
 Prepare your speaking notes
 Rehearse your speech standing up
 Rehearse with an audience
 Record your rehearsals
 Rehearse using all of your presentation aids
 Be realistic; recreate as much as possible the
speaking situation
 Practice good delivery skills

53.
 Get plenty of rest before your speech
 Review the suggestions for becoming a confident
speaker
 Arrive early for your speaking engagement
 Have a look around
 Know the environment
 Adjust with the given situation
 Stop thinking too much
 Have some soothing music
 Call mum/dear person/bosom friend
 Pray and Relax


54.
 Prepare
 Repeat or rephrase the
question
 Stay on message
 Respond to the audience,
not just the person who
asked the question
 Ask yourself the first
question
 Listen non-judgmentally
 Neutralize hostile questions
 When you don’t know,
admit it
 Be brief
 Use organizational
signposts
 Indicate when the Q&A
period is concluding

55.
 Some Types of speeches:
◦ Informative
◦ Persuading/Convincing
◦ Occasion Speeches
◦ Religious Speeches
 Based on the speech type, the goals and the
details are determined.

56.
 Important Tips:
◦ Design your speech and divide it into main points,
each main point should take 15 minutes.
◦ Each point is related to the topic (I determine what I
will deliver and I let the audience know what they
expect from me)
◦ Don’t give boring stuff (Ex: anything that’s known,
old, traditional is boring)

57.
 Use one of the organizing techniques for a
better delivery (to be explained in details):
 The Chain/Circular Method: Giving a piece of
info then relating it with another piece … etc.
 The Simple Method: Giving a simple piece of
info, then go into details in the same piece.

58.
 Persuading: The process of influencing the
audience to change thoughts and behaviors.
 Types of Persuading Speeches:
◦ Proving Facts
◦ Proving Preference
◦ Applying New Policy
 Ways to Persuade:
◦ Using people’s trust in you (Ex: fathers,
teachers)
◦ Emotional/spiritual influence
◦ Logic (The least used one)

59.
 DOs:
◦ Emotion: Focus on something that people react
with, you don’t need a lot of evidences or
examples, you only need one strong emotional
example
◦ Earning Trust: In order to earn the audience’s
trust, you should start by clarifying that you are
one of them.

60.
 DON’Ts:
◦ The question and the answer are the same; the answer is
inside the question (ex: Would you prefer that he leads us
despite his weakness?)
◦ Claiming without a proof
◦ False Comparison; (Two topics that are irrelevant to each
other but have something in common and don’t generalize)
◦ Using stimulating words ( ex: the government, the upper
management)
◦ Changing Facts; using statistics in the wrong timing
◦ Simplifying; decreasing the alternatives to push people in a
certain direction
◦ Before & after; ( after he was in charge, everything went
well)

61.
 Speechifies knowledgeably
 Well-Prepared
 Language-skilled
 Delivers essential messages
 Self-confident
 Honest
 Empathic Listener
 Considers the Audience
 Believes in what he says