2. Topic: Open (Relevant)
Members: 3-4
Marks: Group-20, Individual-10
Time: 6-8 Minutes
Slides: Not more than 8
Must be present in the class
Must take part actively in the group
3.
4. Learn, compare, collect the facts! Always
have the courage to say to yourself - I am
ignorant.
5. How to set your speech goals?
◦ Organizational Goals from the speech.
◦ Audience Goals from the speech
◦ Speaker’s Goals from the speech
How to read your audience?
How to set up your place?
How to use the A/V Aids?
Three major kinds of supporting materials
are---Examples, Statistics and Testimony.
6. An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious
situation or even a similar event somewhere.
Brief Examples: Specific Instances.
Extended Examples: Illustrations, Narratives, or
anectodes by telling a story vividly or dramatically.
Hypothetical Examples: Factual or Hypothetical
relating a general principle.
7. Use examples to clarify your ideas.
Use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Use examples to personalize your ideas.
Make your examples vivid and richly textured.
Practice delivery to enhance you extended
examples.
8. Statistics refers to numerical data with number, table, graph
and chart etc. Statistics can be found in reputable books,
journals, govt. publications and websites.
Understanding Statistics:
Are the statistics representative?
Are statistical measures used correctly?
Are the sources reliable?
Guidelines for using statistics:
Use statistics to quantify your ideas.
Use statistics carefully
Identify the sources
Explain effectively
Round off the complex data.
9. Expert Testimony: When we refer to acknowledged
experts in particular fields, it makes things more
reliable .
Peer Testimony: Opinions of people like ourselves
are also of good use as they may have relevant
experience.
Quoting/ Paraphrasing: Direct quotation or
explaining the gist of someone’s speech/quote can
be very useful.
10.
11. Accountability: Who is responsible for the site?
Accuracy: Is the information correct?
Objectivity: Is the site free of bias?
Timeliness: Is the site current?
Usability: Do the layout and design of the site
facilitate its use?
Diversity: Is the site inclusive?
12. Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
Online Databases
Reference Resources
Government Documents
Special Services
13. Organizing ideas topically
Predominance
Recency
Complexity
Ordering ideas chronologically
Forward in time
How to explain
Backward in time
Organizing ideas to show cause –effect
Organizing ideas to show effect- cause
14. Organizing ideas by problem/solution.
Organizing ideas by solution/problem.
Subdividing Your Main Ideas
15. Prepare your supporting material
Organize your supporting material
Primacy/recency
Specificity
Complexity
Soft/hard evidence
Incorporate your supporting material into your
speech
16. Purposes of Introductions
Get the audience’s attention
Give the audience a reason to listen
Introduce the subject
Establish your credibility
Preview your main ideas
17. To make sure it
does . . .
Use an illustration, a
startling fact or statistic, a
quotation, humor, a
question, a reference to an
historical event or to a
recent event, a personal
reference, a reference to
the occasion, or a
reference to a preceding
speech.
18. To make sure it does…
Tell your listeners how the
topic directly affects them.
To make sure it does…
Present your central idea to
your audience.
19. To make sure it does…
Offer your credentials. Tell
your listeners about your
commitment to your topic.
To make sure it does…
Tell your audience what you
are going to tell them.
20. References to recent
events
Personal references
References to the
occasion
References to
preceding speeches
Illustrations or anecdotes
Startling facts or
statistics
Quotations
Humor
Questions
Reference to historical
events
21.
22. Be Prepared
Take a deep breath
Slow your breathing / pause between sentences
Get the audience engaged
Tell a joke, use a quote, use a poem to begin your
speech
Walk around – use your energy
Find your own way to reduce nervousness
Face your fears.
23.
24. Highlight the central theme of your speech.
Briefly cover the main points.
Provide the audience with a feeling of satisfaction
that you accomplished what you promised.
Closing statement.
Thank the audience for their attention.
31. Presentation aids---
enhance understanding
enhance memory
help listeners to organize ideas
help to gain and maintain attention
help to illustrate a sequence of events or
procedures
32. Benefits of using Overhead Transparencies and PowerPoint
Slides :
Easy to prepare
Can include a wide variety of images using different animations
Can include charts and maps
Easy to re-arrange
Organizes information for both audience and speaker
Easy to modify (for slide shows)
Can be used instead of flip charts
Easy to carry around
40. Make it simple
Keep your presentation professional
Unify visuals
Choose fonts carefully
Choose colors carefully
Allow plenty of time to create visuals
Control attention with PowerPoint slides
41.
42. Very interesting and attracts attention
More dynamic
Useful for persuasion
Can be prepared by the speaker
When using videos movies and videos:
Dos Don’ts
Make sure it
doesn’t contain
unsuitable scenes
Don’t use too
much
videos/movies
Check the sound
and picture of the
Video
Don’t use home
made videos
State the goal
behind the video
before watching
unless you want to
surprise the
audience
Don’t describe the
movie in details
before watching
Comment / discuss
the video after
watching
Don’t stop in the
middle of the video
and comment
unless it is a big
one.
43. Make them easy to see
Keep them simple
Select the right presentation aid
Do not use dangerous or illegal presentation
aids
44. Prepare carefully and practice with aids
Maintain eye contact with audience
Tell about the presentation aid
Don’t pass objects
Be careful with animals
Use handouts and technology effectively
Control your audience’s attention
45. Characteristics of effective A/V Aids
Suitable for the point in
concern and the
audience
Make sure that the Aid is conveniently related to the point.
Make sure that the aid is as relevant to the subject as it’s attractive
Adequate in content and how much fun it includes
Proper for the subject,
audience and points
discussed
Use charts and slides for the specialist audiences.
Use simpler aids when speechifying an audience of common people.
Use well selected paints/ pictures in occasional/ religious speeches.
Attractive and numerous
Make sure that the Aid is well prepared, organized and eye-catching one
Make it innovative and creative
Make numerous to keep the audience attentive
Simple
Don’t overload one aid with all the points, try to divide them across several aids.
Use for every major point a separate aid.
Clear and well sized
Make sure that it’s well seen by the last row of attendees, otherwise, it will be
disturbing for the audience.
Don’t use a visual aid, the audience can’t see or read its contents, you would
waste time reading and explaining it.
46.
47. First Impressions – made in the first 7 seconds
◦ Hair style, accessories, shoes, breath
Who is your audience – dress appropriately
How you dress will reinforce your authority
◦ Clean
◦ Neat
48. Use variation in
◦ Loudness: Helps provide emphasis and attention
◦ Pitch : Low and high pitch
Creates interest
◦ Quality : Provides emotion and feeling
◦ Rate : Holds the attention of the audience
49. Posture
Shows confidence
Not too rigid – locked knees = chance to meet the
floor / Relax……
Facial Expressions
Smile/ enjoy yourself and your audience will also
enjoy themselves
Be serious when necessary
50. Eye Contact
Helps establish a relationship with your audience
Makes them feel included
Too nervous – look directly above their heads
Look for signals from your audience – do they look
confused? bored? Excited?
Keep head up – Don’t talk to the floor
Gestures
Use your head, hands and arms – helps to emphasize
ideas and feelings
Should come naturally
51.
52. 1. The size of the room has to be suitable for the
expected number of audience.
1. Big Rooms with a small number of audience, indicates failure.
2. Small Rooms get crowded easily and make you lose part of the
audience.
2. Avoid Speaking in open areas, as there will be a lot of
distraction and people will lose focus easily.
3. Make sure that you distribute the seats appropriately,
in order to match the type of the speech.
53. 1. Try to get comfortable with the place before the
speech’s start ( at least by 2 hours)
2. If you are new to the place, get familiar with the
setting before you start.
3. Try sitting on the last seat in the room, to check
the screen and the audio’s clarity to everyone.
54. Make Sure That:
◦ The Seats are comfortable
◦ The microphone, speakers and the audio tools are working
properly.
◦ Restrooms are suitable.
◦ There is enough drinking water for all of the audience.
◦ Direction Sign to the Room.
◦ The Room Temperature is suitable (Air Conditioning)
◦ There are Suitable passages and exits.
◦ Electric plugs are correctly plugged-in.
◦ There are tissues.
55. Make sure that your voice reaches everyone.
Make sure that everyone is able to see the
visual aids.
Encourage participation and conversations
Make sure that there’s a name label in front of
everyone.
Allow interruptions.
56. Make sure that there’s no echo in the room.
Ask the audience to be seated in the first rows, and
explain the benefit of it.
Make sure that the microphone is working properly.
Use big visual aids (it’s preferable that you do not
use big flip charts, instead use presentation
screens)
Do not let anyone stand in front of others
(photographers, …etc.)
57. Positives:
◦ Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
◦ Suitable for Individual
Exercises
◦ Contains large number of
audience
Negatives:
◦ Hazy vision at the back(last
rows)
◦ Not Suitable for Group
Exercises.
◦ Side Talks at the back.
58. Positives:
◦ Suitable for Individual
Exercises
◦ Contains large number of
audience
Negatives:
◦ Eye Contact is difficult to
maintain
◦ Not Suitable for Group
Exercises.
◦ Difficulty in focusing at the
sides.
59. Positives:
◦ Clear Vision
◦ Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
◦ Suitable for Individual
Exercises
Negatives:
◦ Contains smaller number of
audience.
◦ Not suitable for group
exercises.
60. Positives:
Clear Vision
Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
Suitable for Individual/Group
Exercises
Negatives:
Contains small number of
audience.
Side Seating for some of the
audience
Side Talks are possible
61. Positives:
◦ Excellent for Conversations
◦ Easy movement for the
speaker.
◦ Eye Contact is easy to
maintain
◦ Clear Vision
Negatives:
◦ Contains small number of
audience.
◦ Not Suitable for Group
Exercises.
62. Positives:
◦ Eye Contact is easy to maintain
◦ Suitable for Individual Exercises
◦ Contains large number of
audience
◦ Easy movement for the speaker.
Negatives:
◦ Hazy vision at the back (last rows)
◦ Not Suitable for Group Exercises.
◦ Side Talks at the back.
63. General Tips to adjust your speech time:
Speech timing depends on the subject or type of
speech :
◦ Occasion speeches (less than 20min)
◦ Lectures (less than 1 hour)
◦ Training sessions (depends on the time of the course yet
try to give out a break every 2 or 2 & half hours)
Finalize your Speech.
Don’t exceed the time dedicated to you.
64. Stop when the subject is done and don’t go on just to fill the
time gap.
Try to finish before closure and don’t extend it.
Try to sum up all similar points into 1 main point, as the
more the points increase the more the understanding
decreases.
When people ask for a break, do grant them a break.
Time is a major factor that controls your speech, so you
have to put a plan to get the best out of it.
65. Do
Speak on a topic you have earned the right to talk about
Speak on a topic that you are interested in – be enthusiastic
Talk from your heart – not from your mouth
Be sincere
Be honest
Be eager to communicate your information
Keep it simple
Make brief notes of what you want to say
Use pictures or examples to support your opinion
Know more about your topic than you will use
Rehearse the points of your speech through normal conversation
with friends
Don’t
Memorize your speech
Imitate others, be yourself
Preach or scold
66. Give yourself enough time
Practice before making speaking notes
Time your speech
Prepare your speaking notes
Rehearse your speech standing up
Rehearse with an audience
Record your rehearsals
Rehearse using all of your presentation aids
Be realistic; recreate as much as possible the
speaking situation
Practice good delivery skills
67. Get plenty of rest before your speech
Review the suggestions for becoming a confident
speaker
Arrive early for your speaking engagement
Have a look around
Know the environment
Adjust with the given situation
Stop thinking too much
Have some soothing music
Call mum/dear person/bosom friend
Pray and Relax
68. Prepare
Repeat or rephrase the
question
Stay on message
Respond to the audience,
not just the person who
asked the question
Ask yourself the first
question
Listen non-judgmentally
Neutralize hostile questions
When you don’t know,
admit it
Be brief
Use organizational
signposts
Indicate when the Q&A
period is concluding
69. Some Types of speeches:
◦ Informative
◦ Persuading/Convincing
◦ Occasion Speeches
◦ Religious Speeches
Based on the speech type, the goals and the
details are determined.
70. Important Tips:
◦ Design your speech and divide it into main points,
each main point should take 15 minutes.
◦ Each point is related to the topic (I determine what I
will deliver and I let the audience know what they
expect from me)
◦ Don’t give boring stuff (Ex: anything that’s known,
old, traditional is boring)
71. Use one of the organizing techniques for a
better delivery (to be explained in details):
The Chain/Circular Method: Giving a piece of
info then relating it with another piece … etc.
The Simple Method: Giving a simple piece of
info, then go into details in the same piece.
72. Persuading: The process of influencing the
audience to change thoughts and behaviors.
Types of Persuading Speeches:
◦ Proving Facts
◦ Proving Preference
◦ Applying New Policy
Ways to Persuade:
◦ Using people’s trust in you (Ex: fathers,
teachers)
◦ Emotional/spiritual influence
◦ Logic (The least used one)
73. DOs:
◦ Emotion: Focus on something that people react
with, you don’t need a lot of evidences or
examples, you only need one strong emotional
example
◦ Earning Trust: In order to earn the audience’s
trust, you should start by clarifying that you are
one of them.
74. DON’Ts:
◦ The question and the answer are the same; the answer is
inside the question (ex: Would you prefer that he leads us
despite his weakness?)
◦ Claiming without a proof
◦ False Comparison; (Two topics that are irrelevant to each
other but have something in common and don’t generalize)
◦ Using stimulating words ( ex: the government, the upper
management)
◦ Changing Facts; using statistics in the wrong timing
◦ Simplifying; decreasing the alternatives to push people in a
certain direction
◦ Before & after; ( after he was in charge, everything went
well)
75. Speechifies knowledgeably
Well-Prepared
Language-skilled
Delivers essential messages
Self-confident
Honest
Empathic Listener
Considers the Audience
Believes in what he says
Editor's Notes
NOTES:
Figure 14.1 A map can be an effective visual aid, especially if the speaker personalizes it by highlighting the relevant information.
NOTES:
Figure 14.2 Bar graphs can help to summarize statistical information clearly so that the information is immediately visible to the audience.
NOTES:
Figure 14.3 A pie graph shows the percentage of a whole contributed by each part.
NOTES:
Figure 14.4 Line graphs show relationships between two or more variables.
NOTES:
Figure 14.5 Adding visual symbols, such as those in this picture graph can help your audience to maintain interest and understand complete information.
NOTES: Make the Most of Your Rehearsal Time
Give yourself enough time. Finish drafting your speech outline at least two days before your speech performance.
Practice before making speaking notes. Before you prepare the speaking notes to use in front of your audience, rehearse your speech aloud to help determine where you will need notes to prompt yourself.
Time your speech. Revise your speech as necessary to keep it within the time limits set by your instructor or whoever invited you to speak.
Prepare your speaking notes. Use whatever system works best for you. Some speakers use pictorial symbols to remind themselves of a story or an idea. Others use complete sentences or just words or phrases in an outline pattern to prompt them. Most teachers advocate using note cards for speaking notes.
Rehearse your speech standing up. This will help you to get a feel for your use of gestures as well as your vocal delivery. Do not try to memorize your speech or choreograph specific gestures. As you rehearse, you might want to modify your speaking notes to reflect appropriate changes.
Rehearse with an audience. If you can, present your speech to someone else so that you can practice establishing eye contact. Seek feedback from your captive audience about both your delivery and your speech content.
Record your rehearsals. A video recording lets you observe your vocal and physical mannerisms and make necessary changes. If you don’t have a video camera, you may find it useful to practice before a mirror so that you can observe your body language—it’s low-tech, but it still works.
Rehearse using all your presentation aids. Don’t wait until the last minute to plan, prepare, and rehearse with flipcharts, PowerPoint slides, or other aids that you will need to manipulate as you speak.
Be realistic. Re-create, as much as possible, the speaking situation you will face. If you will be speaking in a large classroom, find a large classroom in which to rehearse your speech. If your audience will be seated informally in a semicircle, then this should be the context in which you rehearse your speech. The more realistic the rehearsal, the more confidence you will gain.
Practice good delivery skills while rehearsing. Remember this maxim: Practice makes perfect if practice is perfect.
NOTES: Suggestions to help you prepare for a successful performance:
Get plenty of rest before your speech. Last-minute, late-night final preparations can take the edge off your performance. Many professional public speakers also advocate that you watch what you eat before you speak; a heavy meal or too much caffeine can have a negative effect on your performance.
Review the suggestions in Chapter 2 for becoming a confident speaker. It is normal to have pre-speech jitters. But if you have developed a well-organized, audience-centered message on a topic of genuine interest to you, you’re doing all the right things to make your speech a success.
Remember some of the other tips for developing confidence: Use deep breathing techniques to help you relax. Also, make sure you are especially familiar with your introduction and conclusion. Act calm to feel calm.
Arrive early for your speaking engagement. If the room is in an unfamiliar location, give yourself plenty of time to find it. As we suggested in Chapter 5, you may want to rearrange the furniture or make other changes in the speaking environment.
Visualize success. Picture yourself delivering your speech in an effective way. Also, remind yourself of the effort you have made preparing for your speech. A final mental rehearsal can boost your confidence and help ensure success.
NOTES:
Each main point: if you have 30 minutes it will take only ONE main point coz every point needs intro and time for questions … etc.