The document discusses three approaches to educational technology: hardware, software, and systems. The hardware approach focuses on developing electro-mechanical equipment like films and computers to mechanize the teaching process. The software approach uses principles of psychology for behavior modification through programs and materials. The systems approach views education as an interacting system and focuses on specific objectives, appropriate media, learner characteristics, and continuous evaluation.

1. Hardware, software and systems
approach to Educational technology

2. The Hard-ware Approach:
• based on the application of engineering principles
for developing electro-mechanical equipment’s like
motion pictures, tape recorders, teaching machines,
computers, video-tapes, closed circuit television etc.
• is a by-product of the scientific and technological
development of 20th century.
• stressing upon modem audio-visual equipment’s
through this hardware approach.
• Hardware approach mechanizes the process of
teaching, so that teachers would be able to deal
with more students with less expenditure in
educating them.

3. • Human knowledge has three aspects:
• Preservation,
• Transmission and
• Development.

4. • The history of preservation of the knowledge is
believed to exist since the printing machines
started.
• The knowledge is preserved with these machines
in the form of books which are shelved in the
libraries, tape recorders and films.
• The second aspect of human knowledge is its
transmission.
• A teacher can impart knowledge himself to his
pupils. Now a days, transmission of the
knowledge is supported by machine like mike,
radio and television.
• With these, thousands of pupils enjoy this home-
delivery of such benefits.

5. • The third aspect of human knowledge is its
development.
• For this aspect, provisions are made for research
work.
• In the research programmes, the main function is
the collection and analysis of data.
• For this purpose, presently the researcher uses
the electronic machines and computers.
• Hence, all the three aspects of knowledge allow
the use of machines.
• In short, the teaching process has been
mechanized. The mechanization of teaching
process is termed as the Hardware Approach.

6. The Soft-ware Approach:
• It uses the principles of Psychology for behaviour modification
purposes.
• It originates from the pioneering works of Skinner and other
behaviourists.
• The programmes which such a technology produces are often,
called’ software’.
• Newspapers, books, magazines, programed learning, micro-
teaching, team teaching and other educational games etc. may also
form part of software.
• Soft-ware approach is characterised by task-analysis, writing precise
objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, immediate
reinforcement of responses and constant evaluation.
• The so-called soft-ware and hard-ware approaches cannot be
separated from each other. In a manner, both are inter-linked to
plant and the seed of educational technology.
• So both of them go hand to maximize the effects of teaching-
learning process.

7. • The software approach used the principles of psychology for building in
the learners a complex repertory of knowledge or modifying his behaviour.
• It originates from behavioural sciences and their applied aspects
concerning psychology of learning.
• Psychology of learning provides solid technology for bringing desirable
behavioural changes in the pupils and thus serves the cause of education
of laying down definite instructional procedure, teaching behaviour and
behaviour modification devices.
• The pioneering work in software approach was done by Skinner and other
behaviourists.
• The programmes which such a technology produces are often called
software.
• Software Approach is also termed as Instructional Technology or Teaching
Technology or Behavioural Technology.
• Newspapers, books, magazines, educational games, flash cards may also
form part of software.
• Software approach is characterised by task analysis, writing precise
objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, immediate
reinforcement of responses and constant evaluation.

8. • Hence Software Approach is concerned with
teaching objectives in behavioural terms,
principles of teaching, methods of teaching,
reinforcement of instructional system,
feedback, reviews and evaluation.
• Software approach tries to develop all the
three basic components of technology, i.e.
Input, Process and Output.

9. Hardware Technology Software Technology
1. origin in physical sciences and applied
engineering
1. origin in behavioural sciences and their
applied aspects concerning psychology of
learning
2. more concerned with the production
and utilization of audio visual aid material
and sophisticated instruments and mass
media for helping teacher and learners in
their task
2. try to make use of psychology of
learning for the production and
utilization of software techniques and
materials in terms of learning material,
teaching-learning strategies and other
devices for smoothening the task of
teaching learning.
3. tries to adopt product-oriented
approach.
What is produced through software
technology in the shape of teaching-
learning material and strategy in being
utilized by the hardware instruments and
gadgets for effective teaching learning.
3. tries to adopt a process-oriented
technique or approach for the production
of teaching-learning material and
strategies.
The material produced here is made
available for being used by the hardware
application.

10. Hardware Software
4. based on the concept of service
meaning hereby that it provides services
in the field of education much in the
same way as provided by telephone,
electric heater, bulb etc. in the sphere of
our day to day life.
In this sense hardware technology clearly
stands for making use of technology in
education.
4. does not provide direct services to its
users as provided by hardware technology
and applied engineering.
It helps in the production of software
material being used by the hardware
applications and gadgets for delivering
their service to the users i.e. teachers and
learners.
5. As examples of the appliances and
gadgets being used in hardware
technology service we can name radio,
television, tape recorder, video, slides and
film projectors, teaching machines and
computer etc.
5. As examples of the material produced
through software technology we can
name, programmed learning material
teaching learning strategy on psychology
of learning (put into practice in the shape
of charts, pictures, models, slides
filmstrips, audio and video cassettes,
software packages etc.)

11. Hardware Software
6. needs the services of software
technology for its use and functioning.
It can’t go without the aid of software
technology e.g. computer hardware in the
shape of a machine like device is of no
use if it does not make use of software
services both for its operation as a
machine and its multi-dimensional
utilities.
The use of application and utility software
is in fact must for taking any service from
the hardware technology of the
computer.
6. technology proves most useful and
productive in the case if it is assisted and
made into use by the hardware
applications and gadgets.
However, it can go alone for delivering its
services to the users without calling aid
from the hardware technology i.e. you
can make use of programmed learning
material a graph a text, etc. directly for
the individualized as well as group
instructions.

12. Hardware Software
7. has its mass appeal and utilization. It
can contribute a lot in handing over the
educational benefits to masses with
greater case and economy.
7. has no such wide application and
appeal to masses as found in the case of
hardware appliances like radio,
telephone, computer application, etc.
8. has resulted in improving the efficiency
of educational, means and reducing the
cost of education.
A teacher may handle a big class with the
help of hardware appliances like
microphone, slide and film projectors etc.
8. also works for increasing the efficiency
of the teachers as well as learning.
However, it lags behind in the task of
improving efficiency and reducing the
cost of education.

13. SYSTEMS APPROACH:
•is a systematic attempt to coordinate all aspects of a problem towards
specific objectives.
•“a regularly interacting or independent group of items forming a unified
whole.”
•The characteristics of a system of may be explained with the help of an
example – various parts of the digestive system may be called as
components of digestive system.
•Every component of the digestive system contributes to as supports in
functioning of the digestive system as a whole.
•In the context of education, system is a unit as a whole incorporating all
its aspects and parts, namely, pupils, teachers, curriculum, content and
evaluation of instructional objectives.
•The teaching-learning process is viewed as communication and control
taking place between the components of a system. In this case, the system
is composed of a teacher, a student and a programme of instruction, all in
a particular pattern of interaction.

14. •focuses first upon the learner and then course content, learning
experiences and effective media and instructional strategies.
•Such a system incorporates within itself the capability of providing
continuous self-correction and improvement.
•It is concerned with all elements of instruction including media, including
hardware and software.
•Its purpose is to ensure that the components of the organic whole will be
available with the proper characteristics at the proper time to contribute to
the total system fulfilling the objectives.
•In the systems approach to instruction, the teacher has to plan completely
the utilization of selected resource material and the classroom activities.
•The teacher should have a good overall view of the subject, know his/her
limitations, know all about his/her pupils and the individual differences in
their learning capacities and plan accordingly.
•The system approach involves continuous evaluation of learning outcomes
and utilization of knowledge gained by analysis of results of evaluation to
suitably modify the plan of approach to achieve the stated objectives.

15. Steps in the systems approach in education are:
1.Formulating of specific instructional objectives to be achieved and defining
instructional goals,
2.Deciding appropriate media to achieve these goals,
3.Defining learner characteristics and requirements,
4.Selecting appropriate methods suitable for effective learning to take place,
5.Selecting appropriate learning experiences from available alternatives,
6.Selecting appropriate materials and tools required,
7.Assigning appropriate personal roles for teachers, students and supporting
staff,
8.Implementing the programme,
9.Evaluating the outcome in terms of original objectives measured in student
performance and
10.Revising to improve efficiency of the system to improve
students’ learning.

16. ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMS APPROACH
1.Systems approach helps to identify the suitability of the
resource material to achieve the specific goal.
2.Technological advance could be used to provide
integration of machines, media and people for attaining
the defined goal.
3.It helps to assess the resource needs, their sources and
facilities in relation to quantities, time and other factors.
4.It permits an orderly introduction of components
demonstrated to be required for systems success in terms
of student learning.
5.It avoids rigidity in plan of action as continuous evaluation
affords desired beneficial changes to be made.

17. LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMS APPROACH
•i. Resistance to change. Old ways are difficult to
erase. There is always resistance to any new method
or approach.
•ii. Involves hard work. Systems approach requires
hard and continuous work on the part of school
personnel. Some are not prepared for the extra load.
•iii. Lack of understanding. Teachers and
administrators are still not familiar with systems
approach. Though it has been successfully
implemented industry, it has still to make headway in
education.