terminology of lungs and heart diseases pharmacology care of patient with heart and lungs condition equipment use in lungs and cardiac conditions.

1. Cardio
Respiratory
System
SUBMITTED TO MR. STEPHEN FOREST.
SUBMITTED BY TEAM 1. AVVY, PARAMJIT AND ASHWINI

2. Terminology related to structure of the heart
Structure of Heart-
1. Cardiac- Heart
2. Aorta- Largest artery in the heart. 9. Tricuspid valve- Valve with three cusps at right.
3. Atrium- Upper chamber of heart- 10. Semilunar valve- Pulmonary valve.
4. Ventricles- Lower chamber of heart 11. Mitral valve- The valve at left side
5. Pericardium- Outer wall of the heart 12. Valve- Flap to prevent regurgitation of blood.
6. Myocardium- Middle layer of heart 13. Aortic Valve – Valve between aorta and left
7. Endocardium- Inner layer of heart Ventricle.
8. Bicuspid wall- Wall between chambers to prevent backflow of blood.

3. Terminology – Circulatory system
▪ Artery- Vessel to carry oxygenated blood
▪ Vein- Vessel to carry deoxygenated blood.
▪ Capillary- Smallest blood vessels.
▪ Pulmonary artery- Vessel that carries deoxygenated blood
▪ Pulmonary vein- That carries oxygenated blood.
▪ Superior Vena Cava- Large vessel supplies blood to upper part of body. ( Inferior Vena Cava)
▪ Common Carotid Artery – Supplies to head and neck.
Blood Composition-
▪ Erythrocytes- Red blood cells
▪ Leucocytes- White blood cells
▪ Platelets- blood cells helps clotting.
▪ Blood plasma- Mixture of proteins, enzymes, nutrients and gases.
▪ Systemic Circulation- Blood from heart to body.
▪ Pulmonary circulation- Blood moving between heart and lungs.

4. Terminology related to lungs-
▪ Pulmonary- Related to lungs
▪ Pharynx- Conical Musculomembranous tube
▪ Larynx- lower part of pharynx
▪ Trachea- Wind pipe
▪ Bronchi and bronchioles- Branches to carry oxygen
▪ Alveoli- Small sacs
▪ Pleura- Thin layer of lungs
▪ Thorax- Chest Cavity
▪ Intercostal- space between ribs.
▪ Pulmonary Surfactant- fluid with phospholipid and proteins coats inside the alveoli
▪ Diaphragm- main muscles of respiration at the base of thoracic cavity.

5. Terminology functions of cardiorespiratory system
▪ Systole- Ventricular contractions
▪ Diastole- Atrial Contraction.
▪ Blood pressure- Amount of force on walls.
▪ Inhalation- Breath in
▪ Exhalation- Breath out
AGE- Angiotensin converting enzyme reduces blood pressure
▪ Coronary artery- Blood vessels of aorta
▪ Electrocardiogram- electrical activity of the heart on graph.

6. Terminology related to abnormal pattern of Heart and
Lungs
▪ Tachypnea- respiratory rate more than normal
▪ Bradypnea- Respiratory rate lower than normal
▪ Dyspnea- Difficulty in breathing
▪ Orthopnea- Difficulty in breathing when lying.
▪ Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea- Severe shortness of breath in sleep.(HF)
▪ Agonal Breathing- Slow, very shallow, irregular breath (Br.I)
▪ Sinus Arrhythmia- Irregular Heart Beats
▪ Atrial Fibrillation- Irregular Heart Beats
▪ Bradycardia- slow heart rate
▪ Tachycardia- Fast heart rate
▪ Premature contraction- Early heart beat
▪ Ventricular Fibrillation- Disorganized contraction of ventricle.

7. Terminiologyof cardiovascular
disease

8. Coronaryaretery
disease=isthe
narrowingor
blockageofthe
coronaryarteries.

9. Angina
ANGINA
▪ Severe pain in the chest ,often also spreading to the
shoulder ,arms ,and neck ,caused by an inadequate
blood supply to the heart

10. Myocardial
Infarcation
▪ ( heart attack ) a coronary artery is suddenly blocked
,starved of oxygen ,part of the heart muscle dies.

11. Congestiveheart
failure
The heart is either too weak or too
stiff to effectively pump blood
through the body ,

12. Cardiomyopathy
A disease of heart muscle in which
the heart is abnormallyenlarged
,thickened or stiffened ,as a result
,the heart abilityto pump blood is
weakened.

13. Cardiac arrest
Sudden loss of heart function

14. Myocarditis
Inflammation of heart muscle

15. Pericarditis
Inflammation of the lining of the
heart ( pericardium )

16. Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining or
heart valves of the heart

17. Atrial fibrillation
Abnormal electrical impulses in
the atria cause an irregular
heartbeat ,

18. Pulmonary
embolism
Typically a blood clot travels
through the heart to the lungs.

19. TERMINOLOGY OF LUNGS
RELATED DISEASES
ASTHAMA
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

20. ASTHMA
Obstruction in bronchi.

21. BRONCHIECTASIS
PER
Permanent abnormal
widening of the bronchi
(air tubes that branch
deep into the lungs).

22. BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the lining
of your bronchial tubes,
which carry air to and from
the lungs.

23. PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is swelling
(inflammation) of one or both lungs
that is usually caused by an
infection.

24. CYSTIC
FIBROSIS
Genetic disease that
affects the exocrine
glands and is
characterized by the
production of abnormal
secretions

25. COVID-19 CORONA VIRUS
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a
respiratory illness that can spread
from person to person and illness
ranging from the common cold to
more serious respiratory disease
like pneumonia.

26. Chronic obstruction of lung
airflow that interferes with
normal breathing and is
not fully reversible

27. TUBERCULOSIS
It is microorganism
(bacterial) infection
that usually attacks
the lungs. It can
spread to other parts
of the body,
like brain and spine

28. Holistic Approach
▪ Introduction-
▪ Meaning of holistic- Healing the whole person.
▪ Approach- To deal with.
Description- The health care assistant should consider the patients body, mind, Spirit, culture, socioeconomic
background and the environment while delivering care.
Acquired knowledge-
1. Physical Approach- Patient who is suffering from cardiorespiratory conditions need rest, continuous
monitoring of vital signs as they are in critical condition, assistance with safety precaution because minor
exertion also can worsen the condition.
Holistic Approach- Keeping all the above points in mind the health care assistant becomes the eyes and ears
for nurses. She makes the patient comfortable, maintains body hygiene for patient to feel fresh and better.
Keeping that in mind be as humanly as possible while caring and touching the patient. Keep the patient safe
as he is around many machineries. Assist him to move as per prescription. Monitor the changes and notify it to
nurse. Make sure patient should not get hospital acquired infection due to negligence.

29. Holistic Approach
2. Emotional Approach-
Acquired Knowledge- Patient is in distress due to fear of
life. Is worried about family and finances or losses. Patient
Is also uncomfortable and sad due to pain and invasive
treatments like tracheostomy. There is uncertainty of
recovery.
Holistic approach- Keeping all the above points the health care assistant becomes the
bridge between patient and nurses.
Be empathetic and sympathetic. Listen the patient carefully, Don’t promise which you
cannot fulfil. Keep your communication respectful. Maintain appropriate body posture and
gesture. Attend the patient with great care don’t show the patient you are unhappy to attend
him or her.

30. Holistic Approach
Spiritual and cultural approach-
Acquired Knowledge- Patient is pre occupied with certain belief and religious or moral
value. Don’t impose your belief or value on patient. Give the freedom of choice while caring
Holistic Approach- Respect the patients belief and values. Don’t impose your belief or value
on patient. Give the freedom of choice while caring. Respect the patient.
Soceo - economic background- The patient can be from any ethnic background. Equality is
the right of patient.
Holistic approach- A health care assistant should have no right to discriminate the patient
on any background like race, religion, cast, creed, skin color and financial situation. The
health care assistant should deliver care as per the need and not as per her personal
preferences. Being kind and respectful to each of her patient.

31. Holistic Approach
▪ Environmental Approach-
▪ Acquired Knowledge-
Environment is very important aspect while considering the health of an individual. The
home environment, safety, cleanliness, ambience, noise free environment induces rest and
sleep. Well ventilation, clean water, food comes from our environment. The environmental
factors like pollen, viruses and stressors makes the individual ill.
Holistic approach- Keep the environment clean and clutter free. Keep calm ambient and
well ventilation in room. When patient is sleeping avoid bright light and noise. Wash your
hand frequently to prevent nosocomial infection to the patient.

32. Holistic approach and keep in mind always…………
▪ Summary—
▪ 1. Support the spiritual and cultural belief of the patient.
▪ 2. Understand, Appreciate and respond to the needs of the patient.
▪ 3. clearly explain the medical terms and other information to ensure that patient and family
understood it clearly.
▪ 4. For some people spirituality is cultural expression and way of life. Some beliefs and
perspectives may be helpful in comforting patient. For example some people cultural practices
and customs at the end of life is important like playing music, calling priest or simply keeping the
door open.
▪ 5. Health care assistant should convey that only illness is not considered the promotion of whole
Comprehensive health is considered.
▪ 6. Respect, privacy and communication is important.
▪ Better control, control satisfaction and improved ability are achieved through this approach.

37. GENERAL MANIFESTATIONS AND SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOMS
IN LUNGS DISEASES
• Trouble breathing- This is the most common symptom in
lung conditions. Due to congestion or infection Brochies get inflammated
and partially block the air passage to go through. It causes trouble
breathing.

38. A COUGH THAT
WON'T
GO AWAY
INFLAMMATION MAKES
AIRWAYS
SWOLLEN AND IRRITATED.
THAT CAUSE COUGH.

39. SHORTNESS OF BREATH
DUE TO SWEELING INSIDE
THE LUNGS IT CAN NOT INFLATE PROPERLY
AND CAN NOT LET ENOUGH OXYGEN TO GO
THORUGH IT. IT CAUSES SHORTENING
OF BREATH

40. COUGHING UP BLOOD OR MUCUS
• GLANDS IN AIRWAYS MAKE EXTRA MUCUS
THAT NEED TO BE EXPECTORATED FROM LUNG
BY COUGH.
• DUE TO INFECTION AND DESTRUCTION OF
ALVEOLI BLOOD CAN BE THERE IN SPUTUM.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

41. PAIN OR
DISCOMFORT
WHEN BREATHING
IN OR OUT
• TIGHTENING,
REDNESS AND SWELLING
IN BRONCHIS CAN BE THE
CAUSE OF PAIN.

42. SLEEPLESSNESS
• MUCUS IN THE AIRWAY
MAKES WHEEZING SOUNDS WHILE BREATHING THAT
MAKES THE PATIENT VERY UNCOMFORTABLE.

43. FEELING LIKE
YOU'RE NOT
GETTING ENOUGH
AIR
• REPIRATORY DISTTRESS CAUSES
BY HAVING LESS
SPACE INSIDE THE LUNGS DUE TO
INFLAMATION, UNUSUALLY THICK,
STICKY MUCUS THAT
CLOGS THE LUNGS.

44. LIMITATION OF
ACTIVITIES
WHEN PATIENT DO ANY KIND OF PHYSICALA
CTIVITIES,BODY DEMANDS MORE OXYGEN DUE
TO INCREASED BLOOD CIRCULATION.
IN LUNGS CONDIONS,
AIRPASSAGE IS ALREADY TIGHTENED
BECAUSE OF SWELLING INSIDE
IT. IT MAKES MORE DIFFICULT OR LIMITATE
THE PHYSICALACTIVITIES.
PATIENT FEELS FATIGUEAND LESS ACTIVE.

45. FEVER
In case of lungs
infection fever must
be there.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

46. GENERAL
MANIFESTATIONS
AND SUBJECTIVE
SYMPTOMS
RELATED TO
HEART

47. CHEST PAIN, TIGHTNESS,
PRESSURE AND CHEST DISCOMFORT
(ANGINA)
Blockage in blood
vessels of heart
causes pain in the
chest.

48. NUMBNESS, WEAKNESS OR
COLDNESS
• Obstruction in
heart reduces the blood
supply in the different part of
body that causes numbness
and weakness in the body
parts especially where the
vessels are narrow.

49. TACHYCARDIA OR
BRADYCARDIA
From the sinus node, electrical signals
travel across the atria to the
ventricles, causing them to contract and
pump blood to lungs and body. When
sinus node isn't working
properly, causing your heart rate to be
too slow (bradycardia), too fast
(tachycardia) or irregular

50. LIGHT-HEADEDNESS,
DIZZINESS, FAINTING
(SYNCOPE) OR NEAR
FAINTING
Low blood supply to brain
due to heart condition can
cause dizziness and
sometime syncope in the
patient.

51. SHORTENED OF
BREATH AND
CYANOSIS
Lack of Oxygenated blood
supply to the parts of body
causes Cyanosis.
- Hypertension and heart
murmur are the common
symptoms of cardiac
conditions.

59. Types of breathing and
breathing rhythm

60. Clavicular
Breathing
▪ Clavicular breathing is air drawn predominantly into
chest by the raising of the shoulder and collarbone (
clavicles ),and simultaneous contracting of the
abdomen during inhalation

61. Chest
Breathing
▪ Or shallow breathing ,drawing air into the chest
area using the intercostal muscles rather than
throughout the lungs via the diaphdram

62. Thoracic
Breathing
or
Diaphragmatic
Breathing
▪ Or deep breathing ,that is done by contracting the
diaphragm ,as the diaphgram relaxes,air passively
leaves the lungs .this type of breathing is also
known as deep breathing

63. Breathing rhythm

64. Euponea=
normalbreathing
rateandpattern
TACHYPNOEA = INCREASED
RESPIRATORY RATE
▪ Breadypnoea = decreased respiratory rate

65. Hyperpnoea=
Increaseddepth
andrateof
breathing
HYPERVENTILATION =DEEP AND QUICK
BREATHING
▪ Hypoventilation = Abnormally ,slow rate breathing

66. Kussmaul’s=
tachypnoeaand
hyperpnoea
Apneustic = prolonged inspiratory
phase with a prolonged expiratory
phase

67. Biot’s
▪ Abnormal breathing pattern with group / cluster of
rapid respiration of equal depth and regular apnoea
periods

68. Apnea=absenceof
breathing
Cheyne –stokes = gradual
increases and decreases in
respiration with period of apnea

69. Basicneedandconsequences
Affectedbycardiovasculardisease

70. Breathnormally
Consequences = person is not able to breathe as a
result his activities movement are affected a little
exertion may worsen his condition

71. Sleepandrest
Consequences = In cardiovascular disease condition
,person has shortened sleep duration ,due to stress
and anxiety related to their problem ,sleep apnea (
happens when airway gets blocked repeatdly during
sleep ,causing stop breathing for short amount of
time.) May worsen person condition

72. Eatanddrink
adequately
Consequences = in this condition
,person obesity ,or irreguler or
unhealth y pattern of diet may
worsen his condition .

73. Moveand
maintane
desirableposture CONSEQUENCES =
▪ In cardiovascular disease condition ,person has
limited physical activities such as lifted anything to
heavy ,climb stairs ,caught a bus ,no to do shopping
themselves ,may lead to breathlesness or affect the
heart condition

74. PHARMACOLOGY RELATED
TO CARDIORESPIRATORY
DISEASES
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

75. ANTICOAGULANT
DRUGS
- ANTICOAGULANTSARE MEDICINES
THAT HELP PREVENT BLOOD CLOTS.
THEY'RE GIVENTO PEOPLEAT A HIGH
RISK OF GETTING CLOTS,TO REDUCE
THEIR CHANCES OF DEVELOPING
SERIOUS CONDITIONS SUCH AS
STROKES AND HEARTATTACKS.
- EATING
CERTAIN FOODS, ESPECIALLY
THOSE RICH IN VITAMIN K, CAN
DIMINISH WARFARIN’S
EFFECTIVENESS.

76. SIDE EFFECTS• Passing blood in your urine.
• Passing blood in stool.
• Severe bruising.
• Prolonged nosebleeds.
• Bleeding gums.
• Vomiting blood or coughing up blood.
• Heavy periods in women.

77. ANTI-PLATELET MEDICATIONS
• Effects- stop blood cells (called platelets) from sticking
together and forming a blood clot.
• Side effects-
• headaches or dizziness.
• nausea.
• diarrhoea or constipation.
• indigestion (dyspepsia)
• stomach ache or abdominal pain.
• nosebleeds.

78. ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS
• Effects- help to relax the veins and arteries to
lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors prevent
an enzyme in the body from
producing angiotensin II, a substance that
narrows the blood vessels.
• Side effects-
• Cough .
• Red, itchy skin or rash.
• Dizziness , light-headedness or faintness upon
rising.
• Salty or metallic taste or a decreased ability to
taste.
• Physical symptoms.
• Swelling of your neck, face, and tongue.
• High potassium levels.
• Kidney failure.

79. ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBS)
• Effects- block the action of angiotensin II by
preventing angiotensin II from binding
to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles
surrounding blood vessels. As a result, blood
vessels enlarge (dilate) and blood
pressure is reduced.
• Side Effects-
• headache.
• fainting.
• dizziness.
• fatigue.
• respiratory symptoms.
• vomiting and diarrhoea.
• back pain.
• leg swelling.

80. BETA BLOCKERS
• Effects- reduce blood pressure. Beta blockers
work by blocking the effects of the hormone
epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Beta
blockers cause the heart to beat more slowly and with
less force, which lowers blood pressure.
• Side Effects-
• Fatigue and dizziness. Beta-blockers slow down
the heart rate.
• Poor circulation. heart beats more slowly when take
beta-blockers.
• Gastrointestinal symptoms. These include upset
stomach, nausea, and diarrhoea or constipation.
• Sexual dysfunction.
• Weight gain.

81. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
• Effects- lower blood pressure by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart
and arteries. Calcium causes the heart and arteries to contract more strongly. By
blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open.
• Side effects-
• Constipation.
• Dizziness.
• Fast heartbeat (palpitations)
• Fatigue.
• Flushing.
• Headache.
• Nausea.
• Rash.

82. DIGOXIN
• Effects- Their function is to slow the heart
rate down and improve the filling
of ventricles with blood. For people with atrial
fibrillation, where the heart beats irregularly, a
different volume of blood is pumped out each
time.
• - Dietary fibre, specifically insoluble fibre such
as wheat bran, can slow down the absorption
of digoxin and lessen its effectiveness. To
prevent this, elders should take digoxin at
least one hour before or two hours after
eating a meal.
• Side- effects-
• Dizziness, Mental disturbances.
• Diarrhoea, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting.
• Red, bumpy rash

83. BRONCHODILATORS
• Effects- make breathing easier by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and
widening the airways (bronchi). They're often used to treat long-term
conditions where the airways may become narrow and inflamed, such as:
asthma, a common lung condition caused by inflammation of the airways.
• Side Effects-
• nausea and vomiting.
• diarrhoea.
• palpitations.
• a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
• an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• headaches.
• problems sleeping (insomnia)

84. CORTICOSTEROIDS
• Effects- mimic the effects of hormones that body produces naturally in your adrenal
glands, which are small glands that sit on top of kidneys.
• Side Effect-
• Elevated pressure in the eyes (glaucoma)
• Fluid retention, causing swelling in your lower legs.
• High blood pressure.
• Problems with mood swings, memory and behaviour and other psychological effects, such
as confusion or delirium.

85. MAST CELL STABILIZER
• Effects-
• Mast cell stabilizers work by preventing
the release of histamine from mast
cells (cells that make and store
histamine). Some of these drugs also
have important anti-inflammatory effects,
but typically they are not as effective as
steroids.
• Side Effects-
• Throat irritation, coughing, or skin rashes
sometimes can occur. Mast cell
stabilizers in the form of eye drops may
cause burning, stinging, or blurred vision
when they are administered

86. ANTIHISTAMINES
• Effect- block the effects of a substance called
histamine in the body. Histamine is normally
released when the body detects something
harmful, such as an infection. It causes blood
vessels to expand and the skin to swell, which
helps protect the body.
• Side Effect-
• Dry mouth.
• Drowsiness.
• Dizziness.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Restlessness or moodiness (in some children)
• Trouble peeing or not being able to pee.
• Blurred vision.
• Confusion.

87. RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
• Effects- stimulate the respiration rate and tidal volume, these are useful when the
patient having a problem to breathe properly.
• Side Effects-
• flushing, sweating
• headache,
• dizziness,
• cough,
• chest pain,
• nausea,
• vomiting,

88. PULMONARY SURFACTANTS
• Effects- reduces surface tension at the
air–water interface in the alveoli, thereby
preventing collapse of these structures at
end-expiration. In this
manner, surfactant reduces
the work associated with breathing.
• Side Effects-
• endotracheal tube reflux, skin paleness,
endotracheal tube obstruction, and need
for dose interruption.
• Serious side effects include:
intraventricular haemorrhage. sepsis.

89. ANTIVIRAL
• Effects- interfere with an important
enzyme of the influenza virus, called
neuraminidase. The drugs keep the virus
from escaping from one cell to infect a
neighbouring cell. They are most effective
if started within a day or two of the onset
of symptoms.
• Side Effects-
• nervousness, poor concentration,
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.

90. EXPECTORANTS
• Effects- helps loosen mucus so
you can cough it up. It does this by
increasing the water content of the mucus,
thinning it out, and making your cough more
productive.
• Side Effects-
• Nausea and vomiting are the most common
side effects
• constipation, dizziness, headache, and rash
are rare.

91. LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR
ANTAGONIST
• Effects- blocks a chemical reaction that
can lead to inflammation in the airways.
• Side Effects-
• angio-oedema, bruising, erythema
nodosum, pruritus, rash and urticaria
may be reported

92. ANALGESICS (PAIN KILLER)
• Effects-Analgesics interfere
with pain messages sent to the
brain via nerve endings, which
gives minimise for diminish the
sense of pain.
• Side-effects
• Constipation.- It may cause
constipation. Opioids slow
down the movement of stool
through the bowel. This
gives bowel more time to take
the water out of the stool,
making it hard, dry and difficult
to pass.

93. DROWSINESS AND DRY MOUTH
Painkillers make patient tired and drowsy. It is often because they affect chemicals
in the brain called neurotransmitters. Nerves use them to carry messages to each
other's. Some of them control how awake or sleepy one feels.
Dry mouth- Saliva is produced and secreted by the salivary glands of the
body and these glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, So opioid use
will decrease the production of saliva and cause dry mouth.

94. NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-
INFLAMMATORY
DRUGS
THESE DRUGS (NSAIDS)
REDUCE INFLAMMATION BUT ARE
NOT RELATED TO STEROIDS WHICH
ALSO
REDUCE INFLAMMATION. NSAIDS
WORK BY REDUCING THE
PRODUCTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS.
PROSTAGLANDINS ARE CHEMICALS
THAT PROMOTE INFLAMMATION,
PAIN, AND FEVER.

95. ULCER OR DIARRHEA/
CONSTIPATION
• By disrupting the production of prostaglandins
in the stomach, NSAIDs can cause ulcers and bleeding.
Some NSAIDs have less effect on prostaglandins in
the stomach than others, and, therefore, may have
a lower risk of causing ulcers, but the increased risk of
ulcers still exists.
• Diarrhea and/or constipation- It will
cause the stomach and (both) intestines to move more
slowly. It slows down intestinal motility, the muscle
contractions in the bowel that squeeze the digested
contents forward through the bowel.
Side Effects

96. SIDE - EFFECTS
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Heart Burn
• Abdominal pain
(NSAIDs irritate the stomach lining and
esophagus, which can cause nausea
and vomiting, Heartburn
and abdominal pain)
• Acidity and bloated stomach- One of
the things prostaglandin does is
increase the production
of gastric (stomach) mucus and
substances that neutralize stomach
acid.

97. ANTIBIOTICS FIGHT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS EITHER BY KILLING BACTERI A OR
SLOWING AND SUSPENDING ITS GROWTH. THEY DO THIS BY: ATTACKING THE
WALL OR COATING SURROUNDING BACTERIA. INTERFERING WITH BACTERIA
REPRODUCTION.

98. SIDE EFFECTS
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Bloating and indigestion
• Abdominal pain
• loss of appetite- Antibiotics do cause loss of
appetite because of their activities in the
gastrointestinal system.As these normal flora
are helpful in maintaining homeostasis, or a
normal, no disrupted state, in the GI tract
through their effects on acid-base balance and
other microorganisms, perturbations in these
colonies can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
and other effects. These symptoms decrease
appetite and also lead to water loss in the body
system.

99. ANTIPYRETICS CAUSE THE HYPOTHALAMUS TO OVERRIDE A
PROSTAGLANDIN-INDUCED INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE.
THE BODY THEN WORKS TO LOWER THE TEMPERATURE,
WHICH RESULTS IN A REDUCTION IN FEVER.

100. SIDE - EFFECTS
• Diarrhea.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Stomach cramps or pain.
• Swelling, pain, or tenderness in the upper
abdomen or stomach area.
• Increased sweating- Antipyretics induces the
body to fight harder to keep the temperature
down, so patient sweats more.

101. DIURETICS
Diuretics, also called water pills, are medications designed to
increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body as
urine. There are three types of prescription diuretics. They're
often prescribed to help treat high blood pressure, oedema,
lungs and kidney diseases.

102. SIDE-EFFECTS
• Hypokalaemia- Diuretics increase sodium delivery to the distal segment of the distal tubule,
this increases potassium loss.
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Thirst
• Increased blood sugar
• Muscle cramps
• Increased cholesterol
• Skin rash
• Gout
• Diarrhea

103. Antihypertensives are a class
of drugs that are used to treat
hypertension. It seeks to
prevent the complications of
high blood pressure, such as
stroke and myocardial
infarction.

104. SIDE - EFFECTS
• Cough.
• Diarrhoeaor constipation.
• Dizzinessor light-headedness.
• Feeling nervous.
• Feeling tired, weak, drowsy, or a lack of
energy.
• Headache.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Erection problems- Some hypertension educations can decrease forceful blood flow to the
penis, making it difficult to achieve an erection. They can also deplete the body of zinc, which
is necessary to make the sex hormone testosterone.

105. CARE AND TREATMENT OF HEART
DISEASE

106. POSITIONING
• Favor Semi- sitting position.
• Take enough rest breaks in between the normal
daily activities — but avoid a daytime nap
longer than 20 minutes.
• Arrange the pillows so patient can maintain a
comfortable position and decrease muscle
strain.
• Elevate the legs if needed.
• Follow a bedtime routine to let patient`s body
know it’s time to relax and get to sleep.

107. DIET
• Take low sodium diet as scheduled by dietician.
• Avoid processed food, high-glucose foods, fried
foods, and white carbohydrates such as white
flour and white rice to control High cholesterol.
• Limit liquid intake.
• Measure intake and output .
• Avoid caffeine (such as chocolate, coffee, tea
and colas) in the evenings. It can disturb sleeping
pattern.

108. PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
• - Effort as tolerated.
• - Limit intense physical activities such as lifting
heavy weight and aggressive sports.
• - Light exercises at least for 30 mins a
day. Ordinary physical activity does not cause
undue fatigue, palpitation, dyspnoea, or
anginal pain.
• - Check Weight regularly.

109. PRE-OPERATIVE AND POST-
OPERATIVE CARE
• Pre-Operative Care-
• NPO.
• Shave the chest.
• Patient must bathe with antiseptics.
• Post-operative care-
• Ensure that IV lines and other tubing are not tangled.
• Measure intake and output.
• Bed settings as prescribed.
• Observe the dressing for bleeding or any discharge .

110. CARE OF PATIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISEASES

111. GENERAL CARE
• Assist the patient into sitting position as
it makes breathing easier.
• Use reclining chair in a partially upright
position for the patient to nap or
sleeping. It gives the lungs more room
to breathe.
• Provide the care at a time when patient
is well rested and in comfortable
position.

112. - MAKE SURE THAT THE
SURROUNDING
AREA ARE CLEAN AND
DUST FREE.
- OPEN THE W INDOW OR
USE FAN FOR
VENTILATION.
- IN THE WINTER, USE
A HUMIDIFIER TO
MOISTEN THE ROOM AIR. IT
HELPS LOOSEN UP THE
THICK PHLEGM IN THE
LUNGS.

113. - MAKE SURE PATIENT IS WELLHYDRATED.
BECAUSE DUE TO BREATHING
DIFFICULTY SOMETIMES PATIENT BREATH
THROUGH MOUTH IT MAKES MOUTH AND
LIPS DRY.
- PUT SPUTUM TRAY BESIDE THE TABLE SO
THAT PATIENT CAN SPIT IN IT WHEN
COUGHING.
- AVOID THE USE OF STRAWSAS DRINKING.
IT INCREASES THE BREATHING EFFORTS
AND REQUIRED MORE ENERGY.

114. • AVOID APPLYING HEAVY
SCENTED PERFUME. BECAUSE
IT CAN TRIGGER AN ALLERGIC
REACTION THAT RESULTS
BREATHING DIFFICULTY.
• DO NOT APPLY TELCUM
POWDER. IT WILLAFFECT THE
SAME WAY.

115. • Support and reassure the
patient.
• Be friendly yet professional.
• Make patient as comfortable
as possible. Anxiety
can increase the need
of oxygen.
• Imitate physical activities.

116. EQUIPMENTS USED IN LUNG CONDITIONS

117. NASAL CANNULA/OXYGEN
MASK
• It is a device used to deliver
supplemental oxygen or
increased airflow to a patient or
person in need of respiratory
help. This device consists of a
lightweight tube which on one end
splits into two prongs which are
placed in the nostrils and from
which a mixture of air
and oxygen flows.

118. PARTIAL REBREATHER MASK
• With this partial rebreather mask, a
bag is added to the simple face mask
exhaled air. When breathing in, the
client inhales O2 as well as some
exhaled air and some room air. The
bag should not totally deflate during
inhalation.

119. PULSE
OXIMETER
• It is a device used to
measure oxygen
concentration in
arterial blood as well
as to measure pulse
rate.

120. ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
• Nasopharyngeal Tube- patient
with signs of airway obstruction but
relatively conscious, try a
nasopharyngeal airway.
• Oropharyngeal Tube- patient with
signs of airway obstruction and
impaired level of consciousness, try
an oropharyngeal airway

121. ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
• Endotracheal Tube- unconscious and
unable to protect their airway, needs a
definitive airway i.e.. intubation
and insertion of endotracheal tube.
• Tracheostomy tube- It is a surgically
created opening (ostomy) through the
neck into trachea (trachea).

122. CHEST TUBES
• Chest tubes use to collect air,
blood or fluid from the pleural
space (sac or cavity) when the
chest has been penetrated
because of injury or surgery.
• Pneumothorax- Air in the pleural
cavity.
• Hemithorax - Blood in the pleural
space.
• Pleural effusion- It is the
escape and collection of
fluid (effusion) in the pleural sac.

123. VENTILATOR MACHINE
• A ventilator is a machine that provides
mechanical ventilation by moving
breathable air into and out of the lungs,
to deliver breaths to a patient who is
physically unable to breathe, or
breathing insufficiently.

124. SUCTION MACHINE
Suction machines are appliances that
are used to remove substances such as
blood, saliva, mucus, and vomit from a
person's airway. A
portable suction unit can prevent
pulmonary aspiration and
facilitate breathing. Suction
machine supplies include bacteria filters,
collection canisters, and aspirator tubing
kits.

125. EQUIPMENT'S USED IN CARDIAC
CONDITIONS

126. IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER
DEFIBRILLATOR
• An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a small battery-powered device
placed in chest to monitor heart rhythm and detect irregular heartbeats. An ICD can
deliver electric shocks via one or more wires connected to the heart to fix an
abnormal heart rhythm.

127. PACEMAKER
• A pacemaker is a small
device that’s implanted under
the skin of the chest. It
produces electrical pulses to
keep the heart beating at a
normal rate. A pacemaker
helps manage heart rhythm
disorders, such as
bradycardia, when the heart
beats too slowly, or an
arrhythmia, when the heart
beats irregularly.

128. BIVENTRICULAR
PACEMAKER
• A biventricular pacemaker
works like a conventional
pacemaker, but uses a third
wire to send electrical
impulses to the heart to
resynchronize the
contractions of the heart’s left
lower chamber, or ventricle.

129. IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC
LOOP RECORDER
• surgically implanting a
wireless cardiac monitor called
a loop recorder, which
continuously records the
heart’s rhythm for up to three
years. Smaller than the size of
an AAA battery, this device is
surgically inserted beneath the
skin of the upper chest to
record the heart’s electrical
activity, much like an
electrocardiogram, or EKG.

130. ELECTRO-CARDIO GRAPH
MACHINE
• A Holter ECG monitor is a highly
portable ECG machine that measures and
records heart activity. It is wearable and
battery operated. It is used to continuously
record heart function for 24 to 48 hours,
sometimes longer

131. CORONARY STENT
• A coronary stent is a tube-
shaped device placed in the
coronary arteries that supply
blood to the heart, to keep
the arteries open in the
treatment of coronary heart
disease.

132. AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
• An AED is used to help those
experiencing sudden cardiac
arrest. It's a sophisticated,
yet easy-to-use, medical
device that can analyse the
heart's rhythm and, if
necessary, deliver an
electrical shock, or
defibrillation, to help the
heart re-establish an
effective rhythm

133. HYGIENE ;TO REDUCE THE
RISK

134. GENERAL HYGIENE HABITS
• Hand wash
• It is necessary to wash the hands before and after
touching the patient and his surroundings such as soiled
linen ,tissues, dressings, utensils, equipment's and
surfaces in the patient`s room.
• Never use shortcuts
• When it comes to hand hygiene, such as using
waterless hand sanitizer on your gloved hands to avoid
changing gloves. This is poor technique.
• Keep normal distance
• While giving care to the patient, more than 1 m distance
should be maintain to minimise the chance of droplet
infections such as coughing, sneezing and talking.
Propel droplets carry microbes from the respiratory
system through the air and settle on another person or
object in the environment.

135. • Put gloves (mask when needed)
• Pathogens are carried through the portals of
exit by blood, body fluids, excretions or
secretions such as urine, stool, vomitus,
mucus, sputum and so on. Put gloves on
while taking care of those.
• Keep surrounding clean
• Keep common surfaces such
as doorknobs, light switches, telephones and
keyboards clean and disinfected to
prevent the spread of pathogens.

136. • Avoid going work when sick
• In illnesses, immune system become weaker
and easily prone to infection and keep your
all immunization up to date.
• Minimise the touch while providing care
• When assisting the patient in serving food
or feeding, bathing, changing lines etc. Do
not touch our face nose and hair.

137. PATIENT`S PERSONAL HYGIENE
Good personal hygiene helps
the patient maintain a sense of dignity
and independence. Assisting
the patient with personal hygiene or
doing these tasks for them also gives
the patient a sense of safety and
security; the patient will be assured that
his basic needs are understood and are
being met.
Keep the patient clean by maintaining
personal hygiene such as bathing,
brushing the teeth and changing
clothings.

138. • Keep the finger and toenails trimmed and in
good shape will prevent problems such as
hang nails and infected nail beds.
• Encourage the patient to wash his hands
before having meal and medications.
Keep hand sanitizer beside patient`s bed and
tell him to use it after coughing, sneezing and
touching affected area of the body towards
preventing the spread of bacteria and
viruses.

139. • Get patient plenty of rest up to
8 to 10 hours a night so that
patient can refresh. Lack
of sleep can leave patient feel
ing run down and
can compromise his body's
natural defences and immune
system.

140. Demostrationof
respectforthe
client

141. Respect his privacy ,physically and emotionally
 Close the door ,when you help him dress or use the bathroom
 Knock before opening a closed door.
 Donot discuss confidentially information with other people
,even family members,without his permission..
 Respect his right to make choices
 By making choice we have let him decide what and when to eat ,
 If he has cognitive problem ,offer choices of what to eat,when To
eat ,what to wear ,
 If he refuses to take medication or makes other choice that
would be dangerous ,try to negotiate possible solutions ,offer
pills with a favorite snack ,( if the prescription allows )
 Agree to give bath only as often as necessary ,arrange for
someone to take walks with him if he is unsafe by himself

142.  Treat him with dignity
 Listen to his concern.
 Ask for his opinions and let him know they are important to
you.
 Involve him in as many decisions as possible.
 Include him in the conversation ,speak to him as an adult ,if
you are not sure how much he understands.
 Standards of behaviour
When it comes to courtesy and respect ,most standards of
behaviour are basics ,but they are easily overlooked if you are
not intentionally about using them with every patient ,ever
time.
 Use effective communication with patient.
 Reaserch shows that our non verbal cues and tone of voice
communicate makes much more comfortable to our patient.
 Always introducing yourself and explaining your role.

143.  Respect for patient ,values ,preferences ,or
expressed needs = being respectful of the patients
religious or faith traditions and ensure that
interpreter and cultural ,religious or faith supports
are available.
 Showing awareness of the patient views ,beliefs
,culture and language.
 Physical support = respect the body alignment
,assisting patient with activities and daily living
needs.
 Physical comfort and support is important to ensure
that patient experience is as positive.

144.  Recognizing the family = Involves the family ,or
keep informed regarding the medical condition of
the patient.
 Educate and emotional support provided to family
member.

148. Demostrationofconcernforthe
healthandsafetyforyourselfand
clients.

149. Clientssafety
▪ Patient safety is the backbone of health care.
▪ Health care team consists of patient and their family and
care giver as well as health care provider .
▪ Everyone play a important role in keeping the patient safe.
▪ Understanding clients teatment and condition at all stages
will help to maximize their rehablitation outcomes and
minimize their risk of health and safety .
Tell = the health care provider to have a full understanding of
their current and past medical history in order to provide the
best and safest care .
Be sure = to tell the therapist or case manager if
1 .the client has an ongoing health condition
2 any changes in their health or he has been given a new
diagnosis.
3.The client has been in the hospital recently and ir had
surgery
4 .the patient is taking any medications ( including what those
medication are.

150. ▪ Ask = knowledge is power
▪ The client know and understand about their condition and treatment
,these will help to make decision and participate in their care ,if the
client does not understand the information at first ,ask again.
▪ 1 .ask the doctor ,if the patient does not understand or unclear on
your diagnosis.
▪ 2 .ask any health care practioner if ,the client need more information
about their information.
▪ 3 .ask the doctor or pharmacist ,if the patient has question about
their medication ,how to take them what they are for ,and any side
effect that may occur.
▪ Ask what a test or treatment involves ,what it purpose is ,and whether
there are any other option .
▪ Do ,
▪ Keep track of information= write down question before appointment
and write down information and instruction given by health care
provider.

151. Protectyourself
▪ Wash your hands( this is one of the simplest yet most effective
strategies for keeping you healthy.
▪ Proper hand washing helps you stay healthy by decreasing the
risk of illness and infection.
▪ Wash hand before and after each thearpy appointment or
procedure.
▪ Wear surgical gloves ,mask ,or follow hand washing steps
during surgery and any major or minor procedure.

152. Vigilanceand
casestobe
reported
immediately
▪ The nurse play a important role in patient health care ,if any alteration and health problem arise in patient health in
cardiovasculardisease immediately notify to nurse .such as
▪ 1 .shortness of breath
▪ 2 .sudden chest pain
▪ 3 .pulse pattern = the pulse rate is likely to be high ,as a compensatory mechanism ,low carduac output ,patient
present with arrythmia ,indicated uncoordinated cardiac output by poorperforming heart .
▪ 4.blood pressure = is likely to be subnormal,while the systolic pressure is designated to be lower than normal,the
diastolic pressure may be disproportionately elevation
▪ 5 .aturation ,= the patient saturation may be lower than normal,for e.g. less then 90 %
▪ 6 .Body temprature = as a result of low oxygen in the body ,the patient metabolism is lowered ,hence the pt body
temp .is likely to be subnormal.