Retrieval and management of Web data is now a complex problem, due to huge amount of information, variety of the information sources, data formats, and developing expectations of users. Crowdsourcing is an online problem solving paradigm that is used to tap the intelligence of the crowd. This research covers the idea that the medical paradigm is leaving the traditional doctor-patient relationship and adopting the patient-patient relationship. Physician centered model is evolving towards a new de-centralized model where patients are given more responsibility for their health.

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Qurat-ul-Ain
Abstract—Retrieval and management of Web data is now a
complex problem, due to huge amount of information, variety
of the information sources, data formats, and developing
expectations of users. Crowdsourcing is an online problem
solving paradigm that is used to tap the intelligence of the
crowd. This research covers the idea that the medical
paradigm is leaving the traditional doctor-patient relationship
and adopting the patient-patient relationship. Physician
centered model is evolving towards a new de-centralized model
where patients are given more responsibility for their health.
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the latest survey1
more than 7 billion people
use internet in the world. And mostly they accept and
encourage changes and new trends in web. Around ten years
ago, most of the websites were static i.e. The contents are
provided only by the web authors and developers. Directly
contact with them through email or phone is possible,
people had no way to propose or make any changes to the
site. Static sites feel and act like a printed brochure viewable
through computer screens. After the introduction of Web 2.0
concept, the way people write websites changed a lot.
Websites became dynamic, and people could add content to
the site easily. One successful realization of Web 2.0 is the
introduction of blogging service for people who don't know
how to write websites, but want to make something
viewable to others on the internet.
After a while, the idea of crowdsourcing website emerged.
In an article for Wired magazine in 2006, Jeff Howe defined
“crowdsourcing” as “an idea of outsourcing a task that is
traditionally performed by an employee to a large group of
people in the form of an open call” [9].
1
https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/global-internet-
user-survey-2012
The difference between a blog and a crowdsourcing
website is that the blog is mainly for users to post diary-like
passages to share around on internet, where as
crowdsourcing websites are developed to collect
information and data from different users to form the
collection of contents for the whole website. Crowdsource
applications and techniques are now being applied to many
websites content and developers of sites tend to focus on
dynamicity of their sites. Trend of web 2.0 is at its peak and
it attracts users throughout the world. The concept of web
2.0 is put forward in the recent years and it evolved to the
current sophisticated and interactive websites in medical
field.
According to the World Bank2
, in 2010 regarding 2 billion
people were net users that represented nearly 30.2% of the
world population. One area where the internet is being more
widely used by this crowd of users is Medicine. A global
study conducted by the Thomson Reuters agency showed
that, on average, 53% of the searches done by U.S. citizen’s
aim at obtaining health-related data [1]. In another survey,
conducted in 2010 by the pew internet project, a part of the
bench research center, it had been found that eightieth of
American adult internet users perform searches for health-
related information [2]. With the appearance of Web 2.0,
new terms arose like Medicine 2.0, Personal Health Record
(PHR 2.0), Health 2.0, Social Health, and e-Health that get
to study this new type of interaction that goes on the far side
the normal doctor-patient relationship.
The term crowdware takes inspiration from groupware,
which suggests principles and ideas on communication and
collaboration inside a shared context that facilitate a group
to accomplish a joint task. Crowdware systems introduce
new awareness contexts wherever the crowds will
communicate, collaborate and act during a style of on-line
activities and tasks.
2
http://data.worldbank.org
Crowdsource Application
A Pragmatic Approach for Participation in Healthcare Sector Using Web 3.0
Qurat-ul-Ain
Fatima Jinnah Women University, the Mall
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
ainne45@yahoo.com
Ayesha Saeed
Fatima Jinnah Women University, the Mall
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
ayeshasaeed360@yahoo.com
Dr. Sadaf Abdul Rauf
Fatima Jinnah Women University, the Mall
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
sadaf.abdulrauf@fjwu.edu.pk
Amna Naveed
Fatima Jinnah Women University, the Mall
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Amnanaveed92@yahoo.com
Qurat-ul-Ain
Fatima Jinnah Women University, the Mall
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
quratulain@fjwu.edu.pk

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[4] Explains that crowdware may be described as a
category of systems to supporting virtual and real crowds,
inheriting most parts of software, along with the web 2.0
and Cloud Computing, to produce advanced services at any
place time, connecting individuals in heterogeneous
domains.
In [5] it is described that blogs, wikis, social network
services, Web-based crowd collaboration systems, and
‘smart artifacts’ (non-traditional computer-based devices
that enable mobile work, i.e., tablets, smart phones,
pervasive, and wearable health watching systems) square
measure all styles of crowdware.
We present in this paper the development of a crowdsource
application focusing the health care domain. The basic idea
behind developing such kind of application is that patient
should be given more responsibility for their health. If a
single opinion matters then what about hundred thousand
opinions. Information technology has been incorporated in
many of the fields but in health sector, advancement still has
to make so basic idea behind the application development
was to make some advancements in health sector.
[3] Discuss that due to the development of this
crowdsource application the distance between two people
who search for the same query or an answer to their health-
related problems is reduced and new type of patient- patient
interaction came up.
The Rest of the paper is as follows: Section 2 covers the
review of different crowdsource applications and techniques
that are surveyed. Section 3 explains the overview of
proposed application. Methodology is covered in section 4.
Implementation of the application is discussed in detail in
section 5 and Section 6 concludes the paper.
II. RELATED WORKS
In this section we give an overview of the applications, the
theories related to crowdsourcing and the related work in
the medical paradigm till the present date.
A. Physician Centered Models:
This is the foremost traditional model, primarily based on a
closed and hierarchal health care system discussed in [3]. In
this physician-centered model, the health professional stores
the patient’s health information. Health professionals
usually use completely different approaches to manage their
patients’ medical records, using data Technology resources.
As the web evolved from web 1.0 to Web 2.0, the styles of
interaction between doctors and patients and the ways in
which patients reach health info also evolved. In this new
context, we are able to say that there are 2 main ways for
patients to reach information:
The most common sort of access to health information is
though the intermediation of acknowledged experts. This
way, the patient needs the health professional to get the
information they want. The professional provides the
‘relevant’ data to the patient, and it serve as a broker
between the patient and the knowledge.
In [3], a term disintermediation is conferred. The delegates
are expelled from the inventory network. Illustrations are
patients looking for data on the internet. The issue with this
methodology is that the patient can lose all sense of
direction in the information wilderness and may get
misguided.
A. Patient Centered Models
The recent years have seen an outstanding expansion in the
advancement and reception of (Personal Health Records)
PHR. The authors characterize PHR as an electronic
application where people can get to and oversee data on
their wellbeing in a private, secure and secret environment
[7]. Prescription 1.0 is a patient-focused model.
In this model, [3] discuss that; the patient concentrates the
data about one's own health: they are created and kept by
patients who grant access for their utilization to
establishments, clinicians, analysts, and different clients of
that information.
The term Medicine 2.0 was explained in [3], authored by
Dr. Gunther Eysenbach to mean all therapeutic practices
that utilize the Web 2.0 engineering. Some different terms
are additionally utilized for the same reason, for example,
Health 2.0, E-Health, and PHR 2.0.
There are three main user groups in Medicine 2.0 talked
about in [3] where patients, health experts and researchers
likewise connect in this model.
III. PROPOSED CROWDSOURCE PARADIGM
We propose an approach which exploits the benefits of
crowdsourcing paradigm as well as maintains privacy
concerns when applied to the medical domain. Figure 4
presents an Overview of the development application.
Currently the application is designed for three groups of
people, i.e. patients, doctors and technicians. They all can

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communicate with each other through an online platform
which is the basic idea of our application.
Patients can discuss their problem with doctors, doctors
can interact with technicians if they need any equipment and
want to outsource. Core engine comprises dashboard
programming to make interaction possible between clients
and web 3.0 will be integrated for this purpose. Web 3.0
contains both semantic web and artificial intelligence.
Currently, our application is based on the assumption that
doctors and technicians who attach their certificates and
CVs are authorized and affiliated with some company. User
authorization is a potential future work that we plan to
pursue. The overview of the proposed technique is
described in [Figure 1]
Figure 1: Overview of the Application
IV. METHODOLOGY
The process model used for this research is Iterative model.
The application was designed by following the SE life
cycle, i.e. requirement gathering, requirements analysis,
designing GUI by implementing search technique, and then
evaluation by testing and running the module. Similar cycle
was followed for all the iterations.
We used following two techniques in the development of
application:
 Full Text Search
 Context Awareness
Full-text search3
is well-known search on elements of the
initial texts described in databases such as titles, abstracts,
designated sections, or bibliographic references. In an
exceedingly full-text search, a research engine examines all
of the words in each stored document because it tries to
match search criteria which is text fixed by a user.
Full text search is implemented with the context
awareness4
. Context awareness is added for keeping record
of what each user searches for. Query words get stored that
a user searches. A new user would have no search words. So
default information will be displayed on his home page.
Otherwise stored query words of a user are used to display
information e.g. it could be displaying relevant information
on home page based on previous search by a registered user.
If a user never had searches anything in past then default
information gets displayed.
V. IMPLEMENTATION
With the application at hand, interface is as important as
the core engine. Thus so in implementing the application,
Graphical User Interface has been given more importance
because the better the interactive and pleasing interface will
be, the more users will be attracted.
The Application is totally OS independent as it is a web
application. User just has to browse. Browsers which are
being supported by application are Internet Explorer 8,
Firefox and Google chrome.
The framework covers the following phases:
 User have to Login first. If user is a new one then first
have to do signup.
 During Signup user has to choose a category whether
he is doctor, patient or technician.
 User have to check “Terns and condition” for
completion of signup procedure.
 After Signing up, on the base of category being chosen,
user is directed to his respective profile creation page.
User can add his personal and basic informtaion.
 When Profile creation process is completed then home
page of the user gets displyed.
 In Groups, three groups have been identified. Patients’,
Doctors’ and Techinicains’ group.
3
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/fulltext-query-
expansion.html
4
http://research.microsoft.com/en-
us/projects/contextawaresearch/

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 Patients can discuss their problems with other patients
and with doctors as well. Doctor can suggest any
prescription to patient.
 Basic bio data like age, gender and medical history of
patient is only visible to a specific doctor added by
user. so that doctor can suggest prescription to patient
on reviewing his biodata.
 Doctors can discuss new practices and solutions with
other doctors in Doctors’ group.
 If Doctor need any kind of quipment for their hospital
then they asks for (Request for Proposal) RFP in
technicians’ group and technicians upload proposals.
After reviewing proposals, contarct signup is made
between doctors and any technician of doctors’ choice.
 Patients can add his medical record in detail as well so
that it doctor can review that before suggesting any
prescription.
 No patient can view personal information of any
patient.
 User can made wall post on other user’s wall if they
want to discuss something personally. Those wall post
are not visible to any other user.
 In the recent Searches, all the searches done by the user
gets displyed. Context Awareness is applied over here.
 User can search any medicine, post and prescription
and can browse other members as well.
A. Privacy
Privacy of the personal information of user is one of the
important features of application. Though crowdsource
paradigm, by definition is a environment for global
information sharing, but when applied to our problem at
hand, it needs to be ensured that patient privacy is ensured.
If the user is patient then during profile creation, he can add
his disease, symptoms and medical history if he wants to.
The medical information added by user is not displayed to
any other user unless that user adds the “name” of particular
user to whom he wants to share Information. If a doctor
browses a Patient to see his medical history and open his
profile then no information get displayed to doctor [Figure
2] because patient has not added his name to share personal
information.
Figure 2: Privacy on Medical History
Doctor can post on patients’ wall and on patient’s choice;
he will enter that specific doctor name to share his/her
information with. Then the information will be displayed to
that specific doctor [Figure 3].
Figure 3: Detail Shared with a Specific Doctor
[Figure 4] explains that the medical records are only shared
with doctors

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Figure 4: Medical Records
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Only few crowdsource applications are developed till now
and health care sector is a major category in which
advancement must be made so many techniques and
methods have been proposed by the researchers which are
followed to implement a crowdsource application for health
sector. In the application, patients are given more
responsibility for their health and outsourcing in crowd is
made possible. This application can be a big advancement in
medical paradigm and can improve health issues throughout
the globe.
It is assumed that doctors and technicians are authorized
user and their attached certificates are verified but no
authorization procedures are applied. Authorization of users
can be applied to application in future.
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