AS PER GTU SYLLABUS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (5TH SEM)

1. PREPARED BY:-
Karm Balar
ASST. Prof.
S.S.A.S.I.T.
S.S.A.S.I.T G.T.U
SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
Quality and Quantity of Water
Environmental ENGG.

2. Content…
 Sources of water,
 Assessment of domestic and industrial
requirement
 Impurities in water
 Indian standards for drinking water
 Water borne diseases and their control.
2

3. Introduction
 Sources of water that are useful to humans.
 Uses of water include agricultural, industrial,
household, recreational and environmental
activities.
 Virtually all of these human uses require fresh
water.
3

4. Fresh water is renewable
resources like soil and air.
The worlds is supplied by
clean and fresh water and it is
decreasing. Water is one of our
most critical resources, but
around the world it is under
threat.
Water demand already
exceeds supply in many
parts of the world and as
the world population
continues to rise
4

5. The world’s water resources
Glaciers,
Snow
2%
Ground
water
0.75%
Lakes &
rivers
0.25%
Oceans
97%
5

6. selection of the Source of water
 Location: nearer to the town or city.
 Elevation of intake point: RL of intake point should be
higher than the supply zone so water can flow by gravity.
 Quantity of water: At such place from which water can
available throughout year and meet water demands.
 Quality of water: tis most essential required for meet the
demands . So quality of water will be good.
6

7. SOURCES OF
WATER
7

8. Surface
water
Ponds
Lakes
Streams
Rivers
Storage
reservoir
Stored rain
water
Ground
water
Springs
infiltration
galleries
Infiltration well
8

9.  Ponds:
“Natural small sized depression formed within the surface of
the earth, when gets filled up with water, is known as pond.”
9

10.  Lakes :
“Natural large sized depression formed within the
surface of the earth, when gets filled up with water, is known
as Lake”
10

11.  Streams :
 In hilly regions, generally small amount of water runs off towards
the earth. This small run-offs are known as streams.
 These streams feed their waters to lakes, rivers.
 Quantity of water available in them is very small and sometimes they
may even sometimes go dry.
11

12.  Rivers :
“when number of streams combine together, a river is formed. Rivers
are the most important sources of water for public water supply
schemes.”
12

13. ‘Perennial and non-perennial’
Perennial Non-perennial
• water is available throughout the
year.
• water is not available at all time.
• Fed by rains during rainy seasons and
by snow during summer seasons.
• Fed by rains during rainy seasons
only.
• It is a source of public supplies
directly.
• The construction of a dam is
generally adopted and water is used for
irrigation and hydropower etc.
Rivers: 13

14.  Storage reservoir:
“These are formed by constructing hydraulic structures like dams across
river. That stored water is generally used for irrigation and hydropower.”
14

15.  Stored rain water:
“At some places, on the terrace of
the buildings water is stored during
rainy season in a big tank &
thereafter whenever requirement is
there that stored water is used.”
15

16.  Springs:
“The natural outflow of groundwater at the
earth’s surface is said to from a spring. A pervious layers
sandwiched between two impervious layers, give rise to a
natural spring. It supplies very small amount of water.”
16

17. ARTESIAN SPRING
17

18. 18

19. 19
GRAVITY SPRING

20. 20
SURFACE SPRING

21.  Infiltration galleries:
“ Infiltration galleries are horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnels
constructed at shallow depth (3 to 5 m) along the banks of the
river through the water bearing strata.”
 These galleries are generally constructed of masonry walls with roof
slabs and derive their water from the aquifer by various Porous drain
pipes.
 These pipes are generally covered with gravel so as to present the
entry of the fine sand particles into the pipe. These tunnel is taken to a
sump well, from where it is pumped, treated and distributed to the
consumers.
21

22. 22

23. “A water well is a hole usually vertical,
excavated in the earth for bringing grounding water to the
surface.”
1.Dug well or open well:-
• Open well having bigger diameters, and are suitable for low
discharge of 1 – 5 lit/second.
Wells 23

24. Diameter - 2-9 m
Depth < 20 m
24

25. 2.Tube well:-
• It is bored or drilled deep into
the ground, intercepting one or
more water bearing stratum.
• Larger discharge, higher
velocity.
• It is long pipes or tube.
25

26. OPEN WELL
1. Dia 2 - 9 m
2. Depth <20 m
3. Walls of well are made
of pervious/ impervious
materials like brick or
stone
4. Discharge is less
5. C/S area of flow is large
TUBE WELL
1. Dia 80-600 mm
2. Depth 20-600 m
3. Steel pipe with
perforations & strainer
is used as tube well
4. Discharge is more
5. C/S area of flow is less
26

27. 3.Artesian well:-
When a well is constructed in a pervious layer which is bound
between two impervious layer, the water comes on the surface
with some pressure at which it is stored in a layer.
27

28. 4.French well or Radial well:-
 It is a special type of well in which
surface water is collected from the
river bed.
 A natural or radial perforated pipes
are laid with slope towards the
center below the bed level of the
river.
 A well will collect the water at the
center and then it is pumped out
with the help of the pump.
28

29. 29

30. 30

31.  Domestic water demand
 Industrial demand
 Institution and commercial demand
 Demand for public use
 Fire demand
 Loses and wastes
WATER DEMANDS
Water demand required different for different category.
Following classes are involve in this….
31

32. Domestic water demand
 water required in the houses for drinking, bathing, cooking,
washing etc.
 mainly depends upon the habits, social status, climatic
conditions and customs of the people.
 As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal conditions, the
domestic consumption of water in India is about 135
litres/day/capita.
32

33. The details of the domestic consumption, houses and small colony and
town/cities are
a) Drinking ------ 5 litres
b) Cooking ------ 5 litres
c) Bathing ------ 55 litres
d) Clothes washing ------20 litres
e) Utensils washing ------10 litres
f) House washing ------ 10 litres
--------------------------
135 litres/day/capita
33

34. 34

35. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND
 The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type
of industries, which are existing in the city.
 The water required by factories, paper mills, Cloth mills, Cotton
mills, Sugar refineries etc. comes under industrial use.
 The quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is around 20 to
25% of the total demand of the city.
 Average 20 lpcd is usually consider enough to meet industrial
demands and increase as 50 lpcd for highly commercialized
cities or industries.
35

36. DEMAND FOR PUBLIC
USE
 Quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as for
washing and sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of
public parks, gardens, public fountains etc. comes under public
demand.
 To meet the water demand for public use, provision of 5% of the
total consumption is made designing the water works for a city.
36

37. The requirements of water for public utility shall be taken as…
Purpose Water consumption
Public parks 1.4 lit/Sq.mt/day
Road watering 1 – 1.5 lit./Sq.mt/day
Sewer cleaning 4.5 lit./head/day
37

38. Water Consumption for Various Purposes
Sr no.
Types of
Consumption
Range (lcpd) Average %
1
Domestic
Consumption
65-300 160 35
2
Industrial and
Commercial
Demand
45-450 135 30
3
Public Uses
including Fire
Demand
20-90 45 10
4
Losses and
Waste
45-150 62 25
38

39. Factors affecting rate of demand
1) Size and type of community
2) Standard of living
3) Climatic conditions
4) Quality of water
5) Pressure in the supply
6) Development of sewage facility
7) Metering of water
8) Cost of water
9) Industrial and commercial activities
10) System of water supply
39

40. 40

41. 41

42. 42

43. 43

44. Variation in rate of demand
Several types of variations:-
 Seasonal variation
 Daily variations
 Hourly variations
44

45. Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
 Average Daily Per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)
 Maximum daily consumption : taken as 180% of the
average
= 1.8 x average daily demand
45

46.  Maximum hourly consumption
i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x ( Maximum daily demand/24 )
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x ( average daily demand/24 )
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand
46

47. Per capita demand
 If ‘Q’ is the total quantity of water required by various
purposes by a town per year and ‘p’ is population of town,
then per capita demand will be
Q
 Per capita demand = ------------------ litres/day
P x 365
47

48.  Per capita demand of the town depends on various factors like
standard of living, no. and type of commercial places in a town etc.
 For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various uses
is as under-
Domestic purpose -------- 135 litres/c/d
Industrial use -------- 40 litres/c/d
Public use -------- 25 litres/c/d
Fire Demand -------- 15 litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts -------- 55 litres/c/d
--------------------------
Total : 270 litres/capita/day
48

49. Population Forecasting Methods
 The various methods adopted for estimating future
populations .
 The particular method to be adopted for a particular case
or for a particular city depends largely on the factors
discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the
discretion and intelligence of the designer.
49

50.  Arithmetic Increase Method
 Geometric Increase Method
 Incremental Increase Method
 Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
 Simple Graphical Method
 Comparative Graphical Method
 The master plan method
50

51. ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD
 This method is based on the assumption that the
population is increasing at a constant rate.
 The rate of change of population with time is constant.
The population after ‘n’ decades can be determined by the
formula
Pn = P + n.I
where
 P → population at present
 n → No. of decades
 I → average of increment for a decades
51

52. Geometric Increase Method
 This method is based on the assumption that the percentage
increase in population from decade to decade remains
constant.
 In this method the average percentage of growth of last few
decades is determined.
 The population at the end of ‘n’ decades is calculated by
P1 = population after 1 decade…
= P₀ +
𝑟
100
P₀
= P0 1 +
𝑟
100
 P0 → population at the end of known year.
 r → average percentage of growth of ‘n’ decades
52

53.  The water contain pathogenic bacteria is called as
Contaminated water.
 Polluted water is one which consists of undesirable
substances which is unfit for use.
 Potable water- water which is fit or suitable for drinking
purpose or which is not injuries to human health is called
as potable water
Basic terms in water
53

54. Potable water properties
 Colorless
 Odorless
 Good taste
 Not contain harmful microbes
54

55. Classification of
impurities
The impurities in water may be classified in to organic and
inorganics impurities which may be present in the form of
suspended, colloidal, & dissolved states.
 Suspended impurities include clay, silts, algae, bacteria etc.
 Dissolved impurities include calcium, magnesium, sodium
etc.
 Colloidal are the particle which is in divided state. These
are midway between particle in suspension & dissolved.
55

56. Mainly classified as -
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological impurities
56

57. Physical quality parameters
 Temperature
 Color
 Taste and odor
 Turbidity
 Conductivity
57

58.  Temperature- around 10˚c desirable, above 25˚c
objectionable.
 Color- pure water colorless, color mainly due to suspended
matter (apparent color), due to dissolved solids (true color)
 Color measured in with instrument named tintometer.
58

59. Taste and odor
 pure water odor and taste less.
 Taste and odor due to dissolved gases.
 Odor measured by threshold odor number (TON).
TON = (A+B)/ A
A= Volume of sample in ml
B= Volume of distilled water
 For public supply TON below 3.
 Osmoscope used for odor test.
59

60. Turbidity
 Caused by colloidal material such as clay, silt, rock
fragments and microbes.
 Instrument is Turbidity meter.
 Unit is Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)
 5 to 10 NTU is desirable.
60

61.  Turbidity is expressed by the amount of suspended matter
in parts per million (ppm) by weight in water.
 1 ppm = 1 mg/litre.
 For measuring turbidity NTU & JTU is measured.
 JTU cannot use for turbidity less than 25 JTU.
 For this baylis turbidity meter is used. It will measure
lower than 5 ppm also accurately.
 Nepho meter have a very wide range from 0 to 2000 ppm.
61

62. Conductivity
Its gives idea about dissolved solids in water
 More solids more conductivity
 Measured by conductivity meter.
 Avg. value of conductivity of potable water less than 2
mho/cm.
62

63. Chemical quality parameters
 Total solids
 Chlorides
 Hardness
 pH
 Alkalinity
 Acidity
 Nitrogen and its compounds
 Metals and other chemical substances
 Dissolved gases
63

64. Total solids
 suspended as well as dissolved solids.
 Permissible limit 500 ppm and 1000 ppm in case of
industrial uses.
 Water is filtrated through fine filter paper, material
retained
on filter is dried and weighed.
 Indirectly measured by
conductivity meter.
64

65. Chlorides
 mainly present in form of sodium, magnesium, calcium.
 Due to leaching of marine sedimentary deposits, pollution
from sea water, industrial and domestic water.
 250 mg/L permissible limit.
 High quantity of chloride indicate pollution of water due to
sewerage and industrial waste.
 Determining by titration with standard silver nitrate solution
using potassium chromate as indicator.
65

66. Hardness
caused by bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, and
nitrates of calcium and magnesium.
 Prevents the formation of soap formation.
 Two types-
1) temporary or carbonate hardness
2) Permanent or non carbonate hardness.
 Temporary due to carbonates and bicarbonates of Ca and
Mg.
 Permanent due to presence of sulphates, chlorides and
nitrates of Ca and Mg.
66

67.  75 ppm consider as soft, 200 ppm are considered as hard.
 Determined by versanate method using EDTA (Di Ethylene
Diamine tetraacitic acid)solution for titration.
67

68. pH
 reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration.
 Indicator of acidity and alkalinity of water.
 Acidic water 0-7, alkaline water 7-14.
 Neutral water 7.
 Measured in pH meter.
 Permissible limit 6.5 to 7.5.
 Acidic water causes corrosion,
 alkaline causes sedimentation deposits.
68

69. Biological quality parameters
 Thousands of biological species found on water sources.
 Phytoplankton, diatom, dynoflagellate,
 Zooplankton
 Water plant
 Water Insect
 Protozoa
 Bacteria (e.g. nitrifying bacteria)
 Fungi
69

70. Indian standards for drinking
water ( IS-10500:1991 )
70

71. S.
No.
Substance or Characteristic
Requirement
(Desirable Limit)
Permissible Limit
Essential characteristics
1 Colour, (Hazen units), Max 5 25
2 Odour Unobjectionable --
3 Taste Agreeable --
4 Turbidity (NTU), Max 5 10
5 pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 No Relaxation
6
Total Hardness (as CaCo3)
mg/L, Max
300 600
7 Iron (as Fe) mg/L, Max 0.3 1.0
8
Chlorides (as Cl) mg/L, Max.
250 1000
9
Residual, free chlorine, mg/L,
Min
0.2 --
10 Fluoride (as F) mg/L, Max 1.0
1.5
71

72. S. No. Substance or Characteristic
Requirement
(Desirable Limit)
Permissible Limit
Desirable characteristics
11 Dissolved solids mg/L, Max 500
2000
12 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L, Max 75 200
13
Magnesium (as mg) mg/L,
Max
30 100
14 Copper (as Cu) mg/L, Max 0.05
1.5
15
Manganese (as Mn)mg/L,
Max
0.10
0.3
16 Sulfate (as SO4) mg/L, Max 200 400
17 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L, Max 45 No Relaxation
18
Phenolic Compounds (as
C6H5OH) mg/L, Max 0.001 0.002
72

73. General Guidelines for water bond diseases
 Properly treatment of water before drinking.
 Water should be properly disinfected.
 Chlorine commonly used for disinfection.
 Some household methods used for control of water borne disease like
boiling of water, reverse osmosis, uses of chlorine tablets.
 Proper disposal and treatment of domestic and medical waste helps in
controlling the disease.
 Water line should be frequently tested, checked and inspected, so to
detect any leakage, or possible source of contamination.
73

74.  Designing water distribution system , attempt should be
made to keep sewer lines and water lines as far as possible.
 Habit of cleanness must be followed among the people.
Sufficient number of public urinals and latrines should be
constructed.
 All water borne disease are infectious, the person attending
the such patients should wash his hands with soap and water
every time.
 The fly nuisance in the city should be checked and reduced
minimum by general cleanliness and using insecticides.
74

75. 75