SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  6
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
I. SLASH AND BURN

1. Concepts

Slash and Burn agriculture is considered to be one of the oldest land use sytem (Spencer 1966). It is a
method of agriculture primarily used by tribal communities for subsistence farming for about 12,000
years ago, the time when humans stopped hunting and gathering, and started growing crops. More
recently McGrath (1987) defined shifting cultivation as “a natural resource management strategy in
which the land is in rotation to exploit the energy and nutrients of the soil-plant complex in swidden
field”. Over centuries, traditional farmers developed slash and burn agriculture systems as a solution
to poverty, soil depletion problems, and managing pests. Although the practice has long disappeared
in temperate regions, it is still common in tropical and subtropical areas and is said to be practiced by
between 200 and 500 million people, or up to 7% of the world’s population, involving up to 30% of
the global exploitable soils (Warner 1991) and nearly one-half of the land area of the tropics. In
Vietnam, ……… Slash and burn agriculture is found common in places where there are dense
vegetation such as Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia, typically within grasslands
and rainforests.

The practice of slash and burn agriculture is done throughout a process starting with clearing plots of
land from the forest, and leaving the cut vegetation to dry out, then burning, and finally planting crops
in the ashes. These plots of forestland are used for a few years and then are gradually abandoned to
natural vegetation for fallow periods (periods between plantings) of up to twenty or more years. In
some areas where there is too much rain or insufficient vegetation for a good burning, the slashed
vegetation is left to decompose on its own and cultivated after a long fallow.

2. Slash and Burn Agriculture cycle

Generally, the following steps are taken in slash and burn agriculture:

    1. Select sites with potentials for farming
2. Prepare the field by cutting down vegetation; plants that provide food or timber may be left
          standing.

   3. The cut vegetation is allowed to dry until just before the rainy season of the year to ensure an

          effective burning

   4. The plot of land is burned to remove vegetation, drive away pests, and provide nutrients for

          planting.

   5. Planting is done directly in the ashes left after the burn.

3. Types of Slash and Burn Agriculture

   Studies have classified shifting cultivation into 3 different types:

              Rotational shifting cultivation: this type of cultivation is managed on permanent basis
   (i)

              around the established villages in which the local farmers rotate their fields. After about
              1- 2 years farming in the first plot, to avoid intensive use of land leading to severe soil
              fertility depletion and increasing weed infestation, farmers decide to farm the second field
              in rotation, leaving the first field to lie fallow and naturally regenerate. …?

              The pioneer shifting system: It involves non-permanent villages that move into the
   (ii)

              primary forest for longer periods of intensive cultivation, perhaps 10-15 years. When the
              soil fertility is severely depleted, the fields are ready for abandon for natural regeneration.
              Farmers then move to a new location in another area with primary forest.

   Both types of shifting cultivation require a lot of land since farmers have to move their crops to
   new fields every years. When more farmers try to farm the land to feed the growing population,
   they cannot maintain the system of crop rotation. They are forced to clear more and more forest
   for their crops. For instance, in many parts of the Amazon, the population of an area has grown so
   much that slash and burn is very destructive to the rain forest. In this sense, many critics claim
   that slash and burn agriculture contributes to a number of reoccurring problems specific to the
   environment. Deforestation or loss of forest cover is inevitable when fields are not given
sufficient time for vegetation to regenerate. When fields are slashed, burned and cultivated next to
   each other in rapid succession, roots and temporary water storage are lost and unable to prevent
   nutrients loss or desertification. Moreover, because shifting agriculture is often practices in
   tropical regions where biodiversity is extremely high, it could result in biodiversity loss or
   extinction of the certain species plants and animal. Animal species may be harmed or even
   destroyed as their habitats are ruined by the fires of slash-and-burn. The burning of forest plots
   may trap and isolate animals. Also, the continuous fires produce a large amount of smoke and ash
   which travels through the air and water to be deposited on plants and in soil. One widely held
   notion is that this method, by its very nature, is damaging to the environment. Prevailing
   contemporary theories, however, appear to be that this technique is perfectly sustainable and is, in
   fact, environmentally sensitive as long as population pressure on resources is limited--in other
   words, there is no drastic reduction in the land available or a sudden increase in the population
   utilising a given area. These negative aspects are interconnected, and when one happens, typically
   another happens too. ……to be restricted..

However, there are advocates who argue that when slash and burn agriculture is practiced properly, it
   can provide communities with a source of food and income. Shifting practice allows people to
   farm in places where it is usually not possible because of dense vegetation, soil infertility, low
   soil nutrient content, uncontrollable pests, etc. This system give low productivity per unit area,
   but give high returns to labor, with low energy requirements.Swidden cultivation was seen to be
   working with nature, “altering selected components without fundamentally modifying its overall
   structure” (Harris 1969:4-8).




……………….
this system of agriculture is so low-yielding that the highlanders who practise it are all starving or
at least suffering from severe malnutrition.




Contrary to popular perceptions, the highlanders' way of life offers substantial food security, as
various vegetables and fruits are cultivated on hill rice plots and other dietary supplements can be
obtained from the forest by gathering leaves, plants, wild fruits, hunting and fishing. At times
when rice stocks fall low, villagers eat cultivated tubers and corn or wild tubers from the forest,
and in times of severe need there are other traditional methods of security to draw on. according
to an increasing number of ecologists, this view is profoundly misguided. A growing body of
evidence suggests that rotational shifting cultivation can be both a productive and an
environmentally sustainable way of using land in lightly populated areas. Olivier Dubois of the
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), a research group based in
London, says that this type of agriculture could be the most efficient way to use land in places
where land is plentiful but labour and capital scarce. He points to studies in Kalimantan that
demonstrate that dry rice cultivation by shifting cultivators provides far higher returns on labour-
up to 276 per cent-than the wet rice cultivation promoted by Indonesian officials. Elsewhere,
shifting cultivation, when it uses long fallow periods, can help to retain high levels of
biodiversity.

In many parts of the world land scarcity, logging, new markets and aggressive government
policies have forced shifting cultivators to shorten the period of fallow, thus turning a sustainable
form of land use into an unsustainable one. Do Dinh Sam of the Forest Science Institute in
Hanoi estimates that the number of shifting cultivators in Vietnam has fallen to around 1
million. Where the population density is high, fallows have been reduced and food yields have
dropped significantly. Replacing the long fallow of shifting cultivation with permanent
agriculture inevitably entails further losses of biodiversity.
Slash and burn farming is natural…..burning


The cleared plot is used for a relatively short period of time, and then left fallow for a longer
period of time so that the wild vegetation can grow again before the slash and burn process is
repeated. Therefore, this type of agriculture is also known as shifting cultivation, which requires a
lot of land for farmers to move their crops to new fields every few years. In this regard, slash and
burn agriculture is an ecologically harmonious method of cultivation only when the population
density is low and …..Expectations are moderate.
II. Slash and burn agriculture in Vietnam

   At a local level, attitudes to so-called slash-and-burn agriculture do seem to be changing,
   albeit slowly. quot;Policy makers don't wholly blame shifting cultivators for forest loss now,quot;
   reflects Sam in Vietnam. Kanok Rerkasem, a coauthor of the IIED study in Thailand, says
   government officials now realise that shifting cultivation may be the only means some
   farmers have of maintaining production.

   There have been positive signs in Indonesia too. Marcus Colchester of the British-based
   World Rainforest Movement welcomes the fact that the government has blamed plantation
   and logging companies rather than small farmers for this year's smoke crisis. quot;This is a very
   important moment,quot; he suggests. quot;At last the focus is on big business.quot; The irony is that
   virtually everyone now accepts that sustainable forestry is about far more than trees and
   timber production. Biodiversity, local livelihoods and carbon storage are all seen as important
   functions of forests-and these, as ecologists are now realising, are precisely the sorts of
   benefits that agroforestry and rotational shifting cultivation can provide. Charlie Pyo-Smith

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...Paul Zaake
 
Shifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable AgricultureShifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable AgricultureNurIbneShamsTuhin
 
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil Fertility
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil FertilityImpact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil Fertility
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil FertilityNishanth S
 
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology intervention
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology interventionconservation agriculture ; concept and technology intervention
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology interventiondeepakrai26
 
Integrating Trees on Farms: What Options are Available
Integrating Trees on Farms: What Options are AvailableIntegrating Trees on Farms: What Options are Available
Integrating Trees on Farms: What Options are AvailableWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil qualityRole of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil qualityjyoti kalwar
 
The Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable Agriculture
The Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable AgricultureThe Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable Agriculture
The Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable AgricultureCSISA
 
Conservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem services
Conservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem servicesConservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem services
Conservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem servicesAfrican Conservation Tillage Network
 
Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...
Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...
Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...FAO
 
Sorghum and cowpea intercropping
Sorghum and cowpea intercropping  Sorghum and cowpea intercropping
Sorghum and cowpea intercropping Mohit Dhukia
 
Zero tillage
Zero tillageZero tillage
Zero tillagejhoraram
 

Tendances (20)

Master seminar
Master seminarMaster seminar
Master seminar
 
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...
 
Shifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable AgricultureShifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation & Its Alternatives for Sustainable Agriculture
 
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil Fertility
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil FertilityImpact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil Fertility
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil Fertility
 
0738 Is the System of Rice Intensification in Conflict with 'Conventional Wis...
0738 Is the System of Rice Intensification in Conflict with 'Conventional Wis...0738 Is the System of Rice Intensification in Conflict with 'Conventional Wis...
0738 Is the System of Rice Intensification in Conflict with 'Conventional Wis...
 
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology intervention
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology interventionconservation agriculture ; concept and technology intervention
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology intervention
 
Ley farming ppt
Ley farming pptLey farming ppt
Ley farming ppt
 
Cropping Systems
Cropping SystemsCropping Systems
Cropping Systems
 
Integrating Trees on Farms: What Options are Available
Integrating Trees on Farms: What Options are AvailableIntegrating Trees on Farms: What Options are Available
Integrating Trees on Farms: What Options are Available
 
0432 The Effect of Seedling Age, Spacing, Yield Season on Phyllochron, Yield ...
0432 The Effect of Seedling Age, Spacing, Yield Season on Phyllochron, Yield ...0432 The Effect of Seedling Age, Spacing, Yield Season on Phyllochron, Yield ...
0432 The Effect of Seedling Age, Spacing, Yield Season on Phyllochron, Yield ...
 
Improved Soil Health through Climate-smart Rice Cultivation Increases Product...
Improved Soil Health through Climate-smart Rice Cultivation Increases Product...Improved Soil Health through Climate-smart Rice Cultivation Increases Product...
Improved Soil Health through Climate-smart Rice Cultivation Increases Product...
 
Conservation agriculture
Conservation agricultureConservation agriculture
Conservation agriculture
 
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil qualityRole of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
 
The Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable Agriculture
The Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable AgricultureThe Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable Agriculture
The Role of Conservation Agriculture in Sustainable Agriculture
 
Conservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem services
Conservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem servicesConservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem services
Conservation Agriculture, principles, land management and ecosystem services
 
Grassland Management : production and conservation
Grassland Management : production and conservation Grassland Management : production and conservation
Grassland Management : production and conservation
 
Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...
Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...
Conservation Agriculture the base for a sustainable intensification of crop p...
 
Sorghum and cowpea intercropping
Sorghum and cowpea intercropping  Sorghum and cowpea intercropping
Sorghum and cowpea intercropping
 
Zero tillage
Zero tillageZero tillage
Zero tillage
 
Pest management in Conservation Agriculture
Pest management in Conservation AgriculturePest management in Conservation Agriculture
Pest management in Conservation Agriculture
 

Similaire à Slash And Burn

Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
 
Benefits Of No Till Farming
Benefits Of No Till FarmingBenefits Of No Till Farming
Benefits Of No Till FarmingMegan Jones
 
Biodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopment
Biodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopmentBiodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopment
Biodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopmentgohil sanjay bhagvanji
 
Agriculture forestry role by Allah Dad Khan
Agriculture  forestry role by Allah Dad Khan Agriculture  forestry role by Allah Dad Khan
Agriculture forestry role by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
 
The Pros And Cons Of Farming In Agriculture
The Pros And Cons Of Farming In AgricultureThe Pros And Cons Of Farming In Agriculture
The Pros And Cons Of Farming In AgricultureJessica Briggs
 
Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...
Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...
Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...Jessica Finson
 
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREAS
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREASGEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREAS
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
 
Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...
Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...
Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...Rajeev Tiwari
 
Conservation agricultuer
Conservation agricultuerConservation agricultuer
Conservation agricultuerbessan jihad
 
Poyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of View
Poyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of ViewPoyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of View
Poyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of ViewPöyry
 
Agroforestry systems and architecture
Agroforestry systems and architectureAgroforestry systems and architecture
Agroforestry systems and architectureVivek Srivastava
 
Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle
Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient CycleFlow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle
Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient CycleDiana Oliva
 
Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agricultureEnvironmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agricultureVignesh .V
 
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
 

Similaire à Slash And Burn (20)

M1.2
M1.2M1.2
M1.2
 
Slash and burn
Slash and burnSlash and burn
Slash and burn
 
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014
 
Primary sector
Primary sectorPrimary sector
Primary sector
 
Benefits Of No Till Farming
Benefits Of No Till FarmingBenefits Of No Till Farming
Benefits Of No Till Farming
 
Biodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopment
Biodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopmentBiodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopment
Biodivercity, desertification, sustainable devlopment
 
Agriculture forestry role by Allah Dad Khan
Agriculture  forestry role by Allah Dad Khan Agriculture  forestry role by Allah Dad Khan
Agriculture forestry role by Allah Dad Khan
 
The Pros And Cons Of Farming In Agriculture
The Pros And Cons Of Farming In AgricultureThe Pros And Cons Of Farming In Agriculture
The Pros And Cons Of Farming In Agriculture
 
Presentation1
Presentation1Presentation1
Presentation1
 
Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...
Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...
Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...
 
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREAS
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREASGEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREAS
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN TROPICAL AREAS
 
Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...
Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...
Natural resources management in dryland agriculture and importance of water m...
 
Conservation agricultuer
Conservation agricultuerConservation agricultuer
Conservation agricultuer
 
Poyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of View
Poyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of ViewPoyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of View
Poyry - How must plantation forestry change to survive? - Point of View
 
Agroforestry
AgroforestryAgroforestry
Agroforestry
 
Agroforestry systems and architecture
Agroforestry systems and architectureAgroforestry systems and architecture
Agroforestry systems and architecture
 
Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle
Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient CycleFlow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle
Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle
 
Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agricultureEnvironmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture
 
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan
 
Agroforestry
Agroforestry Agroforestry
Agroforestry
 

Dernier

Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.YounusS2
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopBachir Benyammi
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 

Dernier (20)

Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 

Slash And Burn

  • 1. I. SLASH AND BURN 1. Concepts Slash and Burn agriculture is considered to be one of the oldest land use sytem (Spencer 1966). It is a method of agriculture primarily used by tribal communities for subsistence farming for about 12,000 years ago, the time when humans stopped hunting and gathering, and started growing crops. More recently McGrath (1987) defined shifting cultivation as “a natural resource management strategy in which the land is in rotation to exploit the energy and nutrients of the soil-plant complex in swidden field”. Over centuries, traditional farmers developed slash and burn agriculture systems as a solution to poverty, soil depletion problems, and managing pests. Although the practice has long disappeared in temperate regions, it is still common in tropical and subtropical areas and is said to be practiced by between 200 and 500 million people, or up to 7% of the world’s population, involving up to 30% of the global exploitable soils (Warner 1991) and nearly one-half of the land area of the tropics. In Vietnam, ……… Slash and burn agriculture is found common in places where there are dense vegetation such as Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia, typically within grasslands and rainforests. The practice of slash and burn agriculture is done throughout a process starting with clearing plots of land from the forest, and leaving the cut vegetation to dry out, then burning, and finally planting crops in the ashes. These plots of forestland are used for a few years and then are gradually abandoned to natural vegetation for fallow periods (periods between plantings) of up to twenty or more years. In some areas where there is too much rain or insufficient vegetation for a good burning, the slashed vegetation is left to decompose on its own and cultivated after a long fallow. 2. Slash and Burn Agriculture cycle Generally, the following steps are taken in slash and burn agriculture: 1. Select sites with potentials for farming
  • 2. 2. Prepare the field by cutting down vegetation; plants that provide food or timber may be left standing. 3. The cut vegetation is allowed to dry until just before the rainy season of the year to ensure an effective burning 4. The plot of land is burned to remove vegetation, drive away pests, and provide nutrients for planting. 5. Planting is done directly in the ashes left after the burn. 3. Types of Slash and Burn Agriculture Studies have classified shifting cultivation into 3 different types: Rotational shifting cultivation: this type of cultivation is managed on permanent basis (i) around the established villages in which the local farmers rotate their fields. After about 1- 2 years farming in the first plot, to avoid intensive use of land leading to severe soil fertility depletion and increasing weed infestation, farmers decide to farm the second field in rotation, leaving the first field to lie fallow and naturally regenerate. …? The pioneer shifting system: It involves non-permanent villages that move into the (ii) primary forest for longer periods of intensive cultivation, perhaps 10-15 years. When the soil fertility is severely depleted, the fields are ready for abandon for natural regeneration. Farmers then move to a new location in another area with primary forest. Both types of shifting cultivation require a lot of land since farmers have to move their crops to new fields every years. When more farmers try to farm the land to feed the growing population, they cannot maintain the system of crop rotation. They are forced to clear more and more forest for their crops. For instance, in many parts of the Amazon, the population of an area has grown so much that slash and burn is very destructive to the rain forest. In this sense, many critics claim that slash and burn agriculture contributes to a number of reoccurring problems specific to the environment. Deforestation or loss of forest cover is inevitable when fields are not given
  • 3. sufficient time for vegetation to regenerate. When fields are slashed, burned and cultivated next to each other in rapid succession, roots and temporary water storage are lost and unable to prevent nutrients loss or desertification. Moreover, because shifting agriculture is often practices in tropical regions where biodiversity is extremely high, it could result in biodiversity loss or extinction of the certain species plants and animal. Animal species may be harmed or even destroyed as their habitats are ruined by the fires of slash-and-burn. The burning of forest plots may trap and isolate animals. Also, the continuous fires produce a large amount of smoke and ash which travels through the air and water to be deposited on plants and in soil. One widely held notion is that this method, by its very nature, is damaging to the environment. Prevailing contemporary theories, however, appear to be that this technique is perfectly sustainable and is, in fact, environmentally sensitive as long as population pressure on resources is limited--in other words, there is no drastic reduction in the land available or a sudden increase in the population utilising a given area. These negative aspects are interconnected, and when one happens, typically another happens too. ……to be restricted.. However, there are advocates who argue that when slash and burn agriculture is practiced properly, it can provide communities with a source of food and income. Shifting practice allows people to farm in places where it is usually not possible because of dense vegetation, soil infertility, low soil nutrient content, uncontrollable pests, etc. This system give low productivity per unit area, but give high returns to labor, with low energy requirements.Swidden cultivation was seen to be working with nature, “altering selected components without fundamentally modifying its overall structure” (Harris 1969:4-8). ……………….
  • 4. this system of agriculture is so low-yielding that the highlanders who practise it are all starving or at least suffering from severe malnutrition. Contrary to popular perceptions, the highlanders' way of life offers substantial food security, as various vegetables and fruits are cultivated on hill rice plots and other dietary supplements can be obtained from the forest by gathering leaves, plants, wild fruits, hunting and fishing. At times when rice stocks fall low, villagers eat cultivated tubers and corn or wild tubers from the forest, and in times of severe need there are other traditional methods of security to draw on. according to an increasing number of ecologists, this view is profoundly misguided. A growing body of evidence suggests that rotational shifting cultivation can be both a productive and an environmentally sustainable way of using land in lightly populated areas. Olivier Dubois of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), a research group based in London, says that this type of agriculture could be the most efficient way to use land in places where land is plentiful but labour and capital scarce. He points to studies in Kalimantan that demonstrate that dry rice cultivation by shifting cultivators provides far higher returns on labour- up to 276 per cent-than the wet rice cultivation promoted by Indonesian officials. Elsewhere, shifting cultivation, when it uses long fallow periods, can help to retain high levels of biodiversity. In many parts of the world land scarcity, logging, new markets and aggressive government policies have forced shifting cultivators to shorten the period of fallow, thus turning a sustainable form of land use into an unsustainable one. Do Dinh Sam of the Forest Science Institute in Hanoi estimates that the number of shifting cultivators in Vietnam has fallen to around 1 million. Where the population density is high, fallows have been reduced and food yields have dropped significantly. Replacing the long fallow of shifting cultivation with permanent agriculture inevitably entails further losses of biodiversity.
  • 5. Slash and burn farming is natural…..burning The cleared plot is used for a relatively short period of time, and then left fallow for a longer period of time so that the wild vegetation can grow again before the slash and burn process is repeated. Therefore, this type of agriculture is also known as shifting cultivation, which requires a lot of land for farmers to move their crops to new fields every few years. In this regard, slash and burn agriculture is an ecologically harmonious method of cultivation only when the population density is low and …..Expectations are moderate.
  • 6. II. Slash and burn agriculture in Vietnam At a local level, attitudes to so-called slash-and-burn agriculture do seem to be changing, albeit slowly. quot;Policy makers don't wholly blame shifting cultivators for forest loss now,quot; reflects Sam in Vietnam. Kanok Rerkasem, a coauthor of the IIED study in Thailand, says government officials now realise that shifting cultivation may be the only means some farmers have of maintaining production. There have been positive signs in Indonesia too. Marcus Colchester of the British-based World Rainforest Movement welcomes the fact that the government has blamed plantation and logging companies rather than small farmers for this year's smoke crisis. quot;This is a very important moment,quot; he suggests. quot;At last the focus is on big business.quot; The irony is that virtually everyone now accepts that sustainable forestry is about far more than trees and timber production. Biodiversity, local livelihoods and carbon storage are all seen as important functions of forests-and these, as ecologists are now realising, are precisely the sorts of benefits that agroforestry and rotational shifting cultivation can provide. Charlie Pyo-Smith