1. Libro de Gramatica
Valentina Krysiak

2. Lista de Páginas
• Presente
• Ser y Estar
• Verbos Como Gustar
• Nouns-Articles-Adjectives
• Preterito vs. Imperfecto
• Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
• Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses
• Commands
• Object Pronouns
• Possesive Adjectives + Pronouns
• Demonstrative Adjectives+ Pronouns
• Reflexives
• Por y Para
• to become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a se

3. Presente • caer (to fall) yo
caigo
• traer (to bring) yo
-AR -ER -IR traigo
o amos o emos o Imos • caber (to fit) yo
as áis es eís es ís quepo
a an e en E en • hacer (to do,
make) yo hago
• poner (to put,
STEM-CHANGERS STEM-CHANGERS place) yo pongo
• saber (to know
(e-ie) (u-ue) something) yo sé
cerrar yo cierro tú contar yo cuento tú • salir (to leave) yo
cierras él, ella, Ud. cuentas él, ella, Ud. salgo
• valer (to be
Cierra nosotros/as Cuenta nosotros/as worth) yo valgo
cerramos vosotros/as contamos vosotros/as • ver (to see) yo veo
cerráis ellos, ellas, Uds. contáis ellos, ellas, Uds.
cierran cuentan

4. To express condition,
Ser y Estar estar is used. Estar is an
irregular verb.
estar
-temporary conditions/qualities
estoy estás está estam
-locations
os estáis están
-relationships
-health
-physical state of things
-weather
-continuous actions
-results of actions
To address an essential quality,
use ser. Ser is also irregular.
ser
soy eres es-permanentsois son
somos conditions/qualities
-placeof origion/nationality
-profession
-charecteristics
-generalizations
-time/date/season
-location of event

5. Verbos Como Gustar
Gustar- to like
Molestar- to pester Me Nos
Singular = a
Fascinar- to fascinate
Te Os Plural = an
Le Les
Aburrir- to bore
Importar- of importance
Interesar- to interest
Disgustar- to disgust Me encantan mi perro lindo.
Me encantan mis perros lindos.
Encantar- to love
Le ineresa en el animal uno.
Quedar- to remain Le interesan en los animales muchos.

6. NOUNS-ARTICLES-ADEJCTIVES
INDEFINITE ARTICLES: used
for nouns concerning
number and gender and -o -a
-o -a
NOT for a place or -os -as
-or -ora
profession -I -e
-I -ion
UN-UNA-UNOS-UNAS -e -es
-s -d
-les -I
-ma -z
es -les
Add and –s to make most
nouns endings in voweles DEFINITE ARTICLES:
plural used for gender and
numbers and always When following a noun 
Add an –es to nouns ending used with an abstract more LITERAL meaning
in a consonant noun.
El-LA-LOS-LAS If before a nound  more
* Nouns ending in –z should be
changed to –c before adding
–es!
figurative meaning

7. Preterito vs. Imperfecto
>refers to a SINGLE
SPECIFIC event/time in SER Ver Ir
the past! -era -veia -iba
-eras -veias -ibas
-ar -er -ir -era -veia -iba
-eramos -veiamos -ibamos
-e -amos -i -imos
-erais -veias -ibais
-aste -asteis -iste -isteis -eran -veian -iban
-o -aron -io -ieron

8. Preterito vs. Imperfecto
>a continuous action in
the past SER/IR Dar Hacer
-fui -di -hice
-fuiste -diste -hiciste
-ar -er -ir -fue -dio -hizo
-fuimos -dimos -hicimos
-ab -abamo -ia -iamos -fuisteis -disteis -hicisteis
-fueron -dieron -hicieron
-abas -abais -ias -iais
-aba -aba -ia -ian

9. Subjunctive in Noun Clause
Made by dropping the –o from the yo form of the
present indicatives and subjunctive endings
-ar -er/-r
T- tenga W- wishing/wanting
-e -emos -a -amos V- venga E- emotions
-es -as D- dé/diga D- doubt
-e -en -a -an
I- vaya D- disbeleif
IRREGULARS: S- sea I- impersonal experssions
Dar (dé)
Estar (esté) H- haga/haya N- negative
Ir (vaya)
Saber (sepa) E- esté G- God/greif
Haber (haya)
Ser (sea) S- sepa

10. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
These clauses describe a noun
or a pronoun.
Subjunctive mood is Indicitive is used when
used with adjective subordinate clause
clauses when antecedent refers to antecedent that
is unknown, indefinite, is known.
nonexistent or negated.
The speaker is trying to
find information. Necesito un instructor que me explique
esto.
Also used when the
Busco un maestro que sepa ingles.
antecedent of an

11. Commands
• Affrimative: put in Yo form and
change to opposite vowels [use
• Affirmative: put in Tú form
TVDISHES for iregulars!]
and drop the ‘s’. Use di, ahz,
ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven for
• Negative: put in Yo form and
IRREGULARS!
change to opposite vowel [use
TVDISHES for irregulars!]
• Negative: put in Yo form
and change to opposite
• Affirmative and Negative: vowel and add an ‘s’. Use
add -emos/amos. Use TVDISHES for IRREGULARS!
MONO verbs
• Ejemplo: Vayamos 
vámanos

12. Object Pronouns
• Direct Object Pronouns directly • Indirect Object Pronouns identify
receive the action of the verb. “to whom” or “for whom” an
• Precede the conjugated verb action is done.
• Precede the conjugated verb.
Me Nos
Te Os me nos
Lo/La Los/Las te os
le les
Ex. Ella los consigue gratis.
Ex. Carla siempre me da
***LO is also used to boletos para el cine.
refer to an abstract When the verb is in the
thing or idea that has progressive, object
no gender. pronouns may be either
attached to the present
Ex. Lo pense.
particle or placed before
the conjugated verb.

13. Continued
The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object
pronoun when they are used together in a sentence.
Me mandaron los boletos por correo.  Me los mandaron por
correo.
Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or
las.
Le damos las revistas a Ricard.  Se las damos.
*** When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles,
or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain
proper word stress.
Infinitve  cantármela
Present participle  escribiéndole
Command  acompáñeme

14. Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns
• Mi(s): my • Mio(s)/a(s): my; [of] mine
• Tu(S): your • tuyo(s)/a(s): your; [of] yours
• Su(s): your-his-her-its • Suyo(s)/a(s): you; [of yours]; his-
• Nuestro(s)/a(s): our hers-its
• Vuestro(s)/(as): your • Nuestra(s)/a(s): our; [of] ours
• Su(s): your-their • Vuestra(s)/a(s): your; [of yours]
• Suyo(s)/a(s): your; [of] yours;
their; [of] theirs
Possessive Pronouns
have the same forms
as stressed possessive
adjectives and are
preceded by a
definite article.

15. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Ese Esos
Esa Esas
Este Estos
Esta Estas
Aquel Aquellos
Aquella Aqella
Demonstrative pronouns are
identical to deomnstrate adjectives,
except that they carry an accent
mark on the stressed vowel.

16. Reflexives
Reflexive pronouns combine with relfexive
verbs to show that a person is performing
the action himself/herself
Reflexive pronouns are palced immediately
before simple conjugated vers and negative
commands; attached to affirmative
commands.
Por Ejemplo: Me cepillo mi pelo cada
manana.
Cepillarse (to brush)
Ducharse (to shower)
Secarse (to dry off)

17. Por y Para
Para Por
Purpose Estudio espanol para Cause or Reason Llegue tarde por el
hablar bien con mis trafico.
amigos espanioles.
Length of Estuvimos encerrados
Time/duration of an por cinco horas.
Time limits Quiero el informe en action
mi oficina para el Movement through/by Paseamos por las calles
jueves. a place de Paris.
Destination/Moveme Voy para el teatro.
nt towards a place Agent Esta carta fue escrita
por Mary.
Adressee Este regalo es para
ti. Substitution Estaba enfermos por lo
que viene a trabajar
Comparison Esta muy alto para
por el
su edad.

18. To Become
[relfexive verb] to become, to Me vuelvo, te vuelves
pretend; conjugated just like
HACER
Reflexive form of “poner”; me “to become”
pongo, se ponen